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Loud Speakers

PRODUCT CODE (ASICC) : 78224


QUALITY AND STANDARDS : IS 7741
PRODUCTION CAPACITY : Qty. : 60,000 Nos. (per annum)
Value : Rs. 37,80,000
YEAR OF PREPARATION : 2002–2003
PREPARED AND UPDATED BY : Small Industries Service Institute,
Bamunimaidan, Guwahati -21
And
Office of the Development Commissioner
(Small Scale Industries),
Electronics and Electrical Division,
7th Floor, Nirman Bhavan,
New Delhi-110011

INTRODUCTION voice coil, the paper cone held by spider


moves to and fro to produce vibrations
Loud- speaker is an important combination of sealers for multiple
electronic component used to convert speaker system like woofer, tweeter and
electrical power into acoustical power. cross over network. Speakers are
In all practical applications of loud- available in round, square, elliptical,
speakers, the following are important octagonal shapes.
electrical and acoustical properties:
The use of loud-speakers is mainly in
1. Impedance the field of consumer electronic
2. Resonance products e.g. radios, transistors sets,
3. Frequency response T.V. sets, record players, tape recorders,
4. Power output amplifiers (PA and entertainment), video
5. Directional effects games etc.
There are different types of loud
speakers depending on operating MARKET POTENTIAL
principle and material used. Based on Loud Speakers are widely used in
this, loud speakers can be classified into radio/tape recorder, stereo system,
permanent magnet type, piezo electric black and white and colour TV receivers,
type, electro static type and ribbon type. public address system, musical systems
When the Audio frequency current for reproduction of sound. multispeaker
from the amplifier passes through the systems like tweeter, woofer and cross
L OUD SPEAKERS 161

over network are used for different institutions/agencies from time to


sound effects. The cost of the speaker time.
varies from Rs. 25 to Rs.600 depending v) The cost of machinery and
on the type, power output, size, shape equipments refer to a particular
and sensitivity. There are large number make/model and prices are
of SSI/tiny units in the country approximate.
manufacturing loud speakers. Because
of incremental growth in entertainment vi) The break-even point percentage
electronics, there is a scope for loud indicated is of full capacity
speaker industry. The machinery and utilization.
equipment and raw materials required vii) The project preparation cost etc.
for loud speakers are indigenously whenever required could be
available. A new entrepreneur has to considered under pre-operative
make marketing tie-up with expenses.
manufacturers of entertainment
viii) The essential production
electronic products and implement the
machinery and test equipment
latest quality testing system.
required for the project have
been indicated. The unit may also
B ASIS AND PRESUMPTIONS utilize common test facilities
i) The basis for calculation of available at Electronics Test and
production capacity has been Development Centres (ETDCs)
taken on single shift basis on 75% and Electronic Regional Test
efficiency. Laboratories (ERTLs) set up by the
ii) The maximum capacity utilization State Governments and STQC
on single shift basis for 300 days Directorate of the Department of
a year. During first year and Information Technology, Ministry
second year of operations the of Communication and
capacity utilization is 60% and Infor mation Technology, to
80% respectively. The unit is manufacture products conforming
expected to achieve full capacity to Bureau of Indian Standards.
utilization from the third year
onwards. IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
iii) The salaries and wages, cost of The major activities in the
raw materials, utilities, rents, etc. implementation of the project has been
are based on the prevailing rates listed and the average time for
in and around Guwahati. These implementation of the project is
cost factors are likely to vary with estimated at 12 months:
time and location.
Sl. Name of Activity Period in Months
iv) Interest on term loan and working No. (Estimated)
capital loan has been taken at the
1. Preparation of project report 1
rate of 16% on an average. This
2. Registration and other formalities 1
rate may vary depending upon
the policy of the financial 3. Sanction of loan by 3
financial institutions
162 L OUD SPEAKERS

Sl. Name of Activity Period in Months Quality Control and Standards


No. (Estimated)
4. Plant and Machinery: Power Rating 3 Watts

(a) Placement of orders 1 Sensitivity 69 db

(b) Procurement 2 Size 75 × 130 mm


(Elliptical)
(c) Power connection/ 2
Electrification
Production Capacity (per annum)
d) Installation/Erection of 2
machinery/Test Equipment Quantity (Nos.) Value (Rs.)
5. Procurement of raw materials 2 60,000 37,80,000
6. Recruitment of Technical 2
Personnel etc. Motive Power 5 KVA (Approx.)
7. Trial production 11
8. Commercial production 12 Pollution Control

Notes The Govt. accords utmost importance


to control environmental pollution. The
1. Many of the above activities shall small-scale entrepreneurs should have
be initiated concurrently. an environmental friendly attitude and
2. Procurement of raw materials adopt pollution control measures by
commences from the 8th month process modification and technology
onwards. substitution.
3. When imported plant and India having acceded to the Montreal
machinery are required, the Protocol in Sept. 1992, the production
implementation period of project and use of Ozone Depleting Substances
may vary from 12 months to 15 (ODS) like Chlorofluoro Carbon (CFC),
months. Carbon Tetrachloride, Halons and Methyl
Chloroform etc. need to be phased out
TECHNICAL ASPECTS immediately with alternative chemicals/
solvents. A notification for detailed Rules
Process of Manufacture to regulate ODS phase out under the
The incoming Raw Material and Environment Protection Act, 1986 have
components are tested for required been put in place with effect from 19th
specifications and made dust free. The July 2000.
Magnet frame Assembly is done and The following steps are suggested
drying is done, followed by dust free which may help to control pollution in
operation. The voice coil, spider and the electronics industry wherever
paper cone fixed on the yoke and basket applicable:
assembly by using adhesives. The i) In electronic industry fumes and
rubber lining is placed along the edge gases are released during hand
of the basket. Leads are taken out to soldering/wave soldering/Dip
each terminal eyelet. The whole loud soldering, which are harmful to
speaker is tested for required people as well as environment
specification before despatch. and the end products. Alternate
L OUD SPEAKERS 163

technologies may be used to ii) Efficient management of process/


phase out the existing polluting manufacturing machineries and
technologies. Numerous new systems, QC and testing
fluxes have been developed equipments for yielding maximum
containing 2-10% solids as Energy Conservation.
opposed to the traditional 15-35% iii) Optimum use of electrical energy
solids. for heating during soldering
ii) Electronic industry uses CFC, process can be obtained by using
Carbon Tetrachloride and Methyl efficient temperature controlled
Chloroform for cleaning of printed soldering and desoldering
circuit boards after assembly to stations.
remove flux residues left after iv) Periodical maintenance of
soldering, and various kinds of motors, compressors etc.
foams for packaging. v) Use of power factor correction
Many alternative solvents could capacitors. Proper selection and
replace CFC-113 and Methyl Chloroform layout of lighting system; timely
in electronics cleaning. Other switching on-off of the lights; use
Chlorinated solvents such as of compact fluorescent lamps
Trichloroethylene, Perchloroethylene wherever possible etc.
and Methylene Chloride have been used
as effective cleaners in electronics
FINANCIAL ASPECTS
industry for many years. Other organic A. Fixed Capital
solvents such as Ketones and Alcohols
(i) Land and Building
are effective in removing both solder
Built-up Area 200 Sq.Mts.
fluxes and many polar contaminants.
Assembly, Testing and Stores 150 Sq.Mts.
Energy Conservation Office 50 Sq.Mts.
Rent Payable (per annum) Rs. 36,000
With the growing energy needs and
shortage coupled with rising energy (ii) Machinery and Testing Equipments
cost, a greater thrust in energy efficiency Sl. Particulars Qty. Imp/ Price
in industrial sector has been given by No. Nos. Ind. (Rs.)
the Govt. of India since 1980s. The (a) Machinery
Energy Conservation Act, 2001 has 1 Buffing and Grinding 1 Ind. 5,000
been enacted on 18th August 2001, Machine
which provides for efficient use of 2 Drilling Machine (1/2") 1 Ind. 4,000
energy, its conservation and capacity (b) Testing Equipment
building of Bureau of Energy Efficiency 1 Loud Speaker 1 Ind. 15,000
created under the Act. Multitester

The following steps may help for 2 Loud Speaker 1 Ind. 9,000
Whistle tester
conservation of electrical energy:
3 Automatic Fidelity Tester 1 Ind. 13,500
i) Adoption of energy conserving 4 Sound Level Meter 1 Ind. 15,000
technologies, production aids 5 AF Impedence Meter 1 Ind. 6,500
and testing facilities. 6 AF Noise Generator 1 Ind. 3,000
164 L OUD SPEAKERS

Sl. Particulars Qty. Imp/ Price (ii) Raw Material Requirement (per month)
No. Nos. Ind. (Rs.)
Sl. Description Price/Unit
7 Loud Speaker 1 Ind. 4,500
No. (Rs.)
Polarity Tester
8 Programmeable 1 Ind. 12,000 1 Permanent Magnet 15
Audio Generator 2 Voice Coil 2
9 Audio Power Meter 1 Ind. 7,500 3 Cone Paper 4
10 Loud Speaker 1 Ind. 13,500 4 Spider and Dust Cap 2
PHC Meter 5 Rubber Gasket 2
11 LCR-Q Meter 1 Ind. 13,000 6 Metal Basket 3
12 Oven 1 Ind. 25,000 7 Electro-Mechanical parts like 8
13 Power Supplies 2 Ind. 20,000 T-Yoke, Bore Plate, Braided
Wire, Rivets, Eyelets etc.
14 4½ Digit Digital 1 Ind. 10,000
Multimeter 8 Consumables (Solder, Flux, 8
Chemicals, Adhesives,
15 Analog Multimeter 3 Ind. 18,000
Packing Material)
16 DB Meter 1 Ind. 6,800
Total 44
17 Electrification Charges Ind 20,000
@ 10% of cost of Cost of Raw Materials for 5000 Nos. Rs. 2,20,000
Machinery and
Equipment Note :The Quality and Quantity of Raw
18 Tools, Jigs and Fixtures 25,000
Material requirement vary with
19 Office Equipment 50,000
Specifications and features of the
and Furniture Loudspeaker.
(iii)Pre-operative Expenses 10,000
(iii) Utilities (per month) (Rs.)
Total Fixed Capital 3,06,300
Power 4,000
or Say 3,07,000
Water 500
Total 4,500
B. Working Capital (per month)
(iv) Other Contingent Expenses (Rs.)
(i) Staff and Labour
Rent 3,000
Sl. Designation Nos. Salary Total Postage and Stationery 500
No. (Rs.) (Rs.)
Repair and Maintenance 2,000
1 Manager 1 5,000 5,000 Telephone 500
2 Supervisor 1 3,500 3,500 Transport Charge 2,500

3 Clerk/Typist 1 2,500 2,500 Advertisement/Publicity 3,000


Insurance 500
4 Peon 1 1,500 1,500
Miscellaneous Expenses 2,000
5 Watchman 1 1,500 1,500
Total 14,000
6 Skilled Workers 4 2,000 8,000
(v) Total Recurring Expenditure 2,69,500
7 Semi-Skilled 3 1,500 4,500 (i) + (ii) + (iii) + (iv)
Workers Say 2,70,000
Total 26,500 C. Total Capital Investment
Add Perquisites @ 15% of 3,975
Total Salary Fixed Capital Rs. 3,07,000

Total 30,475 Working Capital for 3 months Rs. 8,10,000

or Say 31,000 Total Rs. 11,17,000


L OUD SPEAKERS 165

FINANCIAL ANALYSIS 40% Salaries and wages 148800


40% other contingent expenses and 72000
(1) Cost of Production (per annum) (Rs.)
utilities (excluding rent and insurance)
Total Recurring Expenditure 32,40,000
Total 476500
Depreciation on Plant/Machinery/ 20,000
Equipment @ 10% B.E.P.
Depreciation on Office Equipment/ 10,000 Fixed cost x 100
=
Furniture @ 20% Fixed cost + Profit
Depreciation on Jigs and Fixtures @ 20% 5,000 476500 x 100
=
Interest on Total Capital 1,78,700 476500 + 326000
Investment @ 16% = 59.38%
Total 34,53,700
Additional Information
or Say 34,54,000
(a) The Project Profile may be
(2) Sales Turnover (per annum) modified/tailored to suit the
Item Qty. Rate Value individual entrepreneurship
Nos. (Rs.) (Rs.) qualities/capacity, production
Loud Speaker 60,000 63 37,80,000 Programme and also to suit the
locational characteristics,
(3) Profit (per year) (Before Taxes) Rs. 3,26,000 wherever applicable.
(4) Net Profit Ratio (b) The Electronics Technology is
=
Profit (per annum) x 100 undergoing rapid strides of
Sales (per annum)
change and there is need for
326000 x 100 regular monitoring of the national
=
3780000
and international technology
= 8.62%
scenario. The unit may, therefore,
(5) Rate of Return keep abreast with the new
Profit (per annum) x 100 technologies in order to keep
=
Total capital investment them in pace with the
326000 x 100 developments for global
=
1117000 competition.
= 29.18% (c) Quality today is not only confined
(6) Break-even Point to the product or service alone.
It also extends to the process and
Fixed Cost (per annum) (Rs.)
environment in which they are
Rent 36000 generated. The ISO 9000 defines
Depreciation on machinery and 20000 standards for Quality Management
equipment @ 10 %
Systems and ISO 14001 defines
Depreciation on tools, jigs and 5000 standards for Environmental
fixtures @ 20%
Management System for
Depreciation on office furniture 10000 acceptability at international level.
@ 20%
The unit may therefore adopt
Interest on total capital 178700
investment @ 16%
these standards for global
competition.
Insurance 6000
(d) The margin money recommended
166 L OUD SPEAKERS

is 25% of the working capital Addresses of Raw Material Suppliers


requirement at an average. 1. M/s. Hindustan Ferrites
However, the percentage of 37, American Street,
margin money may vary as per Kolkata – 1
bank’s discretion. (Permanent Magnate)
Addresses of Machinery/Equipment 2. M/s. Genon (India) Pvt. Ltd.
Suppliers A-48, Naraina Industrial Estate,
1. M/s. Audiolec Instruments Survey Phase – I, New Delhi – 110028.
No. 10/3, lane 3 – B, Sahu Colony, (Paper Cones, Spiders and Dust
Near Cumnis, College of Caps)
Engineering, Karvey Nagar, 3. M/s. B. M. Enterprises Pvt. Ltd.
Pune – 4110592. B–01 and B –02,
(Testing and Measuring Webel Electronics Complex
Equipments ) P-I, Taratola Road,
2. M/s. Vaiseshaka Instruments Kolkata – 700088.
2, Post Box Stall, (Metallic Parts)
38,Industrial Area, 4. M/s. SAMKAY Metal Works
Amabala Cantt., A-522 Shastri Nagar,
Haryana Sarai Rohilla, Delhi – 110082.
(Testing and Measuring (Speaker Bamsket)
Equipments)
5. M/s. Mohan Rubber
3. M/s. Aplab RZ- 37 /3800,
6, Vasundhara, 6th Floor, Tughlakabad Extension,
2/7, Sarat Bose Road, Post Box No.- 4309,
Kolkata – 700020 New Delhi –110019.
(Testing and Measuring (Rubber Gasket)
Equipments)
4. M/s. East Cost Enterprises Ltd. 6. M/s. Shree Krishna Sales Corporation
33 Brabourne Road, Behind Dipti Glass Works,
Post Box No.-2217,GPO, Magoawadi, opp. Gujrat School,
Kolkata – 700001 Valsad (E) , Gujrat – 396035
(Magnetiser and Demagnetiser) (Eylets, Tags etc.)

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