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Abstract. The accessibility of the critical parameters for the superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase
transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice is investigated. We determine the hopping matrix element J,
the on-site interaction U , and hence the ratio J/U , in the harmonic oscillator wave function approximation.
We show that for a range of realistic parameters the critical values of J/U , predicted by different methods
for the Bose-Hubbard model in 2D, such as mean field theory and Monte Carlo simulations, are accessible
in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice. The calculations are performed for a 2D permanent magnetic lattice
created by two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular magnets plus a bias magnetic field.
PACS. 03.75.Lm Tunneling, Josephson effect, Bose-Einstein condensates in periodic potentials, solitons,
vortices, and topological excitations – 37.10.Gh Atom traps and guides – 37.10.Jk Atoms in optical
lattices – 73.43.Nq Quantum phase transitions – 67.85.Hj Bose-Einstein condensates in optical potentials
μ/U
gular magnets (Fig. 3) and periodic arrays of square mag- 1.5 n̂i = 2
nets [12,16]. In a permanent magnetic lattice, the trap
frequencies and also the barrier height between adjacent 1 (J/U )c
lattice sites can be controlled by changing a bias mag- MI
netic field. We perform our calculations for the case of two 0.5 n̂i = 1
crossed arrays of parallel rectangular permanent magnets.
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25
J/U (arb)
2 Bose-Hubbard model Fig. 1. (Color online) Schematic of zero temperature phase
diagram of interacting bosonic atoms in the Bose-Hubbard
The Bose-Hubbard model can describe the dynamics of ul- model, based on references [18] and [24]. In the Mott insu-
tracold bosons in periodic lattices, such as optical [18,19] lator phase (MI) the average number of bosonic atoms at each
and magnetic lattices [12,16], and is important for the lattice site, n̂i , is an integer and the local compressibility
study of systems with strongly correlated bosons [20]. The κi = ∂ n̂i /∂μ = 0, where μ is the chemical potential [18].
Hamiltonian for bosonic atoms in external trapping poten- (J/U )c is the critical value of the quantum phase transition
tials V0 and VT is [19,21] from the Mott insulator to the superfluid phase (SF) at zero
temperature.
† 2 2
Ĥ = d xψ̂ (x) −
3
∇ + V0 (x) + VT (x) ψ̂(x)
2m
The hopping matrix element J between adjacent sites i
g and j is defined by
+ d3 xψ̂ † (x)ψ̂ † (x)ψ̂(x)ψ̂(x), (1)
2
2 2
where J = − d3 xw∗ (x − xi )[− ∇ + V0 (x)]w(x − xj ) (6)
2m
4πas 2
g= (2)
m In equation (4), i , which describes the energy offset of
and as and m are the s-wave scattering length and mass of each lattice site and is a measure of the inhomogeneity of
the bosonic atom, respectively. V0 is a periodic potential the periodic lattice, behaves like a space dependent chemi-
such as the optical lattice or magnetic lattice potentials cal potential [19] and depends on the VT (x). By definition,
and VT is a slowly varying trapping potential such as a we have
quadrupole magnetic potential [21]. We write the field op- i = d3 xVT (x)|w(x − xi )|2 . (7)
erator ψ̂(x) as a superposition of the maximally localized
Wannier states of the ground band w(x − xi ), which are The on-site interaction U is
localized position eigenstates [22,23]
U = g d3 x|w(x)|4 . (8)
M
ψ̂(x) = âi w(x − xi ) (3) At zero temperature, if the on-site interaction U is large
i compared with the hopping matrix element J, the system
is a Mott insulator, and if U is small compared with J,
where M is the number of lattice sites, the âi are anni-
the system is a superfluid [18].
hilation operators and the subscript i labels the lattice
sites. Now, the Bose-Hubbard Hamiltonian in the second
quantized form is 2.1 Phase diagrams and critical parameters at zero
temperature
M
1
M M
Ĥ = −J â†i âj + U n̂i (n̂i − 1) + i n̂i (4)
2 i=1 Figure 1 is a schematic of the zero temperature Bose-
i,j i=1
Hubbard model phase diagram of ultracold bosonic atoms
with short-range repulsive interactions in a periodic ex-
where i, j means that the summation is taken over adja-
ternal potential [18]. In this phase diagram, there is a
cent sites only. â†i and n̂i = â†i âi are creation and number lobe structure where inside each lobe, which is called a
operators, respectively. The canonical commutation rela- Mott insulator lobe, the average number of bosons at
tions for âi and â†j are each lattice site, n̂i , is an integer and the local com-
pressibility κi = ∂ n̂i /∂μ = 0, where μ is the chemi-
[âi , â†j ] = δij . (5) cal potential [18]. Figure 2 corresponds to the ideal case
Saeed Ghanbari et al.: Superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice 307
of the Mott insulator phase with one particle per lattice where
site (first Mott insulator lobe with n̂i = 1 in Fig. 1)
in a 2D lattice produced by two crossed arrays of paral- B0x = B0 (ekt2 − 1)ek(t1 +s) , B0y = B0 (ekt1 − 1) (10)
lel rectangular magnets (Sect. 3). The superfluid to Mott
insulator quantum phase transition in 2D has been stud- B0 = 4Mz (in Gaussian units), k = 2π/a ,a is the period-
ied using different methods such as mean field theory [25], icity of the lattice and Mz is the magnetisation. t1 , t2 and
Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) simulation and Green’s s are the thicknesses of the lower and upper arrays and
Function Monte Carlo (GFMC) simulation [26]. Table 1 the separation between them, respectively, as shown in
shows the critical ratios (J/U )c , which are at the tip of the Figure 3. This configuration of parallel rectangular mag-
first Mott lobe, obtained using different methods. Accord- nets produces a 2D periodic lattice of 3D magnetic traps
ing to Table 1, critical values in 2D found with different with non-zero potential minima [12].
methods have a wide range, from 0.043 [25] to 0.060 [28].
The diversity of (J/U )c values reflects the complexity of
locating the critical point of the superfluid to Mott insula-
3.1 Symmetrical 2D permanent magnetic lattice
tor quantum phase transition [29] and also the limitations
of mean field theories.
For a symmetrical 2D permanent magnetic lattice, in
which the barrier heights of the magnetic potential in
3 Two-dimensional permanent magnetic the x- and y-direction are the same, we impose the con-
lattice straint [12]
B0x B1x = B0y B1y (11)
Here we consider two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular
magnets, as illustrated in Figure 3 [12]. According to refer- or
ence [12], for z 2π
a
+s+t1 +t2 above the magnetic arrays, B1y = c0 B1x (12)
the absolute value of the magnetic field, B, produced by
two crossed arrays of parallel rectangular magnets plus an where
external bias magnetic field B1 = B1x x̂ + B1y ŷ is
B0x ekt2 − 1
c0 = = eks (13)
B(x, y, z) = B1x 2 2
+ B1y B0y 1 − e−kt1
+ 2 [B0x B1x sin(kx) + B0y B1y sin(ky)] e−kz is a dimensionless constant that only involves geometrical
2 2
constants a, s, t1 and t2 of the magnetic array. The mag-
+ B0x + B0y + 2B0x B0y cos(kx) netic traps have non-zero potential minima given by [12]
−2kz 12
× cos(ky) e (9)
Bmin = c1 |B1x | (14)
308 The European Physical Journal B
Um = mF gF μB B (21) 1
Um (x) = m(ωx2 x2 + ωy2 y 2 + ωz2 z 2 ) (29)
2
where gF and μB are the Landé g-factor and the Bohr
magneton, respectively, and B is the absolute value of the where ωx , ωy and ωz are given by (24), which can be con-
magnetic field B. Thus, for a symmetrical 2D permanent trolled by a bias magnetic field. The Schrödinger equation
magnetic lattice created by two crossed arrays of parallel is now
rectangular magnets, shown in Figure 3, plus an exter- 2 2 1
nal bias magnetic field B1 = B1x x̂ + B1y ŷ the magnetic − ∇ + m(ωx2 x2 + ωy2 y 2 + ωz2 z 2 ) ψ(x) = Eψ(x).
2m 2
potential energy can be written as (30)
The ground state one-particle wave function of the sys-
2
Um (x, y, z) = mF gF μB B1x (1 + c20 ) tem is
+ 2B0x B1x [sin(kx) + sin(ky)]e−kz ψ(x) = A(ω)e−m(ωx x
2
+ωy y 2 +ωz z 2 )/2
(31)
2 2
+ [B0x + B0y + 2B0x B0y cos(kx)
where
m 34
12 1
× cos(ky)]e−2kz . (22) A(ω) = (ωx ωy ωz ) 4 .(32)
π
For a symmetrical 2D permanent magnetic lattice, accord-
The curvatures of the magnetic field at the centre of the
ing to (24), we have
traps and the trap frequencies (for the case of a harmonic
√
potential) in the three directions are given by [12] 2
+y 2 + 2z 2 )/2
ψ(x) = A (ωx )e−mωx (x , (33)
2 2 2 2
∂ B ∂ B 1∂ B 4π c3
= = = |B1x | (23) where
m 34 √
∂x2 ∂y 2 2 ∂z 2 a2 1
A (ωx ) = ( 2ωx ) 4 . (34)
2π
mF gF μB c3 2
1
ωz 1 π
ωx = ωy = √ = |B1x | 2 (24)
2 a m Using (33), we can analytically calculate the on-site in-
teraction U , defined in (8), for a 2D permanent magnetic
where lattice
2c20 m 3/2
c3 = 1 . (25) 3/4
U = 2 as ω . (35)
(1 + c20 ) 2 |1 − c20 | π x
Saeed Ghanbari et al.: Superfluid to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice 309
J/U
3
Parameter Definition Inputs
x(y)
0.1
nr Number of magnets 2
in x- or y-direction ∞
1
a Period of magnetic lattice 1 μm 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
l x = ly Length of the chip s/a s/a
c) d)
along x or y ∞ −100
t1 Thickness of lower array 300 nm
Bmin (mG)
B1y (mG)
300
t2 Thickness of upper array 100 nm −200
s Separation of arrays 500 nm 200
4πMz Magnetization along z 3800 G −300
100
a) b) 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.5
s/a s/a
ΔUm /kB (pK)
0.2 x(y)
2 Fig. 5. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB (pK), Bmin and B1y
0.15
as a function of s/a for t1 /a = 0.3 nm, t2 /a = 0.1, a = 1 μm
J/U
0.1 and B1x = −12 mG. All parameters are defined as in Table 2
x(y)
1.5
0.05 and Figure 4.
1
−20 −15 −10 −20 −15 −10 a) b)
B1x (mG) B1x (mG)
J/U
0.2
B1y (mG)
400 −300
x(y)
1.2
−400 0.1
300
1
200 −500 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
−20 −15 −10 −20 −15 −10 t1 /a t1 /a
B1x (mG) B1x (mG) c) d)
−250
x(y)
Fig. 4. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB , Bmin and B1y versus
Bmin (mG)
B1y (mG)
B1x , the x component of the bias magnetic field, for t1 /a = 0.3, 350 −300
x(y)
t2 /a = 0.1, s/a = 0.5 and a = 1 μm. B1y , Bmin and ΔUm
300 −350
are calculated using equations (12), (14) and (26), respectively.
250
0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8
Substituting (24) into (35), we obtain t1 /a t1 /a
x(y)
Fig. 6. (Color online) J/U , ΔUm /kB (pK), Bmin and B1y
U = c5 |B1x |3/4 (36) versus t1 /a for t2 /a = 0.1, s/a = 0.5, a = 1 μm and
B1x = −12 mG. All parameters are defined as in Table 2
where 1/4 and Figure 4.
22 m3F μ3B c33
c5 = 4πas . (37)
ma6
the superfluid to Mott insulator in a 2D permanent mag-
We can also numerically calculate the hopping matrix netic lattice.
element J defined in (6). Figure 4 shows the values
x(y) Figures 5, 6 and 7 show that J/U = 0.060 is also acces-
of J/U, and also the values of ΔUm /kB , Bmin and sible within a range of values of s/a, t1 /a and t2 /a. How-
B1y , versus B1x , the x component of the bias magnetic ever, in practice, for a 2D permanent magnetic lattice it is
field, for the input parameters in Table 2. According more convenient to keep s, t1 , t2 and a constant and adjust
to Figures 4a and 4d, the most accurate value J/U = the bias magnetic field B1 = B1x x̂+B1y ŷ. Looking at Fig-
0.060 (Tab. 1), which is the critical value of the superfluid ures 4, 5, 6 and 7, it is clear that the critical values of J/U
to Mott insulator quantum phase transition in a 2D Bose- obtained in 2D with other methods (Tab. 1) are also acces-
Hubbard model obtained using an improved quantum sible in a 2D permanent magnetic lattice. More accurate
Monte Carlo simulation [27] is accessible at a bias field calculations can be performed using the maximally local-
B1x −11.0 mG and B1y −262 mG. At this bias field, ized Wannier states [22,23], although, we should empha-
the absolute value of the minima of the total magnetic field size that the non-separability of the magnetic lattice po-
Bmin 261 mG (Fig. 4c) and the potential barrier height tential makes the job of calculating Wannier states much
x(y)
in the x- or y-directions ΔUm /kB 1.24 pK (Fig. 4b) more challenging than in the (usually) separable optical
for the zero temperature quantum phase transition from lattice case.
310 The European Physical Journal B
a) b)
4. M. Greiner, O. Mandel, T. Esslinger, T.W. Hänsch, I.
3
x(y)
6. C. Monroe, Nature 416, 238 (2002)
0.1
7. E.A. Hinds, I.G. Hughes, J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 32, R119
1 (1999)
0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12 0.06 0.08 0.1 0.12
t2 /a t2 /a 8. A. Günther, S. Kraft, M. Kemmler, D. Koelle, R. Kleiner,
c) d) C. Zimmermann, J. Fortágh, Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 170405
400
(2005)
Bmin (mG)
−200
B1y (mG)