Section 12
i.)
Observational Studies, Experiments, and Simple Random Sampling,
21, Oihining « Simple Rundo
2
nple The following lable lists the 50 states
iple of size 10 using Table Tin Appendix A.a graph.
puter software
i! simple random sample of size 10 using Table f in Appendix A,
ox hing calculator, or computer software
1 Alabama 1. Hawaii 21, Massachusetts 31 New Mexico 41, South Dakota
2. Alaska 12, Idaho 22. Michigan 32. New York 42. Tennessee
3 Arizona 13. Mlinois 23. Minnesota 33. North Carolina 43, “Texas
4. Arkansas 14, Indiana 24. Mississippi 34, North Dakota 44, Utah
S. California 15. towa 25. Missouri 35, Ohio 45. Vermont
6. Colorado 16. Kansas 26. Montana Oklahoma 46. Virginia
7 Connecticut 17. Kentucky 27. Nebraska Oregon 47. Washington
8. Delaware 18. Louisiana 28, Nevada Pennsylvania 48, West Virginia
8. Florida 19, Maine 28. New Hampshire Rhode Isiand 49, Wisconsin
10. Georgia 20. Maryland 30. New Jersey South Carolina $0. Wyoming
22. Obtaining a Simple Random Sample The following table lists the 43 presidents of
the United States.
(a) Obtain a simple random sample of size 8 using Table I in Appendix A. a graph-
ing calculator, or computer software.
(b) Obtain a second simple random sample of size 8 using Table in Appendix A..a
ae sraphing calculator, or computer software.
1. Washington 10. ‘Tyler 19. Hayes 28 Wilson 37. Nixon
2. J.Adams 11. Polk 20, Garfield 29. Harding 38. Ford
3. Jefferson 12. Taylor 21. Arthur 30. Coolidge 39. Carter
4. Madison 13, Fillmore 22, Cleveland 31. Hoover 40, Reagan
5. Monroe 14, Pierce 23. B Harrison 32. ED.Roosevelt 41. George H. Bush
6. J.Q.Adams 15. Buchanan 24, Cleveland 33. Truman 42. Clinton
7. Jackson 16. Lincoln 25, McKinley 34. Eisenhower 43. George W. Bush
8. Van Buren 17. A Johnson 26. T.Roosevelt 35. Kennedy
9. WH. Harrison 18, Grant 27. Taft 36. LB.Johnson
23, Sampling the Faculty A small community college em- the digit in row 11, column 32. Using this position as
ploys 87 full-time faculty members. To gain the faculty's the starting point and proceeding downward, deter-
‘opinions about an upcoming building project, the college rine the numbers for the 20 students who will be in-
president wishes to obtain a simple random sample that cluded in the sample.
will consist of 9 faculty members. He numbers the faculty (b) If the president uses the randInt( feature of a graph:
from | to 87. ing calculator with a seed value of 142, determine the
(a) Using Table I from Appendix A, the president closes numbers for the 20 students who will be included in
his eyes and drops his ink pen on the table. It points to the sample.
the digit in row 5, column 22. Using this position as the 25, ‘Obtaining a Simple Random Sample Suppose you are the
starting point and proceeding downward, determine president of the student government. You wish to conduct
the numbers for the 9 faculty members who will be in- ‘a survey to determine the student body's opinion regard-
cluded in the sample. ing student services. The administration provides you with
(b) If the president uses the randint( feature of a graph- alist of the names and phone numbers of the 19.935 regis:
ing calculator with a seed value of 47, determine the tered students.
numbers for the 9 faculty members who will be in- (a) Discuss the procedure you would follow to obtain &
cluded in the sample. simple random sample of 25 students,
Sampling the Students ‘The same community college from (oy tai tna saree,
Problem 23 has 7,656 students currently enrolled in class- 26. Obtaining a Simple Random Sample Suppose the mayor
es. To gain the student's opinions about an upcoming
building project, the college president wishes to obtain &
simple random sample of 20 students, He numbers the stu-
dents from | to 7,656,
(a) Using Table | from Appendix A, the president closes
his eyes and drops his ink pen on the table. It points to
‘of Justice, Ilinois, asks you to poll the residents of the vil-
lage. The mayor provides you with a fst ofthe names and
phone numbers of the 5,832 residents of the village.
(a) Discuss the procedure you would follow to obtain a
simple random sample of 20 residents.
(b) Obiain this samp. 68 Chapter?
10. Cosmetic Surgery ‘The US,
Organizing and summai
zing Data
Today-type chart shows the
‘most frequent cosmetic surgeries for women in 2003.
Pre kee et
2
Riposuction
Seto
es sad
Se
(a) If women had 1,548,000 cosmetic surgeries in 2003,
how many of them were for liposuction?
(b) How many were for eyelid surgery?
(c) What percentage of surgeries are not accounted for in
the graph?
Internet Users The following Pareto chart represents the
top 10 countries in Internet users as of February 2005.
(Source: www.internetworldstats.com)
‘Top 10 Internet Users
20 peas
“0
En
5
& 0
Eo
(a) Which country has the most Internet users?
(b) Approximately what is the Internet usage in Canada?
(©) Approximately how many more users are in China
than in Japan?
Poverty year the US. Census Bureau counts the
number of people living in poverty. The bureau uses
money income thresholds as its definition of poverty, so
noncash benefits such as Medicaid and food stamps do not
count toward poverty thresholds. For example, in 2002 the
poverty threshold for a family of three was $14,348. The
a
bar chart represents the number of people living in
ty in the United States in 2003, by ethnicit
ba
March 2004 estimates. sed oy
Number in Poverty
25,000
20000
15.000
10,000
5000
Frequency (in thousands)
o
White Black Hispanic Other
Ethnicity
Source: The Henty Kaiser Family Foundation
(www statehealthfactskitorg)
(a) How many whites were living in poverty in 20032
(b) Of the impoverished, what percent were Hispanic)
(0) How might this graph be misleading?
13. 2004 Presidential Election The following bar chart repre
sents the number of voters who cast votes for the top fe
vote-getters and all others in the 2004 presidential elec.
tion. The number of votes received for each candidate up
ears above the bar.
Votes in 2004
Presidential Election
70000000 + 6.041.268
60,000200
50.000200 =
© «aponmc0
sno
Ey 20,000,000
1000000
48695 397157 uaast B20
Bush Kerry Nader” Badnanik Peroua ten
Candidate
Source: David Leip’s Atlas of US. Presidential Elections
(wselectionatlasorg)
(a) How many votes were cast for Michael Badnarik of
the Libertarian Party?
(b) What percent of the votes was cast for George W
Bush? For John F. Kerry?
(©) To receive presidential election funds, a candidat?
ust garner at least 5% of the vote. Will Ralph Nat
receive presidential election funds? Section 21 Organizing Qualitative Data 69
rson Who Misused Personal informat
2
§ as
E20
2 01s
2 ono
a
0s
‘Afamily complete Ariend, Someone Someone Someone
member or "stranger neighbor, aa ‘che atyour
felatve outside the orinshome company. workplace
Workplace employee with
personal
information
Person
Source: Javelin Strategy & Research, 2008
(a) Approximately what percentage of identity-fraud victims were victimized by a
family member or relative?
(b) If there were 9.3 million identity-fraud victims in 2004, how many were victim-
ized by someone at a company with access to personal information?
18. Home Heating Fuel The following side-by-side bar graph represents the propor-
tion of households using four common sources of home heating fuel for the years
1978, 1987, 1997, and 2001.
Home Heating Fuel
$00
$ 050
2 oso
030
ow
5
& ao
Electricity NaturalGas — Fueloilor Liquid
Kerowne Petroleum
Gas (LPO)
‘Main Heating Fuel
Source: Energy Information Administration, Residential Energy
Consumption Survey, 1978, 1987, 1997, 2001
(a) What proportion of households used electricity as their main source of home
heating fuel in 1978? in 1997?
(b) What was the most popular source of home heating fuel in 1987?
(o) If there were 107 million U.S, households in 2001, how many used LPG as their
main source of home heating fuel?
(d) What might account for the rise in homes that use electricity as the main source
‘of home heating fuel?
(e) Which sources of home heating fuel has been decreasing rather steadily? What
might account for this?
(1). Which sources of home heating fuel have remained rather steady? / 49, College Survey In a national survey conducted
Centers for Disease Control determine heslteaey oe
haviors among college students, college students were
asked," How often do you wear a seat belt when riding in
a car driven by someone else?” The frequen:
follows: s Were as
Nevei ee
Rarely 5
‘Sometimes =
Most of the time a
Always sa
(a) Construct a relative frequency distribution,
(b) What percentage of respondents answered “Al-
ways"?
(©) What pereentage of espondents answered “Never” or
“Rarely”?
(@) Construct a frequency bar graph.
(e) Construct a relative frequency bar graph,
(8) Construct a pie chart.
(g) Suppose that a representative from the Centers for
Disease Control says, “52.7% of all college students
never wear a seatbelt.” Is this a descriptive or inferen-
tial statement?
20, College Survey In a national survey conducted by the
Centers for Disease Control to determine health-rsk be-
haviors among college students, college students were
asked, "How often do you wear a seat belt when driving a
car?” The frequencies were as follows:
1 do not drive a car 249
Never 118
Rarely 249
Sometimes 345
Most of the time 16
Always 3093
“onstruct a relative frequency distribution.
hat percentage of respondents answered “Al-
hat percentage of respondents answeres
Rarely”?
fever” or
onstruct a frequency bar graph.
Construct a relative frequency bar graph.
Construct a pie chart
Compute the relative frequencies of “Never,”
Rarely.” “Sometimes,” “Most of the time,” and “Al-
ways.” excluding those that do not drive. Compare
with those in Problem 19, What might you conclude?
‘h) Suppose that a representative from the Centers for
Disease Control says,"2.5% of the college students in
this survey responded that they never wear a seat
belt.” Is this a descriptive or inferential statement?
Section 21 Organizing Qualitative Data 71
21. Foreign-Born Population The following data represent
the region of birth of foreign-born residents of the United
States in 2003,
Caribbean 3384
Central America 12,362
South America 2a
Asia 8375
Europe 4590
Other Regions 2,680
Source US. Census Bur
(a) Construct a relative frequency distribution,
(b) What percentage of foreign-born residents was born
in Asia?
(©) Construct a frequency bar graph.
(@) Construct a relative frequency bar graph.
(€) Construct a pie chart.
22, Robbery The following data represent the number of
offenses for various robberies in 2003,
Street or Highway wt
Commercial 6L
Gas Station 10
Convenience Store 26
Residence 41
Bank 1
Souree: US Fede of Investigation
(a) Construct a relative frequency distribution.
(b) What percentage of robberies was of gas stations?
(©) Construct a frequency bar graph.
(@) Construct a relative frequency bar graph.
(¢) Construct a pie chart.
cational Attainment On the basis of the 2003 Current
[Wy Population Survey, there were 88.7 million males and 96.6
filion females 25 years old or older in the United States.
‘The educational attainment of the males and females was
as follows:
co
Males =
arses cn c
eres pair See
Not ahigh school graduate 14.1 145
High school graduate 24 319
Some college, but no degree 15.2 166
Associate's desree 64 88
Bachelor's degree 164 169
Advanced degree 92. 19
‘Source: US. Cons B 72 Chapter2 ¢
nizing and Summarizing Data
(a) Construct a relative
(b) Construct a relative trequ
(6) Construct a side-by-side relative frequency bar graph,
(a) Compare each gender’s educational attainment, Make
«a conjecture about the reasons for the differences.
squency distribution for males.
ey distribution for females
24, Internet Access The following data represent the number
of people who had Internet access in the years 20) and
2003 by level of education. Data are in thousands of US.
residents,
No college 24.062
Some college 31.462
Graduated college 34379 49,106
Source US Ststicol Absa, 2004
(a) Construct a relative frequency distribution for 2000.
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution for 2003,
(c) Construct a side-by-side relative frequency bar graph,
(4) Compare each year's Internet access. Make some
conjectures about the reasons for any differences or
similarities.
28, Murder Vietims A criminologist wanted to know if there
was any relation between age and gender of murder vic-
tims. The following data represent the number of male and
female murder victims by age in 2002.
Less than 17 650 444
3435 704
2990 704
5 2859 1085
55.or older 787 442
Source US Federal Bureau of lavestigation
(a) Construct a relative frequeney distribution for males.
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution for females,
(©) Construct a side-by-side relative frequency bar graph,
(d) Compare each gender’s age percentages. Make a
Conjecture about the reasons for the differences or
similarities,
26,
Color DuPont Automotive is
major sy
paint to the automotive industry. It conducted
Plies,
Surv
TOO randomly selected autos in the tuxury ear
and 100 randomly selected auto inthe spot ar ee
that were reenly purchased an oMaited hea
colors.
Silver 2 na
White 30 n
Blue 9 3
Black 9 16
y 7 i
Red 6 18
Gold 3 4
Green Z 0
Brown 2 4
(a) Construct a relative frequency distribution for each
car type.
(b) Draw a side-by-side relative frequency bar graph,
(©) Compare the colors for the two types of car. Make
conjecture about the reasons for the differences.
27,_ 2004 Presidential Election An exit poll was conducted in
BSQILos Alamos County, New Mexico, in which a random sam
@) Ple of 40 voters revealed whom they voted for in the pres
‘D jidential election. The results of the Survey are as follows
Kerry
Kerry Bush Bush
Bush Kerry Kerry Bush
Kery Bush Kerry Bush
Bush Bush Kerry Kerry
Kery Bush Bush Kerry
Badoarik Bush Kerry Bush
Kery Bush Kerry Bush
Bush Bush Kerry Kerry
Bush Bush. Bush Nader
Bush Kerry Bush Kerry
(a) Construct a frequency distribution,
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.
(©) Construct a frequeney bar graph.
(@) Construct a relative frequency bar graph. 88 Chapter? Organizing and Summarizing Data
7. True or False: The shape of the distribution shown is best
classified as skewed left
ea
8 True or False:"The shape of the distribution shown
classified as uniform.
‘stax
fate =
Waa teh) Me ato i
Skill Buildi
9. Rolling the Dice An experiment was conducted in which
two fair dice were thrown 100 times. The sum of the pips
showing on the dice was then recorded. The following fre-
quency histogram gives the results.
Sum of Two Dice
Preity
J
(a) What is the most frequent number of cars sold ing
week?
(b) For how many weeks were two cars sold?
(©) Determine the percentage of time two cars were sold
(d) Describe the shape of the distribution.
IL. IQ Scores The following frequency histogram represen
the IQ scores of a random sample of seventh-grade stu.
dents. IQs are measured to the nearest whole number. The
frequency of each class is labeled above each rectangle.
IQs of 7th Grade Students
iE
a ee
‘Value of Dice
(a) What was the most frequent outcome of the experi-
ment?
(b) What was the least frequent?
(c) How many times did we observe a7?
(d) Determine the percentage of time a 7 was observed.
(c) Describe the shape of the distribution.
10. Car Sales A car salesman records the number of cars he
sold each week for the past year. The following frequency
hstoran hows the rests
Cars Sold por Week
i
: ae
m
ga]
:
i
6 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160
10 Scores
(a) How many students were sampled?
(b) Determine the class width,
(©) Identify the classes and their frequencies.
(a) Which class has the highest frequency?
(€) Which class has the lowest frequency?
12. Alcohol-Related Traffic Fatalities The following frequet~
cy histogram represents the number of alcohol-related
traffic fatalities by state in 2003 according to data obtained
from the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.
Alcohol Related Traffic Fatalities
9 200 400600990 1000 1200 1490 1600 1800
‘Numét Of Fatalities by State Section 22
(a) Construct a frequency distribution of the data
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution ofthe dat
{c)_ What percentage of the Saturdays had 10 or more cus.
tomers waiting for a table at 6:00 pa?
(a) What percentage of the Saturdays had five or fewer
customers waiting for a table at 6:00 pa?
(c) Construct a frequency histogram of the data
(0) Construct a relative frequency histogram of the data.
(g) Describe the shape of the distribution,
28, Highway Repair The following data represent the num:
@ ber of potholes on $0 randomly selected L-mile stretches
of highway in the city of Chicago,
am
(a) Construct a frequency distribution ofthe data
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution ofthe data.
(©) What percentage of the I-mile stretches of highway
had seven or more potholes?
(a) What percentage of the I-mile stretches of highway
had two or fewer potholes?
(€) Construct a frequency histogram ofthe data,
(0) Construct a relative frequency histogram of the data
(g) Describe the shape of the distribution
29. Average Income The following data represent the per
sta (average) disposable income (income after taxes)
for the 50 states and the District of Columbia in 2008.
3)
28 364 24293 22,123 29,798 30,507
36,726 28,960 42,345 27,610 26356 27,837
23584 30063 25,929 26,409 27033 23,567
25,900 32,637 34,570 27.275 30,397
21677 26317 23,528 27.865 28,188 31,251
S411 23,301 25307 26,902 26,684
4.169 26,102 28365 23,753 27.149
0314 26,922 27,750 29,683 30,288
2,252 27,508
{US Bureau of Economic Analy May 2004
Organizing Quantitative Data: The Popular Displays 91
With the frst class having a lower class limit of 20,000 and
1 class width of 2500,
(a) Construct a frequency distribution.
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribut
(©) Construct a frequency histogram of the data
(d) Construct a relative frequency histogram of the data
(€) Describe the shape of the distribution,
(0 Repeat parts (a)-(e) using a class width of 4000.
Which frequency distribution seems to provide a bet-
ter summary of the data?
(2) The highest per capita disposable income exists in the
District of Columbia, yet the District of Columbia has
‘one of the highest unemployment rates (7% unem-
ployed). Is this surprising to you? Why?
rty Every year the federal government adjusts the
me level that must be earned to be above the poverty
el. The dollar amount depends on the number of peo-
ple living in the household, In 2002, family of four necd-
ed to earn $18,392 to be above the poverty line. The
following data represent the percentage of each state's
population (plus the District of Columbia) that is living in
poverty.
Se
M600 83,3380
0.
i
78 81168106
ng 2 87 8300 (4B
m3 13 Opole, = pO
tie 36 sar 9s 8356
78 «178 14031
472 92 103135102
42 153 93 99 87 108
With the first class having a lower class limit of 5 and a
class width of 1,
(a) Construct a frequency distribution
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution.
(©) Construct a frequency histogram of the data
(@) Construct a relative frequency histogram of the data,
() Describe the shape of the distribution,
(Repeat parts (a)-(c) using a class width of 2. Which
frequency distribution seems to provide a better sum-
mary of the data?
(g) From Problem 29, we leamed that the highest per
capita disposable income exists in the District of Co-
Jumbia. The poverty rate ofthe District of Columbia is
16.8. Is this surprising to you? Why? concepts and Voc
1. Which do you prefer, histograms, stemancl-leaplots,or
frequency polygons? Be sure to support your opinion,
‘Ate there circumstances in which one might be preferred
over another?
‘The cumulative relative frequency forthe last class mus
> ays be 1.Why? =
‘4. What isan ogive?
ding
7. Age of Population The following frequency polygon
shows the aumber of US. residents 200 from 30 099
years old (in millions)
(Source: US. Census Bureau)
Age of 2003 US. Population
™
5
6
4
2
°
aaygeqagaqaqa
SRE ME neces gee sates
‘Age (years)
(a) What is the class width?
(b) What is the lower class limit of the fourth class?
(c) What is the upper class limit of the fourth class?
(a) Which class (age group) has the highest frequency?
(c) Which class (age group) has the lowest frequency?
8. Cause of Death ‘The following frequency polygon repre-
nts the number of deaths due to accidents in 2001 for
vvople 5 to 84 years old
‘ource: US. National Center for Health Statistics)
Number of Deaths Due to Accidents
Age (year)
Section 23
Additional Displays of Quantitative Data 101
series data?
5. True or False: When plotting an ogive, the plotted points
have x-coordinates that are equal to the upper limits of
each class.
6. True or False: When plotting a frequeney polygon, we plot
the percentages for each class above the midpoint and
connect the points with straight line segments.
(a) Whatis the class width?
(b) What is the lower class limit of the second class?
(©) Whatis the upper class limit of the second class?
(4) Which class had the highest number of deaths due to
accidents?
(€) Which class had the lowest number of deaths due to
accidents?
9. ACT Scores The following relative frequency ogive rep-
resents the ACT composite score for the high school grad-
uuating class of 2004.
(Source: www.act.org)
ACT Composite Score
‘Cumulative Relative Frequency
v0
To eo
ACT Composite Score
(a) What is the class width?
(b) What isthe lower class limit of the third class?
(©) Approximately what percent of students had an
ACT composite score of 27 or below?
(d) Using your answer from part (c), approximately
how many students had an ACT composite score
of 27 or below if 1,171,460 students took the
exam? eae
Section23 Additional Displays of Quantitative Data 103
20. IRS Audits The following data represent the percentage of tax returns audited by
thf Internal Revenue Service. Construct a time-series plot of the data
oe oe ne
bees ee a errr
1988 137 1996 1.67
1989 1.29 1997 1.28
1990 104 1998 099
1991 4a7 1999 0.90
1992 1.06 2000 049
1993 092 2001 058
1994 107 2002 ost
1995 1.67 2003 06s
Source: US General Aesounting Office
21, Rates of Return of Stocks Stocks may be categorized by industry. The following
@) data represent the 5-year rates of return for a simple random sample of financial
stocks and energy stocks ending March 4, 2004,
1710 1626 22.10 996 = 7.94 10.95 16.34 2043,
754 2684 «28021592 10801127 20.68 11.09
984 1182 628 «3.272197 13.74 33.63. 25.53
10118151736 19.14 1780 2633 5.35844
—
14 M452 22147034231 1S 943739
3088 19.50 21.17 1603 53611538 42.74 26.34
751 4562 1967 15.17 8394350 29.97 6.11
23.84 26.18 3879 15351842 166720932823
Source Moraingsarcom
(a) Construct a frequency distribution for each industry. To make an easy compari-
son, ereate each frequency distribution so that the lower class limit of the first
class is 0.00 and the class width is 5.00.
(b) Construct a relative frequency distribution for financial stocks, and a relative
frequency distribution for energy stocks.
(6) On the same graph, construct a relative frequency polygon for the two indus-
tries.
(@) On the same graph, construct a relative frequency ogive for the two industries
(e) Which industry appears to have the better performance for the 5-year period?
Support your opinion. Section 31 Measures of Central'Tendency 131
dr iallowed to “set up" for 28 days‘The cylinders are then stacked on one another uni the cylinders
tre crushed. The following data represent the strength of nine randomly selected cast (in psi)
3964, 4090, 3200, 3100, 2940, 3830, 4000, 4040, 3780
Compute the mean, median, and mode strength of the concrete (in psi).
20, ‘Flight Time ‘The following data represent the flight time (in minutes) of a random sample of
seven fights from Las Vegas, Nevada, to Newark, New Jersey, on Continental Airlines.
282, 270, 260, 266, 257, 260,267
‘Compute the mean, median, and mode flight time.
21. For each of the three histograms shown, determine whether the mean is greater than, less than,
‘or approximately equal to the median. Justify your answer.
’ s
‘
es ie >
g Bo Eu
z 10 BS
z g4 2 F
e. fs Es F
2
1
0 °
036 9 As iK2 2427 9033 48 2 6 0M 5 0s 0 2 0
Oy » ©
2 MAdihiopmtonokemy ss: TT
°
Sis 15 225 315 525 615
©
™
Vv
:
5 gi z i
E a3 é &
i
3
5 15 25 35 45 55
®
\pplying the Concepts
23, ATM Fees The following data for # random sample of
banks in Los Angeles and New York City represent the
'ATM fee for using another bank's ATM.
then asked to press a key upon seeing a red sereen, again
with the time to react measured. The table shows the re~
sults for sx study participants. Compute the mean, medi-
an, and mode reaction time for both blue and red. Does
there appear to be a difference in the reaction time?
What might account for any difference? How might this
information be used?
a
Los Angeles 2.00 1.50 1.50 1.00 1.50 200 0.00 2.00
New York City 150 1.00 1.00 1.25 1.25 1.50_100_ 0.00
Source wwwcbankralecom
‘Compute the mean, median, and mode ATM fee for each 1 0.582,
Si Does there appar tobe a dference in the ATM fee 2 ost
charged in Los Angeles versus New York City? Why might 5 ots
this be the case? 4 0.267
Reaction Time In an experiment conducted online atthe 5 uss
Unerty of Mii ty pation ae sted ‘ ‘
react to simulus In one experiment, th parician
ek aencnatatr Penne
seconds) to press the kis measured. The same person is
eee shape of the distribution. Which measure of central ten
dency better describes the “center” of the distribution?
Histogram of Time (seconds)
% w Py 2
Time (seconds)
. Journal Costs The following data represent the annual
f) subscription cost (in dollars) for a random sample of 26
biology journals.
188 778197061194 TS
2033 «3911198 BAIS. 7961840.
141 108036431407 1092585
149 10921589 41s 11502799
Tor 2330
“Source Carol Weslowak, udent a Joliet anor College
‘A histogram of the data is shown. The mean subscription
cost is $1846 and the median subscription cost is $1182.
‘Use this information to identify the shape of the distribu-
tion. Which measure of central tendency better describes
the “center” of the distribution?
Histogram of Cost
0 may
Cost
Section 31 Measures of Central Tendency 133
31 Serum HDL Dr. Paul Oswiecmiski randomly selects 40
po his 20-10 29-year-old patients and obtains the following
data regarding their serum HDL cholesterol
Ri
M % &® & 53 82 OH OR
Clie 6. a. Se. a Se)
BoB 4 St % St oH OY
6 2 4 © 1 HH 8
6 8 53 mM 3 Sh SS
(@) Compute the mean and the median serum HDL.
(b) Identify the shape of the distribution based on the his:
togram drawn in Problem 31 in Section 2.2 and the rela:
tionship between the mean and the median.
me of Altria Group Stock The volume of a stock is the
fimber of shares traded on a given day. The following data
presents the volume of Altria Group stock traded for a
random sample of 35 trading days in 2004. The data are in
millions so 3.78 represents 3,780,000 shares traded.
378 874 «435-502 8.40
606 575534 692 6.23
S32 325 657 757 6.07
304 564 5.00 7:16 4.88
1032-338 «725 «652 443
338 553 4749.70 356
1096 450797 301558
‘Source: yo.inance.com
(a) Compute the mean and the median number of shares
traded.
(b) Identify the shape of the distribution based on the
histogram drawn in Problem 32 in Section 2.2 and the
relationship between the mean and the median,
33. M&Ms The following data represent the weights (in
BBLerams) ofa simple random sample of 50 M&M plain can-
@ oes
&
087 088 082 090 090 084 O84
091 095 086 086086 «088087
089 091 086 «087093 (O88
083 094 087 093091 (O85
091 091 086 089087 098
088088 «089 0.79082 O88
090 088 «084 (093076 090
088 092 O85 0.79 084086
Ose 093 08 79 Os 085
Source: Mie Salivan
Determine the shape of the distribution of weights of
M&Ms by drawing a frequency histogram and comput-
ing the mean and median, Which measure of central
tendency better describes the weight of a plain M&M? Section32. Measures of Dispersion 149
21. Which histogram depicts a higher standard deviation? Justify your answer.
# 10
: |
2
7 75
0m 35 4 45 50 55 OS
@)
Frequency
Frequency
«
22, Match the histograms to the summary statistics given,
SS
3 13
0 0 60 n
rit 3 3 9
Vv 53 3 oz
Frequency
Frequency
ie cl
72°57 2 6 NR 4B ARO 49.7 SOS S13 S21 529 S37 SAS 553 561
0 S75 WS 47S S25 STS 625 67S TS TIS DS HTS
"Sp sos soe $292 5298 S308 5308 S319 53.18 5323 532853. 3
© @
Oy ‘Tour de Lance Lance Armstrong won the ‘Tour de
France seven consecutive times (1999-2005), The table
gives the winning times, distances, speeds, and margin of
victory.
Wisin
ome: hee |
(mtn)
99) 91538 3687 40.28 7617
200 925523662 39.56 6.033,
rool 862913453 40.02 6.733,
2002 820873278 39.93 7.283,
2003-83687 3427 40.94 1.017
amod 83.601 3391 40.56 6317
2005 86.251 3593 4165 4.667
Source: weweyelingnewscom
(a) Compute the range, population variance, and popula-
tion standard deviation for winning times for the six
races.
(b) Compute the range, population variance, and popu-
lation standard deviation for distances for the six
races.
(©) Compute the range, population variance, and popula-
tion standard deviation for winning time margins.
(@) Compute the range, population variance, and popula-
tion standard deviation for winning speeds.
). A Fish Story Ethan and Drew went on a 10-day fishing
trip. The number of smallmouth bass caught and released
by the two boys each day was as follows:
Ethan: 9
Drew: 15
24 8 9 5 8 9 10 8 10
Waid 0117 219
(a) Find the population mean and the range for the num-
ber of smallmouth bass caught per day by each fisher-
man. Do these values indicate any differences
between the two fishermen’s catches per day? Ex-
slain,
vd the population standard deviation for the
umber of smallmouth bass caught per day by each
herman. Do these values present a different
ry about the two fishermen’s catches per day?
inch fisherman has the more consistent record?
xplain
-uss limitations of the range as a measure of dis-
sion,
NFC Champion Philadelphia Eagles The following
epresent the weights (in pounds) of the 33 offensive
sand the 24 defensive players for the 2004 NFC
‘upion Philadelphia Eagles.
Section32 Measures of Dispersion 151
9s 218215 wl 272265
240 222,212 265 264 298
210 © 250 200 303 293306
243-205 180 294 240241
210 195 226 254245262
180245258 200 196 194
255 244312. 210° «177210
300 305310 21 206-02
340-330-327
349330310
320330325,
‘Source: ESPN.com
(a) Compute the population mean, the range, and the
population standard deviation for the Philadelphia of-
fense.
(b) Compute the population mean, the range, and the
population standard deviation for the Philadelphia
defense.
(©) Which player type has more dispersion? Explain how
you know.
In Problems 31 and 32, compute the range, sample variance, and
sample standard deviation.
31. Serum HDL Dr. Paul Oswiecmiski randomly selects 40 of
@ bis 20-10 29-year-old patients and obtains the following data
regarding their serum HDL cholesterol:
1 56 8 4 53 S26 48
36 «49° «2835 SBS OO
eee ee ee ee
63 4 a ot ees
4% 6 53 1 33 4H SSD
32, Volume of Altria Group Stock The volume of a stock is
(@ the number of shares traded on a given day. The following
data, given in millions so that 3.78 represents 3,780,000
shares traded, represent the volume of Altria Group stock
traded for a random sample 35 trading days in 2004.
435 502 840
534 692 623
6351 157 607
500716488
125 443
474 3.56
791
Source Yahoo finance com (a) Approximate the mean and standard deviation for
rainfall
(b) Draw a frequency histogram of the data to verify that
the distribution is bell shaped
(©) According to the Empirical Rule, 95% of annual rain-
falls in St. Louis will be between what two amounts?
Multiple Births The following data represent the number
of live multiple-delivery births (three or more babies) in
2002 for women 15 10 44 years old.
is Reports
‘Vol.52,No.10, December 17,2003,
(a) Approximate the mean and standard deviation for
age.
(b) Draw a frequency histogram of the data to verify that
the distribution is bell shaped.
(©) According to the Empirical Rule, 95% of mothers of
‘multiple births will be between what two ages?
SAT)Scores The following data represent SAT Verbal
scoys for ISACS college-bound seniors in 2003,
400-449 281
450-499 sn
500-549 840
550-599 1120
600-649 1166
650-699 900
700-749 518
750-800 394
“Source worsen
(a) Approximate the mean and standard deviation of the
score.
(b) Draw a frequency histogram of the data to verify that
the distribution is bel shaped.
(c) According to the Empirical Rule, 95% of these
ISACS college-bound seniors will have SAT Verbal
scores between what two values?
Serum HDL Use the frequency distribution whose class
width is 10 obtained in Problem 31 in Section 2.2 to ap-
Proximate the mean and standard deviation for serum
HDL. Compare these results to the values obtained in
Problem 31 in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.
‘Volume of Altria Group Stock Use the frequency distribu-
‘stion whose class width is 2 obtained in Problem 32 in
Section 33 Measures of Central Tendency and Dispersion from Grouped Data
163
Section 22 to approximate the mean and standard devia-
tion of the number of shares traded. Compare these results
{o the values obtained in Problem 32 in Sections 3.1 and 3.2.
Grade-Point Average Marissa has just completed her sec-
[SW ond semester in college. She earned a B in her 5-hour cal-
16.
W.
18.
9,
ulus course, an A in her 3-hour social work course, an A.
in her 4-hour biology course, and a C in her 3-hour Amer-
ican literature course. Assuming that an A equals 4 points,
1 B equals 3 points, and a C equals 2 points, determine
Marissa’s grade-point average for the semester.
Computing Class Average In Marissa’s calculus course,
attendance counts for 5% of the grade, quizzes count for
10% of the grade, exams count for 60% of the grade, and
the final exam counts for 25% of the grade. Marissa had a
100% average for attendance, 93% for quizzes, 86% for
exams, and 85% on the final, Determine Marissa's course
average.
Mixed Chocolates Michael and Kevin want to buy choco-
lates. They can’t agree on whether they want chocolate-
covered almonds, chocolate-covered peanuts, oF
chocolate-covered raisins. They agree to create a mix.
They bought 4 pounds of chocolate-covered almonds at
$3.50 per pound, 3 pounds of chocolate-covered peanuts
for $2.75 per pound, and 2 pounds of chocolate-covered
raisins for $2.25 per pound, Determine the cost per pound
of the mix.
Nut Mix Michael and Kevin return to the candy store, but
this time they want to purchase nuts. They can’t decide
among peanuts, cashews, or almonds, They again agree to
create a mix. They bought 2.5 pounds of peanuts for $1.30
Per pound, 4 pounds of cashews for $4.50 per pound, and 2
pounds of almonds for $3.75 per pound. Determine the
price per pound of the mix.
Population The following data represent the male and fe-
male population by age of the United States for residents
under 100 years old in July 2003.
emal
er
me
war
eset)
Rac Cities
20225 19319
10419 21,375 20,295
20-29 20.437 19,459
30-39 21,176 20,936
40-49 22,138 22,986
50-59 16,974 17,864
60-69 10,289 11,563
10-79 6923 9,121
80-89 3,083 5367
90-99 436 1,215
‘Source US. Census Barca
(@) Approximate the population mean and standard devia-
tion of age for males.
(b) Approximate the population mean and standard devi-
ation of age for females.
(©) Which gender has the higher mean age?
(@) Which gender has more dispersion in age? Section35_ ‘The Five-Number Summary and Boxplots 181
oncepts and Vocabulary
1, Explain the circumstances under which the median and in- 2. Ina boxplot, if the median is to the oe
terquartile range would be better measures of eentral ten. ara Foe eae canara
the box or the right line is substantially longer than the
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