Human Body Modeling ANSYS Software PDF

Human Body Modeling with
ANSYS Software
Marc Horner, Ph.D.
Technical Lead, Healthcare
ANSYS, Inc.
1 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 2011
Overview
This talk is motivated by the following observations:
1. Our understanding, and thus our ability to mathematically describe, the
human body is to the point where one can assemble human body models as
“boundary conditions” for biomedical simulations.
2. Improvements in ease‐of‐use and stability of multiphysics modeling tools.
3. Computational capabilities are continually increasing.
Types of Human Body Models
Human Body
Modeling CARDIOVASCULAR MUSCULOSKELETAL DRUG DELIVERY EMAG
• CFD, FEA, and emag
models coupled to
lumped parameter
representations of the
human body
Parametric System
Level
• DOE for HBM
• Fully automated
process Application areas: Application areas: Application areas: Application areas:
• Coronary stents • Orthopaedic implants • Transdermal • Medical imaging
• Peripheral stents • Exercise equipment • Inhalers • Cardiology
• Artificial organs • Oral • Drug delivery
• Intrathecal • Cancer treatments
Human Body
models coupled to
lumped parameter
human body
Parametric System
Level
• DOE for HBM
• Fully automated
Idealized Blood Flow
Material properties
Can typically assume density and viscosity at average
hematocrit and high shear.
 = 1.05 g/cm3
 = 0.035 g/cm-s
Inflow conditions
Literature a good source for inflow data*
Resting Condition Exercising Condition

Qtot = 6.8 L/min, 75 bpm** Qtot = 12.8 L/min, 117 bpm**
Geometry * Stevens et al., Math Biosciences (2003)
5 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 2011 ** Murgo et al., Circ Res (2003)
Patient‐Specific Blood Flow
Material properties
Can take a blood sample and measure the patients
hematocrit, protein content, etc.
 vs H*  vs **
Inflow conditions
Taken from on-line measurements***
* Hinghofer-Szalkay, ?? (1986)
Geometry ** Cho & Kensey, Biorheology (1991)
6
(courtesy Materialise Inc.)
© 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 2011 *** Huntsman et al., Circulation (1983)
My Flow Patterns
speed pressure
wall shear
Outflow Conditions For Aortic Flows
One complicating factor in aortic Flow Rate Reqs for Human Organ Circuits1
flow modeling is the application
of accurate outflow boundary
conditions.
Specialized conditions are required
+5.5 L/min
because the flow split at a
bifurcation is controlled by -0.3 L/min
downstream organ demand, not
-0.8 L/min
the bifurcation geometry.
Without a specialized condition, an
-1.1 L/min
analyst will not have a proper
understanding of the baseline
-1.1 L/min
flow patterns and how an
implanted device affects those
-2.2 L/min
patterns.
1Rhodes & Tanner, Med Physiology (1995)

Modeling Options for Outflow BCs
Create a detailed geometric model of the
entire cardiovascular system, extending
from the heart to the capillaries. The
problems with this approach are obvious:
• Large geometric model required to
capture full geometric details
• Accuracy of the geometry will be at
question, esp. below 0.5 mm
* Image from Texas Heart Institute web-site
Modeling Options for Outflow BCs
Electrical Circuit Model of the
Create a detailed geometric model of the Human Cardiovascular System*
entire cardiovascular system, extending
from the heart to the capillaries. The
problems with this approach are obvious:
• Large geometric model required to
capture full geometric details
• Accuracy of the geometry will be at
question, esp. below 0.5 mm
Use a lumped parameter approach to
alleviate the need for detailed geometry
at all length scales.
• The image to the right is an electrical
circuit model of the human circulatory
system, extending from the heart to
the small arteries.
• Each box contains a lumped parameter
representation of an artery section.
* Westerhof et al., J Biomech (1969)
Lumped Parameter Model Details
The circuit on the lower left can be used to model the flow rate and
pressure losses in each artery section. This circuit is referred to as
a 3‐element Windkessel.
inertance term – accounts for

inertial effects (primarily in the resistance term – accounts for
large arteries) downstream flow resistance
(primarily in the capillary beds)
R RD
C
compliance term – accounts for

artery expansion/contraction
(primarily in the large arteries)
The Westerhof Circuit in Simplorer
Impedance Comparison
Westerhof Model Simplorer Model

(Inverted L Network)
Ansoft LLC total input imedance magnitude
500.00
Curve Info
mag(1/E1.I)
AC
400.00
300.00
mag(1/E1.I)
200.00
100.00
0.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
Ansoft LLC total input imedance phase
25.00 Curve Info
-ang_deg(E1.I)
AC
-ang_deg(E1.I) [deg]
0.00
-25.00
-50.00
-75.00
0.00 2.00 4.00 6.00 8.00 10.00 12.00
F [kHz]
Insert FLUENT into the Simplorer HBM
Validation
‐ Flow Past a Symmetric Bifurcation
The Windkessel boundary condition was applied to an idealized representation of
the abdominal aorta. Transient values for the inlet flow rate and outlet
pressures were culled from a literature source*. The geometry and boundary
conditions were symmetric in this case. As seen in the figure on the right, there
was excellent agreement between published and computational results for the
outlet pressure.
Qin
Iliac RCR parameters
RD = 3.22 mm Hg-s/cc
R = 0.55 mm Hg-s/cc
C = 0.001 cc/mm Hg
Outlet pressure from SI[mplorerr compared

Pout well with the results of Taylor
* Wan et al. (preprint)

A Non‐Symmetric Case
velocity
pressure
Human Body
models coupled to
lumped parameter
human body
Parametric System
Level
• DOE for HBM
• Fully automated
Anybody for Implant Loads
AnyBody: Determine spine kinematics
ANSYS: FEM
analysis of a
spine implant
based on the
spine kinematics
AnyBody provides a detailed description of the loads and joint forces occurring in
the human body in daily activity. ANSYS Mechanical can import loads from Anybody,
providing critical information for testing orthopaedic implants and the like.
Orthopaedic Workflow
Activities of daily living
Medical images
Optimization
Musculoskeletal
Simulation
CAD/Mesh Finite Element Analysis
FEA loads for

activities of daily living
Functional Patient‐Specific Modeling
Activities of daily living
Boundary
Patient conditions
information
FE-model
Unique Open Body Model Library
Daily Activity Analysis
Dynamic Physiologic Loads
In vivo validation
‐ Hip forces
Thielen et al. 2009
A Hip Simulator
video from: http://edp.tkk.fi/en/research/tribology/research_projects/biotribology/
Slide Track Patterns
- Slide tracks represent the relative motion of the ball and cup
waveforms whole head patterns flattened patterns
Slide tracks on the head are

determined by mounting pens to
fixed points on the cup and vice
versa for slide tracks on the cup.
Upper fig: Calonius and Saikko, Acta Polytechnica (2003)

Lower fig: Calonius and Saikko, J Biomech (2002)
Variation in Slide Track Patterns
Model Inputs
dhead = 20 mm
dcup = 22 mm
Geometry
• Femur and implant provided in STL
format
• Acetabular cup was created in ANSYS
Mechanical
Initial STL geometry Implant and cup assembly
• Kinematic joint conditions provided by AnyBody:
140
23 Walking 120
Cycling
Angle in Degrees
13 HipAbduction 100
3 80 Flexion
HipFlexion
60 Abduction
-72.84 3.84 4.84
40 Ext. Rotation
HipExternalRot
-17 ation 20
0
-27
Time (S) -20 0 0.5 1
Implementation
Geometry cup
• Head, cup (rigid), and stem
Material properties
stem
• Default material properties used for all parts head
Boundary Conditions
• Angular data entered as displacement BC’s for the
cup in tabular format
Solver
• ANSYS Mechanical 12.1 transient solver
• Rigid‐flexible contact maintained between the head
and the cup
Post‐processing
• Slide tracks are calculated using an APDL script which
is inserted as a command object
Creating Slide Tracks using APDL
Choose location of the “pen”
Get the node number for the pen
location
Track the node during the transient
cycle
Report (x,y,z) vs time for the node at the
end of simulation
Use point locations to create keypoints
Join keypoints to form a spline
Display the spline with initial geometry
to see the slide tracks
Slide Tracks on the Cup
‐ Walking Profile
Side of cup Top of cup
‐ Cycling Profile
‐ Walking Forces
Force vs time data
3500
3000 29
2500
2000
1500
50
1000
64
500 87
0 69
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
-500
-1000
-1500
MediolateralForce ProximoDistalForce
AnteroPosteriorForce
Slide track with time-step locations

‐ Walking Forces
Force vs time data
3500
3000 147
2500
2000
1500
168
1000 182
500 205
0 187
2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3 3.2
-500
-1000
-1500
MediolateralForce ProximoDistalForce
AnteroPosteriorForce
Slide track with time-step locations

‐ Kinematics
Wear Calculation
Archard’s Law defines the effect of sliding distance (v) and
contact pressure () on the per cycle wear depth (w):
w( , )   k   ( , , t )  v( , , t )dt
cycle
Which can be approximated as:
w   kw    S
cycle
• where,
– kw is the wear coef. (which is material and surface dependent) = 1.066E‐
6
–  is the contact stress, and
– S is the sliding distance
Cumulative Wear
(after 1 cycle)
walking cycling
wear depth reported in (mm)
Validation
‐ Clinical Data
Hall et al (Proc Instn Mech Engrs, 1998) measured wear of
UHMWPE acetabular components retrieved from 200
patients.
Human Body
models coupled to
lumped parameter
human body
Parametric System
Level
• DOE for HBM
• Fully automated
Pharmacokinetic (PK) Modeling
• PK models utilize a compartmentalized

approach to model drug distribution in the
body over time. The compartments
represent organs and other drug depots.
• PK models simulate drug/chemical:

• Absorption
• Distribution
• Metabolism
• Excretion
• Coupling the PK model to the drug

delivery model enables the designer to
further refine the delivery system to work
together with the human body, understand
dependence on patient variability, disease
state, etc.
Transdermal Delivery Model
The system consists of a cylindrical patch applied to
the skin. The drug reservoir (in the patch)
contains a mixture of drug and permeation
enhancer. Diffusion is the only mode of transport
out of the patch and through the skin. The far
boundary of the skin is the inlet to the
microcirculation, which acts as a drug sink.
• Two boundary conditions are tested
at the far wall:
1. zero flux condition – which patch
assumes the plasma is an infinite skin
sink
2. PK condition – to account for drug microcirculation
build‐up in plasma
Transdermal Model Details
Axisymmetry is assumed
r = 0.9 cm
Drug and enhancer are modeled as user‐defined
scalars in FLUENT patch 50.8 m
A transient diffusion equation models transport skin 50.8 m

through the skin and patch:
r = 0.925 cm
ci
   Di ci 
t
, where i = drug, permeation enhancer
• The interfacial conditions at the patch‐skin interface are continuity of flux
and a partitioning (jump) condition:
Di , patch  ci , patch  Di , skin  ci , skin
c drug , skin / c drug , patch  K , where K is the partition coefficient
Transdermal Model Details
‐ Formulation Effects
The permeation enhancer increases the drug flux through the
skin. The level of enhancement is typically a function of the
local enhancer concentration. Two typical situations are:
Ddrug,skin = Ddrug,0+*Cpe Kdrug,skin = Kdrug,0+*Cpe
 increasing
 increasing
The permeation enhancer increases The permeation enhancer increases

the diffusivity of drug in the skin drug solubility in the skin
Validation Case
‐ Fentanyl Patch, No PK Model
Rim et al. examined the effect of enhancement type on drug
flux. These plots compare FLUENT results to their
experimental and computational results.
Comparison of drug flux through lower boundary of epidermis. Initial Comparison of drug flux through lower boundary of epidermis. Initial
concentration of drug and enhancer 0.06, 0.04(gm cm‐3). dt=100, concentration of drug and enhancer 0.06, 0.04(gm cm‐3). dt=100,
ncells=58400, µ=1.8e‐4, η=0.0 ncells=58400, µ=0.0, η=19.0
2.5 2.5
Drug Flux (µg cm‐2 hr‐1)

2.0 2.0
1.5 1.5
1.0 1.0
simulation simulation
0.5 experiment 0.5 experiment

reference reference
0.0 0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (hr) Time (hr)
flux when Ddrug=f(Cenhancer) flux when K = f(Cdrug)
Reference: Rim et al., Annals of BME, (2005)

Pharmacokinetic (PK) Analysis of a
Fentanyl Patch
• Patch model extensions:
MOTIVATION: Understand/optimize
patch performance by including the • BC between epidermis and
dermal vasculature:
physiologic processing of drug.
c 
D ︵
 P  [c l , t)  fu  Cp (t)]
z
CFD Model
• The ODE’s for the three
compartment PK model are:

plasma: dC ︵
p dt    [ c l , t )  f u  C p ( t )]
 [ k el  k12  k13 ]  C p ( t )
 k 21  2C 2 ( t )  k 31  3C3 ( t )
PK Model
dC 2 dt  k12C p ( t ) /  2  k 21C2 ( t )
well-perfused
compartment:
dC 3 dt  k13C p ( t ) /  3  k 31C3 ( t )
poorly perfused
compartment:
Pharmacokinetic (PK) Analysis of a
Fentanyl Patch
• Patch model extensions:
MOTIVATION: Understand/optimize
patch performance by including the • BC between epidermis and
dermal vasculature:
physiologic processing of drug.
c 
D ︵
 P  [c l , t)  fu  Cp (t)]
z
CFD Model
• The ODE’s for the three
compartment PK model are:

plasma: dC ︵
p dt    [ c l , t )  f u  C p ( t )]
 [ k el  k12  k13 ]  C p ( t )
 k 21  2C 2 ( t )  k 31  3C3 ( t )
PK Model
dC 2 dt  k12C p ( t ) /  2  k 21C2 ( t )
well-perfused
compartment:
dC 3 dt  k13C p ( t ) /  3  k 31C3 ( t )
poorly perfused
compartment:
Human Body
models coupled to
lumped parameter
human body
Parametric System
Level
• DOE for HBM
• Fully automated
HFSS‐Workbench Link for Modeling
Cancer Treatment
Hyperthermia cancer treatment used to accelerate effects of
chemotherapy
RF power applied to tumor using phased array antenna
• Eight strip dipole antennas connected in parallel pairs and printed on
inner surface of cylindrical plastic shell
HFSS Model of Patient with Phased Array MRI Cross Section of Lower Leg with Tumor
Applicator on Lower Leg (Courtesy Duke University Medical Center)
HFSS Model of RF Phased Array
Applicator
Device operates at 138 MHz
• Element excitations optimized to concentrate power inside tumor
Electric Field Magnitude with

Optimized Array Weights
HFSS Model of Applicator on Leg

HFSS Model of RF Phased Array Tumor (shown in green)
Applicator
Local Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

49 © 2011 ANSYS, Inc. October 24, 2011 with Optimized Array Weights
Transient Thermal Analysis in ANSYS
Workbench
Results of Transient Thermal Analysis

Geometry in ANSYS Workbench (max/min temperature in the tumor)
• Electromagnetic power is a function of
time
– 28 W used to reach desired
temperature and 9 W to maintain
temperature
• Transient analysis used to determine
temperature rise inside tumor
– Reaches 47° C in 6 minutes and is
maintained there for 14 minutes
Results of Transient Thermal Analysis
Closing Remarks
Coupling detailed simulations to
lumped parameter models can
provide more rigorous prediction of
device performance.
Closing Remarks
Coupling detailed simulations to
lumped parameter models can
provide more rigorous prediction of
device performance.
V&V is possible.
,µ ,η
2.5
Pout
2.0
1.5
1.0
simulation
0.5 experiment
reference
0.0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (hr)
Closing Remarks
ANSYS provides flexible and open solutions that
can be adapted to solve even the most
challenging problems facing the biomedical
engineers of today.
The ANSYS vision for this industry includes
collaborating with other software vendors
to enable one‐way and/or cosimulation
with the highest fidelity models available.

Human Body Modeling ANSYS Software PDF

Загружено:

Сведения о документе

Оригинальное название

Авторское право

Доступные форматы

Поделиться этим документом

Поделиться или встроить документ

Параметры публикации

Этот документ был вам полезен?

Это неприемлемый материал?

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Human Body Modeling ANSYS Software PDF

Загружено:

Авторское право:

Доступные форматы

Human Body Modeling with

Resting Condition Exercising Condition

1Rhodes & Tanner, Med Physiology (1995)

inertance term – accounts for

compliance term – accounts for

Westerhof Model Simplorer Model

Iliac RCR parameters

Outlet pressure from SI[mplorerr compared

* Wan et al. (preprint)

AnyBody: Determine spine kinematics

CAD/Mesh Finite Element Analysis

FEA loads for

Activities of daily living

waveforms whole head patterns flattened patterns

Slide tracks on the head are

Upper fig: Calonius and Saikko, Acta Polytechnica (2003)

Initial STL geometry Implant and cup assembly

Side of cup Top of cup

Side of cup Top of cup

Slide track with time-step locations

Slide track with time-step locations

Side of cup Top of cup

• PK models utilize a compartmentalized

• PK models simulate drug/chemical:

• Coupling the PK model to the drug

A transient diffusion equation models transport skin 50.8 m

The permeation enhancer increases The permeation enhancer increases

Drug Flux (µg cm‐2 hr‐1)

0.5 experiment 0.5 experiment

flux when Ddrug=f(Cenhancer) flux when K = f(Cdrug)

Reference: Rim et al., Annals of BME, (2005)

Electric Field Magnitude with

HFSS Model of Applicator on Leg

Local Specific Absorption Rate (SAR)

Results of Transient Thermal Analysis

Вам также может понравиться