Detailed Engineering Design For Evacuation Center

Presented by:
Virgilio B. Columna, m.eng., F.PICE, F.ASEP, MISSEP Engr. Wilfredo S. Lopez, F.PICE, F.ASEP
Civil Structural Engineer Principal Engineer, WSLOPEZ Engineering
Specialist in Structural Engineering, PICE Services
Director, ISSEP (2016-2018) Specialist in Structural Engineering, PICE
President, ASEP (2013-2014) President, ASEP (2008-2009)
Chairman of the Board/President, Trustee, Iprove Global, Inc.
V.B. Columna Construction Corporation
Trustee, Iprove Global, Inc.
I. OVERVIEW OF DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN FOR EVACUATION
CENTERS AND ENGINEERING TERMS FOR BUILDING PROJECTS
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS
Adhesive – are chemical components formulated from
organic polymers, or a combination of organic polymers and
inorganic materials that cure if blended together.
Admixture – is a material other than water, aggregate, or
hydraulic cement used as an ingredient of concrete and
added to concrete before or during its mixing to modify its
properties.
Aggregate - is granular material, such as sand, gravel,

crushed stone and iron blast-furnace slag, and when used
with a cementing medium forms a hydraulic cement concrete
or mortar.
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS.....con’d....
Balcony, Exterior – is an exterior floor system projecting from
and supported by a structure without additional independent
supports.
Base Shear – is the total design lateral force or shear at the
base of a structure.
Basic Wind Speed – is a three-second gust speed at 10m
above the ground in Exposure C as determined in accordance
with an annual probability of 0.02, (i.e. 50 years mean
recurrence interval)
Beam – is a structural element that is capable of
withstanding load primarily by resisting bending.
Bearing Wall System – is a structural system that does not
have a complete vertical load-carrying space frame.
A. DEFINITION OF TERMS .....con’d....
Braced Frame – is essentially a vertical truss system of
the concentric or eccentric type that is provided to resist
lateral forces.
Boundary Element - is an element at edges of openings
or at perimeters of shear walls or diaphragms.
Building Frame System – is essentially a complete space
frame that provides support for gravity loads.
Cementitious Materials – are materials that have
cementing value if used in concrete either by themselves,
such as portland cement, blended hydraulic cements, and
expansive cement, or such materials in combination with fly
ash, raw or other calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume,
and slag cement.
Column – is a member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral
dimension of 3 or greater used primarily to support axial
compressive load. For a tapered member, the least lateral
dimension is the average of the top and bottom dimensions
of the smaller side.
Column Capital – is an enlargement of the top of a concrete

column located directly below the slab or drop panel that is
cast monolithically with the column.
Concrete – is a mixture or Portland cement or any other

hydraulic cement, fine aggregate, coarse aggregate and
water, with or without admixtures.
Concrete, Plain – is a concrete with no reinforcement or
with less reinforcement than the minimum amount specified
for reinforced concrete.
Concrete, Precast – is a concrete element cast elsewhere
than its final position in the structure.
Concrete, Prestressed – is a concrete in which internal
stresses have been introduced to reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete resulting from service loads.
Concrete, Reinforced – is a concrete reinforced with at
least the minimum amounts of non-prestressed or
prestressed reinforcement required by this Code.
Confined Core – is the area within the core defined hc.
Connection – is a region that joins two or more members.
Connection, Ductile – is a connection that experiences

yielding as a result of the earthquake design displacements.
Importance Factor – is a factor that counts for the degree of
hazard to human life and damage to property.
Contraction Joint – is a formed, sawed, or tooled groove in
a concrete structure to create a weakened plane and
regulate the location of cracking resulting from the
dimensional change of different parts of the structure.
Dead Loads – consist of the weight of all materials and fixed
equipment incorporated into the building or other structure
Deformed Reinforcements – are deformed reinforcing bars,
bar mats, and welded smooth wire reinforcement.
Design force- is the equivalent static force to be used in the
determination of wind loads for open buildings and other
structures.
Design Load Combination – are the combination of factored
loads and forces
Drift or Storey Drift – is the lateral displacement of one level
above or below.
Development Length – is a length of embedded
reinforcement, including prestressing strand, required to
develop the design strength at a critical section.
Effective Depth of Section – is a distance measured from
extreme compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement.
Embedment Length – is a length of embedded reinforcement
provided beyond a critical section.
Essential Facilities – are buildings, towers and other vertical
structures that are intended to remain operational in the event
of extreme environmental loading from wind or earthquakes.
Hoop – is a closed tie or continuously wound tie. A closed tie
can be made up of several reinforcement elements each
having hooks at both ends. A continuously wound tie shall
have a seismic hook at both ends.
Importance Factor – is a factor that accounts for the degree
of hazard to human life and damage to property.
Lateral-Force-Resisting System – is that part of the
structural system designed to resist the Design Seismic
Forces.
Limit State – is a condition beyond which a structure or
member becomes unfit for service and is judged to be no
longer useful for its intended function (serviceability limit
state) or to be unsafe (strength limit state).
Live Loads – are those produced by the use and occupancy
of the building or other structure and do not include dead
load, construction load, or environmental loads.
Moment-Resisting Frame – is a frame in which members and

joints are capable of resisting forces primarily by flexure.
Pedestal – is a member with a ratio of height-to-least lateral
dimension less than or equal to three used primarily to support
axial compressive load; for a tapered member, the least lateral
dimension is the average of the top and bottom dimensions of
the smaller side.
Reinforcement – is material that conforms to, excluding
prestressing steel unless specifically included.
Shear wall – is a wall designed to resist lateral forces parallel
to the plane of the wall (sometimes referred to as vertical
diaphragm or structural wall)
Soft Story – is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than

70 percent of the stiffness of the story above.
Spiral Reinforcement – is continuously wound
reinforcement in the form of a cylindrical helix.
Stirrup – is reinforcement used to resist shear and torsion
stresses in a structural member; typically bars, wires, or
welded wire reinforcement either single leg or bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located perpendicular to or at an
angle to longitudinal reinforcement. (The term “stirrups” is
usually applied to lateral reinforcement in flexural members
and the term “ties” to those in compression members.)
Stress – is the intensity of force per unit area.
B. DETAILED ENGINEERING DESIGN OF EVACUATION CENTERS
- It is an essential facilities
- The building is made if reinforced concrete
- Building frame is moment resisting space frame
B.1 Design Criteria
1. Basis of Design
Evacuation center is considered a lifeline structures
- Occupancy Category - essential facilities
(NSCP 2015,Section 103, Table 103.1)
- Importance Factor - 1.5 for earthquake
(NSCP 2015,Section 204.4.2, Table 208.1)
- Location should be in a buildable area (Geohazard
map, DENR)
B.1 Design Criteria

2. Loading
2.1 Dead Load - (NSCP, Section 204.2, Table 204.1)

Concrete - 24.00 kn/m³
Soil - 18.00 kn/m³
6” CHB (full grout both faces plastered) - 3.30 kn/m²
4” CHB (full grout, both faces plastered) = 3.17 kn/m²
G.I. Roofing (Gauge #26 G.I Sheet) = 0.072 kn/m²
2. Loading……Cont’d
2.1 Dead Load - (NSCP, Section 204.2, Table 204.1)

Floor finishes, ceiling, -0.24kn/m²
electrical piping, fixtures
Steel trusses, roof framing -0.24kn/m²
purlins, sag rods, etc.
Movable Partition -1.0 kn/m² of floor area
Waterproofing liquid applied - 0.05 kn/m²
Floor topping (25mm thk) - .60 kn/m²
2.2 Live Load- (NSCP, Section 205.3, Table 205.1 and Table 205.2)
Evacuation Rooms - 2.40kn/m²

Roof Deck - 4.80kn/m²
Roof Live Loads: (NSCP, Sect. 205.4, Table 205-3)

For flat or rise less 33.3% slope
for tributary area 0 to 20m² - 1.0kn/m²
for tributary area 20 to 60m² - 0.75kn/m²
for tributary area over 60m² - 0.60m²
2.2 Live Load……..cont’d…..
Table 1-1 Minimum Roof Live Loads ¹

(NSCP, Table 205-3)
Method I Method 2
Tributary Area (m²)
Maximum
ROOF SLOPE 0 to Uniform Rate of
20 to 60 Over 60 Reduction
20 Load ² Reduction
R
(kPa) ,r
(percentage)
Uniform Load (kPa)
1. Flat ³ or rise less than 1-unit

vertical in 3-unit horizontal
1.00 0.75 0.60 1.00 0.08 4
(33.3% slope) . Arch and dome
with rise less than 1/8 of span.
2. Rise 1-unit vertical to less than
3-unit vertical in 3-unit horizontal
(33.3% to less than 100% slope) 0.75 0.70 0.60 0.75 0.06 25
Arch and dome with rise 1/8 of
span to less than 3/8 of span.
2.2 Live Load……cont’d....

(NSCP, Table 205-3)
Method I Method 2
Tributary Area (m²)
Maximum
ROOF SLOPE 0 to Uniform Rate of
20 to 60 Over 60 Reduction
20 Load ² Reduction
R
(kPa) ,r
(percentage)
Uniform Load (kPa)
3. Rise 1-unit vertical in 1-unit

horizontal (100% slope) and
0.60 0.60 0.60 0.60
greater. Arch or dome with rise
3/8 of span or greater.
No reduction permitted
4. Awnings except cloth covered. 4 0.25 0.25 0.25 0.25
5. Greenhouses, lath houses and
agricultural buildings. 5 0.50 0.50 0.50 0.50

(NSCP, Table 205-3)
1. For special-purpose roofs, see Section 205.4.4.
2. See Sections 205.5 and 205.6 for live load reductions. The rate of reduction r in Equation 205-
1 shall be as indicated in the table. The maximum reduction, R, shall not exceed the value
indicated in the table.
3. A flat roof with a slope less than 1-unit vertical in 48-unit horizontal (2% slope). The live load
for flat roofs is in addition to the ponding load required by Section 206.7.
4. See definition in Section 202.
5. See Section 205.4.4 for concentrated load requirements for greenhouse roof members.
2.2 Live Load…cont’d.…..
2.2.1 Reduction of Live Loads
The design live load determined using the unit live loads
as set forth in Table 205-1 for floors and Table 1.1, Method
2, for roofs may be reduced on any member supporting
more than 15m², including flat slabs, except for floors in
places of public assembly and for live loads greater than
4.8kPa, in accordance with the following equation:
R = r (A-15) (1)
The reduction shall not exceed 40 percent for members
receiving load from one level only, 60 percent for other
members or R, as determined by the following equation:
R = 23.1 (1+D/L) (2)

where
A = area of floor or roof supported by the member, m²
D = dead load per square meter of area supported by the

member, kPa
L = unit live load per square meter of area supported by

the member, kPa
R = reduction in percentage,
r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See Table 1.1

for roofs
2.2 Live Load…….cont’d...

For storage loads exceeding 4.8 kPa, no reduction shall be

made, except that design live loads on columns may be reduced
20 percent.
The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages

for the storage for private pleasures cars having a capacity of not
more than nine passengers per vehicle.
2.3 Wind Load

- use the wind load map to determine the wind velocity
- exposure category – exposure B
- main wind force resisting system
2.4 Seismic Load
Importance factor for essential facilities, I = 1.5
Zone Coefficient, Z = 0.40 for Zone 4
Frame Material Factor, = 0.0731
Seismic Type – Type A
Closest distance to known seismic fault – (from PHIVOLCS)
2.5 Code and References
- National Structural Code of the Philippines, 2015,
7th Edition, Vol. 1
- Portland Cement Association Publication
3. Materials
3.1 Soil – Foundation investigation shall be conducted

3.1.1 Borehole – The minimum required number of
boreholes per structure and a Professional
Report shall be submitted at each building
site. For structures two storys or higher, an
exhaustive geotechnical study shall be
performed to evaluate in-situ soil parameters
for foundation design and analysis. The
minimum required number of boreholes per
structure based on footprint area is given in
Table below
Table 1.2 Minimum required number of boreholes per structure

(NSCP 2015, Sect. 303.1, Table 303.1)
FOOTPRINT AREA OF MINIMUM REQUIRED

STRUCTURES (m²) NUMBER OF BOREHOLES
A ≤ 50 1
50 < A ≤ 500 2
2 + (A/1000)**
A ≥ 500 Rounded Up to Nearest
Integer)
* The minimum required number of boreholes should in a way be construed as an upper limit value.
** “A” corresponds to the footprint area of the structure in m².
3.1 Soil .....cont’d....

3.1.2 An exhaustive geotechnical investigation should also be
conducted in cases of:
1. questionable soils, expansive soils, or problematic soils (e.g.
liquefiable, organic, compressible, sensitive, etc.);
2. to determine whether the existing groundwater table is above
or within 1.5 meters below the elevation of the lowest floor
level;
3. where such floor is located below the finished ground level
adjacent to the foundation;
4. in cases where the use of pile foundations and/or ground
improvement are anticipated;
3.1 Soil……cont’d....
3.1.2 An exhaustive geotechnical investigation should also be
conducted in cases of:
5. in areas underlain by rock strata where the rock is suspended
to be of questionable characteristics or indicate variations in
the structure of the rock or where solution cavities or voids
are expected to be present in the rock; and
6. other cases deemed necessary by the Geotechnical
Engineer. The Building Official may require that the
interpretation and evaluation of the results of the foundation
investigation made by a Geotechnical Engineer.
3.1 Soil……cont’d...
3.1.3 Liquefaction Study
A liquefaction susceptibility assessment in accordance with
accepted practice is warranted if both conditions below are
discovered during the course of the geotechnical
investigation:
1. Shallow ground water, 2m or less
2. Unconsolidated saturated sandy alluvium (N< 15)
Exception:
The building official may waive this evaluation upon receipt of written
opinion of a qualified geotechnical engineer that liquefaction is not
probable.
3.1 Soil……..
3.1.4 Reports
The soil classification and design-bearing capacity shall be
shown on the plans, unless the foundation conforms to Table.
The building official may require submission of a written report
of the investigation, which shall include but need not be
limited to, the following information:
1. A plot showing the location of all test boringes,

surrounding and/or in-situ tests and excavations.
2. Technical descriptions and classifications of the materials
encountered.
3. Elevation of the water table, if encountered.
3.1.4 Reports
4. Recommendations for foundation type and design criteria,
including bearing capacity, provisions to mitigate the
effects of liquefaction and soil strength loss, provisions for
special foundation solutions, provisions for ground
improvement measures, and effects of loads on and due
to adjacent structures.
5. Expected total and differential settlement.
6. Laboratory test results of soil samples.
3.1.4 Reports
7. Field borehole log containing the following information
a. Project location
b. Depth of borehole
c. Ground elevation
d. Ground water table elevation
e. Date started and finished
3.1.4 Reports
The soil classification and design-bearing capacity shall be

shown on the plans, unless the foundation conforms to Table
3.12.
When expansive soils are present, the Building Official may

require that special provisions be made in the foundation
design and construction to safeguard against damage due to
this expansiveness. The building official may require a special
investigation and report to provide these design and
construction criteria.
3.1.5 Geotechnical Site Investigation and Assessment
The recommended allowable foundation and lateral pressures shall
be estimated from a reasonably exhaustive geotechnical site
investigation and assessment, which shall include at least the
following:
a) Description of regional geological characteristics.

b) Characterization of in-situ geotechnical conditions;
c) Factual report on the in-situ and laboratory area performed to
characterize the site (See Section 303.7 for a list of in-situ and
laboratory tests commonly carried out for geotechnical site
characterization);
d) Disclosure of the assumptions and the applicable analytical or
empirical models used in estimating the allowable foundation
and lateral pressures;
e) Calculations carried out and Factor of Safety (FS)
assumed in arriving at the recommended allowable
foundation and lateral pressures; and
f.) Evaluation of existing potential geologic hazards and

those that may induced or triggered by the
construction/installation of the structure.
The geotechnical site investigation and assessment shall be

performed by a geotechnical engineer.
A geotechnical investigation and assessment shall be
presented in a report. The report, together with a brief
resume and a sworn statement of accountability of the
geotechnical engineering consultant who prepared it, shall
be included in the submittals to be reviewed and examined
by the building official or government authority in charge of
issuing the relevant permits such as environmental
compliance certificate and/or building permit.
3.1 Soil ……cont’d....
..
3.1.6 Presumptive Load-Bearing and Lateral Resisting Values
When no exhaustive geotechnical site assessment and
investigation is performed, especially when no in-situ or very
limited tests are carried out, the presumptive load-bearing
and lateral resisting values provided in Table 1.3 shall be
used. Use of these values requires that the foundation
design engineer has, at the least, carried out an inspection
of the site and has become familiar with the predominant soil
or rock characteristics of the site.
3.1 Soil…cont’d....
3.1.6 Presumptive Load-Bearing and Lateral Resisting Values
Presumptive load-bearing shall apply to materials with

similar physical characteristics and dispositions. Mud,
organic silt, organic clays, peat or unprepared fill shall not be
assumed to have a presumptive load-bearing capacity
unless data from a geotechnical site assessment and
investigation to substantiate the use of such a value are
submitted.
For clay, sandy clay, silty clay and clayey silt, in no case
shall the lateral sliding resistance exceed one-half the dead
load.
Table 1.4
Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure
(NSCP, Table 304.1)
Lateral Sliding4
Lateral Bearing
Allowable
Below Natural
Foundation
Class of Materials¹ Grade3
Pressure² Resistance6
(kPa/m of Coefficient5
(kPa) (kPa)
depth)
1. “Intact” Tuffaceous Sandstoneª 1,000 300 - -

2. “Lightly Weathered” Tuffaceous
Sandstoneb 500 150 - -
3. Sandy Gravel and/or Gravel (GW &

GP) 100 30 0.35 -
Table 1.4
Allowable Foundation and Lateral Pressure
(NSCP, Table 304.1)
Lateral Sliding4
Lateral Bearing
Allowable
Below Natural
Foundation
Class of Materials¹ Grade3
Pressure² Resistance6
(kPa/m of Coefficient5
(kPa) (kPa)
depth)
4. Well-graded Sand, Poorly-graded

Sand, Silty Sand, Clayey Gravel (SW, SP,
75 25 0.25 -
SM, SC, GM and GC)
5. Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay and

Clayey Sil (CL, ML, MH and CH) 50c 15 - 7
3.2 Concrete
Fig. 1-1 – STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM OF CONCRETE

3.2 Concrete………
Components of Concrete are:
1. Cement - portland cement use for structural concrete
- pozzolan cement use for hollow concrete
block laying and plastering
2. Aggregates - fine aggregates - sand
- fine sand
- coarse sand
- Coarse aggregates - gravel
Different sizes used are: G.I. (1½”), 1”, ¾”, ⅜”
3. Water - clean, salt water not allowed
4. Admixture - accelator
- retarder
3.3 Reinforcing Bars
Fig. 1-2-STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM OF REINFORCING STEEL

3.3 Reinforcing steel bars

3.3.1 Reinforcing steel bars-types
Three types according to strength:

- Philippine Standard Structural Grade
Grade 230, with yield stress fy=230Mpa
- Philippine Standard Intermediate Grade
Grade 275, with yield stress, fy=275Mpa
- Philippine Standard Hard Grade
Grade 415, with yield stress, fy=414Mpa
TABLE 1.5- STEEL REINFORCEMENT INFORMATION ON SIZES, AREAS AND WEIGHTS
PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)

Bar Size Designation Area, mm2 Mass, kg/m
10 79 0.618
12 113 0.890
16 201 1.580
20 314 2.465
25 491 3.851
28 616 4.831
32 804 6.310
36 1019 7.986
42 1385 10.870
58 2642 20.729
TABLE 1.6- STANDARD WIRE REINFORCEMENT (WELDED WIREMESH)
MW and MD SIZE Area, mm² / m of width for various spacings
Mass,
Diameter, mm CENTER-TO-CENTER SPACING, mm
PLAIN DEFORMED kg/m
50 75 100 150 200 250 300
MW290 MD290 19.22 2.270 5800 3900 2900 1900 1450 1160 970
MW200 MD200 15.95 1.570 4000 2700 2000 1300 1000 800 670
MW130 MD130 12.90 1.020 2600 1700 1300 870 650 520 430
MW120 MD120 12.40 0.942 2400 1600 1200 800 600 480 400
MW100 MD100 11.30 0.785 2000 1300 1000 670 500 400 330
MW90 MD90 10.70 0.706 1800 1200 900 600 450 360 300
MW80 MD80 10.10 0.628 1600 1100 800 530 400 320 270
MW70 MD70 9.40 0.549 1400 930 7100 470 350 280 230
MW65 MD65 9.10 0.510 1300 870 650 430 325 260 220
MW60 MD60 8.70 0.471 1200 800 600 400 300 240 200
MW55 MD55 8.44 0.432 1100 730 550 370 275 220 180
MW50 MD50 8.00 0.393 1000 670 500 330 250 200 170
MW45 MD45 7.60 0.353 900 600 450 300 225 180 150
MW40 MD40 7.10 0.314 800 530 400 270 200 160 130
MW35 MD35 6.70 0.275 700 470 350 230 175 140 120
MW30 MD30 6.20 0.236 600 400 300 200 150 120 100
MW25 MD25 5.60 0.196 500 330 250 170 125 100 83
MW20 5.00 0.157 400 270 200 130 100 80 67
MW15 4.40 0.118 300 200 150 100 75 60 50
MW10 3.60 0.079 200 130 100 70 50 40 33
MW5 2.50 0.039 100 67 50 33 25 20 17
3.4 STRUCTURAL STEEL

3.4.1 Structural Steel - construction material formed with a
specific cross-section and certain standards of chemical
composition. It is used in the construction of frames for
industrial buildings, bridges and other structures.
3.4.2 Different type of structural steel are subdivided into
two(2), as follows:
ROLLED – SHAPE SECTION
COLD – FORMED SECTION
C-SHAPE Z-SHAPE U-SHAPE W-SHAPE
These sections are available in the market with the corresponding

strength:
ASTM A7 – fy = 33 ksi
ASTM A36 – fy = 36 ksi
Thank you!
II. INTRODUCTION TO LOAD COMPUTATIONS = DL, LL
A. LOAD COMBINATIONS
SECTION 203 – COMBINATION OF LOADS
2.1 General
Buildings, towers and other vertical structures and all portions
thereof shall be designed to resist the load combinations
specified in Section 203.3, 203.4 and 203.5 (NSCP, 2015)
The most critical effect can occur when one or more of the
contributing loads are not acting. All applicable loads shall be
considered, including both earthquake and wind, in
accordance with the specified load combination
A. LOAD COMBINATIONS…cont’d….
2.2 Symbols and Notations
D = dead load
E = earthquake load set forth in Section 208.6.1 (NSCP,2015)
Em = estimated maximum earthquake force that can be
developed in the structure as set forth in Section 208.6.1
F = load due to fluids with well-defined
pressures and maximum heights
H = load due to lateral pressure of soil and water in soil
L = live load, except roof live load, including any
permitted live load reduction
Lr = roof live load, including any permitted live
load reduction
A. LOAD COMBINATIONS…..cont’d….
SECTION 203 – COMBINATION OF LOADS
2.2 Symbols and Notations…..
P = ponding load
R = rain load on the undeflected roof
T = self-straining force and effects arising from contraction
or expansion resulting from temperature change,
shrinkage, moisture change, creep in component
materials, movement due to differential settlement,
or combination thereof
W = load due to wind pressure
A. LOAD COMBINATIONS….cont’d…
203. Basic Load Combinations
Where strength design or load and resistance factor design is
used, all structures shall resist the most critical effects, for the
following combination of factored loads (NSCP, Sect. 203.3)
1.4 (D+F) (203-1)
1.2 (D+F+T) + 1.6 (L+H)
+ 0.5 (Lr or R) (203-2)
1.2 D+1.6(Lr or R) + (f1L or 0.5W) (203-3)
1.2 D+1.0W+f1L or 0.5 (Lr or R) (203-4)
1.2 D+1.0E + f1L (203-5)
0.9 D+1.0W+ 1.6H (203-6)
0.9 D+1.0E + 1.6H (203-7)
where
f1 = 1.0 for floor in places of public assembly, for live loads in excess of
4.8 kPa, and for garage live load, or
= 0.5 for other live loads
A. LOAD COMBINATIONS ….cont’d…

2.4 Other Loads
Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load
shall be added to Section 2.3 factored as 1.2P.
2.5 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or

Allowable Strength Design
2.5.1 Basic Load Combinations
Where allowable stress or allowable strength design is used,

structures and all portions thereof shall resist the most critical
effects resulting from the following combinations of loads:
B. LOAD COMBINATIONS ….cont’d…

2.5.2 Basic Load Combinations
D+F (203-8)
D+H+L+T (203-9)
D + H + F (Lr or R) (203-10)
D + H + F + 0.75[L+T (Lr or R)] (203-11)
D+H+F+ (203-12)
No increase in allowable stresses shall be used with these load

combinations except as specifically permitted by Section 2.5.3
2.5.3 Alternate Basic Load Combinations
In lieu of the basic load combinations specified in Section 203.4.1,
structures and portions thereof shall be permitted to be designed for the
most critical effects resulting from the following load combinations. When
using these alternate basic load combinations, a one-third increase shall
be permitted in allowable stresses for all combinations, including W or E.
D + H +F + 0.75 [ L+ Lr (203-13)
0.6D + 0.06W + H (203-14)
0.6D + +H (203-15)
D + L + (Lr or R) (203-16)
D + L + 0.6W (203-17)
D+L+ (203-18)
Exception:
Crane hook loads need not be combined with roof live load or with more than one-half of the wind load.

2.5.4 Other Loads
Where P is to be considered in design, the applicable load
shall be added to the combinations specified in Sections 2.5.2
and 2.5.3.
2.5.2 Special Seismic Load Combinations
For both allowable stress design and strength design for
concrete, and Load and Resistance Factor Design (LFRD)
and Allowable Strength Design (ASD) for steel, the following
special load combinations for seismic design shall be used as
specifically required by Section 208, or by Chapters 3 through
7.
1.2 D + f1L + 1.0Em (203-19)
0.9 D ± 1.0Em (203-20)
Thank you!
III. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF CONCRETE STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
A. FLOOR SLABS
There are two type of floor slabs
1. One way
2. Two way
A.1-ONE WAY SLAB
In the figure, L = long span

S = short span
if L
2, Then, 1-way slab
S
Table 3.1 Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed One-way Slab
Support Condition Minimum Thickness, h

Simply Supported L/20
One end continuous L/24
Both ends continuous L/28
Cantilever L/10
Where L = span of the 1-way slab

For the evacuation center, assume that intermediate beam is

provided at midspan as shown:
Fig. 3.1 PARTIAL FLOOR FRAMING PLAN

Hence, S = short span

= 2.50m
L = long span
= 5.00m
Thus, =
From table 3.1, Minimum thickness, considering one-end

discontinuous,
h =
Loading:
DL – slab-.12 (24) --------------------------------- 2.88kn/m²
- movable partition --------------------------- 1.00
- concrete topping ---------------------------- 0.60
- ceiling, electrical wires, fixtures, etc.--- 0.24
4.72Kn/m²
LL - rooms ----------------------------------------- 2.40kn/m²
Factored Load Combination:

U =1.40 (D) = 6.61kn/m²
U =1.20 D + 1.6L = 9.50kn/m² governs
Table 3.1 Approximate Shears for Non-Prestressed Continuous

Beams and One-Way Slab
Location Vu
Exterior face of first interior

support 1.15Wuℓn/2
Face of all other supports Wuℓn/2

Table 3.2 Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams

and One-way Slabs
Moment Location Condition Mu
Discontinuous end Wuℓ /14

End Span integral with
support
POSITIVE Discontinuous end Wuℓ /11
unrestrained
Interior spans All Wuℓ /16

Table 3.2 Approximate Moments for Non-Prestressed Continuous Beams

and One-way Slabs
Moment Location Condition Mu

Member built integrally
with supporting Wuℓ /24
Interior face of exterior spandrel beam
support
Member built integrally
with supporting column Wuℓ /16
Exterior face of first Two spans Wuℓ /9

interior support
More than two spans Wuℓ /10
Negative (u)
Face of Other Supports All Wuℓ /11
a) Slabs with spans
not exceeding 3m.
b) Beams where
Face of all supports ration of sum of Wuℓ /12
satisfying (a) or (b) column stiffnesses
to beam stiffness
exceeds 8 at each
end span
The use of Table 3.1 for shear and Table 3.2 for moment
shall satisfy the following:
(a) Members are prismatic

(b) Loads are uniformly distributed
(c) L < 3D
(d) There are at least two spans
(e) The longer of two adjacent spans does not exceed
the shorter by more than 20 percent
Design Moment
Negative moment at
- interior face of exterior support for members built
integrally with supporting spandrel beam - Wuℓ²/24
- exterior face of 1st interior support, - Wuℓ²/10

Positive moment - end span – discontinuous
- end integral with support - Wuℓ²/14
- interior spans - Wuℓ²/16
Design Moment, Mu
+ Mu = 1/14 (9.50) (2.50)² = 4.24 kn.m
+ Mu = 1/16 (9.50) (2.50)² = 3.71 kn.m
- Mu = 1/24 (9.50) (2.50)² = 2.47 kn.m
- Mu = 1/10 (9.50) (2.50)² = 5.94 kn.m
Since thickness is already determined
based from deflection consideration,
then solve for the moment capacity
Mu = T (d-a/2)
Where β1 = 0.85 (from Table 3.3)

Table 3.4 Values of β1 for Equivalent Rectangular Concrete

Stress Distribution
Fc‘ , MPa β1
17≤ fc‘ ≤ 28 0.85 (a)
0.05(fc‘ – 28)
28< fc‘ < 55 0.85 (b)
7
fc‘ ≥ 55 0.65 (c)

Where T = Asfy
Using Ø 10@ 300mm o.c.,

As = 79 (1000) = 263.33mm² As,min = 0.002bt
300 = 0.002 (1000) (120)
= 240mm²(see Table 407.6.1.1)
fy = 275Mpa (for intermediate grade bar)
T = 263.33 (275) = 72416.67N = 72.41Kn

C = β1fc’ba
from Table 3.3 - β1 = 0.85
C = 0.85fc’ba = 0.85 (20.68) (1000) (a) = 17578a
a = 72416.67 = 4.12
17578
Thus moment capacity of
slab is Mn = T (d-a/2) = 72.42 (95-4.12)

2
Where d = 120-(20+½ x 10) =95mm
Ø = strength reduction factor,
for flexure tension controlled = 0.90 (NSCP, Table 421.2.1 and 421.2.2)
Mn = 6729.80Kn.mm = 6.73 Kn.m
reduced moment capacity is

Ø Mn = 0.90 (6.73) = 6.06kn.m 5.94 kn.m
a= = = 3.75mm
Minimum shrinkage and temperature

reinforcement – Ø 10 @ 320 o.c.
Design Shear Force, Vu

at exterior face = 1.15Wuℓn = 1.15 (9.5) (2500)
2 2
1st interior 13,660N = 13.66Kn

support
at face of other support Vu = Wuℓn = 9.50 (2500)

2 2
= 11875N = 11.875Kn
fc '
Table 3.4: Minimum shrinkage and temperature reinforcement, is

given in table below:
Reinforcement
fy’ Minimum reinforcement ratio
Type
Deformed bars <420 0.0020
Deformed bars or
welded wire ≥420 Greater of:
reinforcement 0.0014
Maximum spacing of deformed bars for shrinkage and temperature

requirements is smaller of 5h and 450mm
2- WAY SLAB
Methods used in the analysis and design of 2-way slab

1. Direct Design Method
2. Equivalent Frame Method
3. Method 2-Moment Coefficient Method
Method 2 – Moment Coefficient Method

Notation
C = moment coefficient for two-way slabs as given in Table 1
m = ratio of short span to long span for two-way slabs
S = length of short span for two-way slabs. The span shall be
considered as the center-to-center distance between
supports or the clear span plus twice the thickness of
slab, whichever value is the smaller.
w = total uniform load kn/m²
(a) Limitations – These recommendations are intended to
apply to slabs (solid or ribbed), isolated or continuous,
supported on all four sides by walls or beams, in either case
built monolithically with the slabs.
A two-way slab shall be considered as consisting of strips in
each direction as follows:
DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS
A middle strip one-half panel in width, symmetrical about

panel center line and extending through the panel in the
direction in which moments are considered.
A column strip one-half panel in width, occupying the two

quarter-panel areas outside the middle strip.
Where the ratio of short to long span is less than 0.5, the
middle strip in the short direction shall be considered as
having a width equal to the difference between the long and
short span, the remaining area representing the two column
strips.
DESIGN OF TWO-WAY SLABS…cont’d…
The critical sections for moments calculations are referred

to as principal design sections and are located as follows:
For negative moment, along the edges of the panel at the

faces of the supporting beams.
For positive moment, along the center lines of the panels.
(b) Bending moments – The bending moments for the middle

strips shall be computed from the formula
M = CwS²

The average moments per foot of width in the column strip
shall be two-thirds of the corresponding moments in the
middle strip. In determining the spacing of the
reinforcement in the column strip, the moment may be
assumed to vary from a maximum at the edge of the middle
strip to a minimum at the edge of the panel.
Where the negative moment on one side of a support is less

than 80 percent of that on the other side, two-thirds of the
difference shall be distributed in proportion to the relative
stiffness of the slabs.
(c) Shear – That shear stresses in the slab may be computed

on the assumption that the load is distributed to the
supports in accordance with (d).
(d) Supporting beams – The loads on the supporting beams

for a two-way rectangular panel may be assumed as the load
within the tributary areas of the panel bounded by the
intersection of 45-deg lines from the corners with the
median line of the panel parallel to the long side.
The bending moments may be determined approximately by

using an equivalent uniform load per linear meter of beam
for each panel supported as follows:
For the short span:
For the long span:

Table 3.5 – Moment Coefficient

Short Span
Long
Values of m
span, all
Moments 0.5 values
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 and of m
less
Case 1 – Interior panels
Negative moment at –
Continuous edge 0.033 0.040 0.048 0.055 0.063 0.088 0.033
Discontinuous edge - - - - - - -
Positive moment at midspan 0.025 0.030 0.036 0.041 0.047 0.062 0.025
Case 2 – One edge discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.041 0.048 0.055 0.062 0.069 0.085 0.041
Discontinuous edge 0.021 0.024 0.027 0.031 0.035 0.042 0.021
Case 3 – Two edges discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.049 0.057 0.064 0.071 0.078 0.090 0.049
Table 3.5 – Moment Coefficient……cont’d….

Short Span
Values of m Long
span, all
Moments
0.5 values of
1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 and m
less
Case 4 – Three edges discontinuous
Continuous edge 0.053 0.066 0.074 0.082 0.090 0.098 0.058
Case 5 – Four edges discontinuous

Continuous edge - - - - - - -
Table 3.6 Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-Way

Slabs without Interior Beams (mm) (1) (NSCP, Table 401.3.1.1)
Fy’
Mpa(2) Without drop panels (3) With drop panels (3)
Interior Interior
Exterior panels Exterior panels
panels panels
Without With edge Without With edge

edge beams beams(4) edge beams beams(4)
280 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/36 ℓn/40 ℓn/40
420 ℓn/30 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/33 ℓn/36 ℓn/36
520 ℓn/28 ℓn/31 ℓn/31 ℓn/31 ℓn/34 ℓn/34

Table 3.7 Minimum Thickness of Non-Prestressed Two-Way

Slabs with Beams Spanning between Supports on all Sides
(NSCP, Table 408.3.1.2)
afm (1) Minimum h, mm
Section 408.3.1.1 applies

(a)
ℓn fy
(0.8 1,400 ) (b) (2) (3)
Greater of:
125 (c)
f y
ℓn (0.8 1,400 ) (2) (3)
(d)
Greater of:
90 (e)
2- WAY SLAB
Partial Second Floor Framing Plan

Design the second floor slab

Loading:
DL - slab 0.150 (24) -------------------------- 3.60
- floor topping ---------------------------- 0.60
- movable partition --------------------- 1.00
- ceiling including electrical ---------- 0.24
wiring, fixtures, etc. ____________
DL = 5.44kn/m²
LL -------------------------------------------------- 2.40kn/m²
Method 2 – Moment Coefficient Method
Use Method 2-Moment of Coefficient Method (see Table 3.5)

WDL = 5.44 KN/m² WLL = 2.40 W = 7.84 KN/m²
m = S/L = 5.0/5.0 = 1.0
M = CWS² = c (7.84) (5.0)²
= 196c KN.m where C = coeffifient
Method 2 – Moment Coefficient Method…cont’d..

For S-1, interior slab
-M +M -M -M
As = 431.69 326.94 469.23 355.37
Using Ø10, 181.83 240.09 167.38 221.01
Spacing to be 180 240 165 220

Canopy Slab, S-2

S = 1.20m L = 5.0
L/S = 5.0/1.20 = 4.17 2.0 1-way slab
thickness, tmin = = = 50mm say 75mm
Loading:
DL - slab 0.175 (24) -------------------------- 1.80
- topping ----------------------------------- 0.60
- water proofing -------------------------- ____________
DL = 2.45kn/m²
LL -------------------------------------------------- 2.40kn/m²
U = 1.4 (2.45) ------------------------------ 3.43kn.m²

U = 1.20(2.45) + 1.60 (2.40) ----------- 6.78kn/m² governs
Design moments are:

- Mu =
- Mu =
+ Mu =
Mn =
= 4,562.94kn.mm
= 4.56kn.m
∴Ø Mn = 0.90 (4.56) = 4.11kn.m 0.98kn.m
Check for shear,
Mn =
Vn = 0.17λ fc' bd
= 0.17 (1.0) ( ) (1000) 50
= 38,653.98N = 38.65kn
Ø Vc = 0.75 (38.65) = 28.99kn 3.90kn safe
∴Adopt 75mm thk edge slab with

Ø10 @ 225 o.c. for top and bottom bar
2. DESIGN OF BEAMS
2.1 Seismic requirements for beams of special moment frames
under Zone 4
1. Minimum depth for deflection limit should be:
Table 3.8 Minimum Depth of Non-Prestressed Beams
(NSCP, Table 409.3.1.1)
Support Condition Minimum, h

Simply Supported L/16
One end continuous L/18.5
Both ends continuous L/21
Cantilever L/8
2. Dimensional Limits
a. Clear span ℓn , shall be at least 4d, ℓn ≥ 4d
b. Width, bw shall be at least 0.30h but not less than 250mm
c. Projection of the beam width beyond the width of the
supporting column on each side shall not exceed the
smaller of C2 and 0.75 C1
where: C1 = dimension of rectangular column in the
direction of span
C2 = dimension of rectangular column perpendicular to C1
3. LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT
3. 1 Asmin shall be the greater between:
a. bwd
b. bwd
3.2 and the reinforcement ratio, ƿ ≤ 0.025

3.3 Positive moment strength at joint face shall be at least

one-half of the negative moment strength provided at
that face of the joint. Both the negative and positive
moment strength at any section along member length
shall be at least ¼ the maximum moment
strength provided at face of either joint.
3.4 Lap splices of deformed longitudinal reinforcement is

permitted if hoop or spiral reinforcement is provided
over the lap length.
Spacing of transverse reinforcement enclosing the lap
spliced bars shall not exceed the smaller
S ≤ d/4
≥ 100
3.4 Lap splices shall not be used in the following locations:

a. within the joints
b. within a distance of twice the beam depth from the
face of the joint
c. within a distance of twice the beam depth from critical
sections where flexural yielding is likely to occur as a
result of lateral displacements beyond the elastic range
behavior
4. Transverse reinforcement
2. DESIGN OF BEAMS
2.2 Design of 2nd Floor beam (Along 1)
Minimum depth, h = = 270.27 say 350mm

Minimum width, b = 250mm
Loading :
DL – beam - 0.25 x 0.35 = 0.25 (0.35-0.15)(24) = 1.20kn/m
slab - = ------------------------- = 9.07
6” CHB - 0.70 (3.10) (3.30) ---------------------- = 7.16
edge slab – 2.45 (0.60) -------------------------- = 1.47
----------------
DL = 18.90kn/m
LL - -------------------------------------------- = 4.00
- 2.40 (0.60) ------------------------------------------ = 1.44
----------------
LL = 5.44kn/m
Design Moments :
Due to DL
Negative: - (18.90) (5.00)² = 29.53Kn.m
- (18.90) (5.00)² = 47.25Kn.m
- (18.90) (5.00)² = 42.95Kn.m
Positive: - (18.90) (5.00)² = 33.75Kn.m
- (18.90) (5.00)² = 29.53Kn.m
Design Moments :
Due to LL
Negative: - (5.44) (5.00)² = 8.50Kn.m
- (5.44) (5.00)² = 13.60Kn.m
- (5.44) (5.00)² = 12.36Kn.m
Positive: - (5.44) (5.00)² = 9.71Kn.m
- (5.44) (5.00)² = 8.50Kn.m
Due to earthquake
Negative: - 18.32Kn.m
Factored Moment Combination:
- Mu = 1.4 (47.56)--------------------------------------------- = 66.58Kn.m
- Mu = 1.20 (47.56)+1.60(13.60)+1.0(18.32) ------------ = 97.15Kn.m governs
+ Mu = 1.4 (33.96)----------------------------------------------- = 47.54Kn.m
+ Mu = 1.20(33.96)+1.60 (9.71)+0--------------------------- = 56.29Kn.m governs

3.1 Design Strength….cont’d….

Table 3.9 (NSCP, Table 421.2.1 and Table 421.2.2)
Action/ Structural Element Ø Exceptions
Moment, axial force, or combined 0.65 to 0.90 in accordance See details in
moment and axial force with Sect. 421.2.2 NSCP.
Shear See details in
0.75
NSCP.
Torsion 0.75 -
Bearing 0.65 -
Post-tension anchorage zones 0.85 -
Brackets and Corbels 0.75 -
Struts, ties, nodal zones, and -
bearing areas designed in
0.75
accordance with strut-and-tie
method in Section 423
3.1 Design Strength….cont’d….
Table 3.9 (NSCP, Table 421.2.1 and Table 421.2.2)

Action/ Structural Element Ø Exceptions
Components of connections of -
precast members controlled by
0.90
yielding of steel elements in
tension
Plain Concrete Elements -
0.60
Anchors in Concrete Elements 0.45 to 0.75 in accordance -

with Section 417
3.1.1 Axial Strength or Combined Flexural and Axial Strength

Nominal axial compressive strength Pn shall not exceed
Pnmax as shown in Table below where Po is calculated by the
equation below.
Table 3.10
Member Transverse Reinforcement Pn,max
Non-prestressed Ties conforming to Sec 422.4.2.4 0.80Po
Plain Concrete Elements Spirals conforming to Sec 422.4.2.5 0.85Po
Ties 0.80Po
Prestressed
Spirals 0.85Po
Composite Steel and 0.85Po
Concrete Columns in All
accordance with Section 410
Po = 0.85fc’ (Ag-Ast) + fyAst

Where Ast = total area of non-prestressed londitudinal reinforcement
….cont’d….
Design the Interior Column

Tributary area = 5.0 x 5.0 = 25m2
Assume 400 x 400 with 8-ϕ20
Loading:
1. Roof Deck:
Dead Load:
Slab – 0.15 (24)(25) ……………..….………..…. 90 Kn
Topping ………………………………………………. 15 Kn
Beams – 0.25 (0.35-0.15)(24)(5)(2)…….... 12 Kn
Ceiling – 0.24 (25)……………...........……………. 6 Kn
Waterproofing - 0.05(25)……………...………. 1.25 Kn
124.25 Kn
Live Load – 4.80 (25) ……….……………..……. 120 Kn
2. Second Floor
Dead Load:
Slab + SIDL – 5.44(25)……………..….…….…. 136 Kn
Column – 0.40(0.40)(24)(3.45-0.15) ...…. 12.67 Kn
Beams – 0.25 (0.35-0.15)(24)(5)(2)……... 12 Kn
160.67 Kn
Live Load – 2.40 (25) …….……………..….……….….…. 60 Kn
3. Ground Floor
Dead Load:
Column – 0.40(0.40)(24)(4.45) ...……….... 17.09 Kn
FTB – 0.25 (0.30)(24)(5)(2)………………... 18 Kn
35.09 Kn
Kn
Section 205.5 NSCP

Total Axial Load Carried by the Column

DL – 124.25 + 160.67 + 35.09 = 320.01 Kn
LL – 120 + 36 = 156.00 Kn
EQ – = 0.88 Kn
Moment Acting on the Column

MDL – = 0.00 Kn
MLL – = 0.00 Kn
ME,TOP – = 40.35 Kn
ME,BOT – = -28.45 Kn
Load Combinations:
U = 1.40(320.01) …………………………………………… 448.01 Kn
U = 1.20(320.01) + 1.60 (156) …………………....….. 633.61 Kn
U = 1.20(320.01) + 1.00 (156) + 1.0 (0.88) ……… 540.89 Kn
Moment Combinations:
MDLx = MDLy = 0
MDLx = MDLy = 0
MEX,TOP = 1.0 (40.35) = 40.35 Kn-m
MEX,BOT = 1.0 (28.45) = 28.45 Kn-m
633.61 Kn
(tied column)
390.33
18.13 Kn
4. DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
Footing – a structural member that carries the loads induced

reactions and moments from columns or walls, and transfer it to
the supporting soil.
Footings and foundations shall be constructed of masonry,

concrete or treated wood in conformance with Chapters 4, 6 and 7.
Footings of concrete and masonry shall be of solid material.
Foundations supporting wood shall extend at least 150mm
above the adjacent finish grade. Footings shall have a minimum
depth as indicted in Table 3.12., unless another depth is warranted,
as established by a foundation investigation.
4. DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
The provisions of this section do not apply to

buildings and foundation systems in those areas subject
to scour and water pressure by wind and wave action.
Buildings and foundations subject to such loads shall be
designed in accordance with approved national
standard.
Table 3.12 Minimum Requirements for Foundations

(Table 305.1)
Number of Thickness of Depth Below
Floors Foundation Wall Width of Thickness Undisturbed
Supported (mm) Footing of Footing Ground
by the Unit (mm) (mm) Surface
Foundation Concrete (mm)
Masonry
1 150 150 300 150 300
2 200 200 375 175 450
3 250 250 450 200 600
¹ Where unusual conditions are found, footings and foundations shall be as required in Section 305.1
² The ground under the floor may be excavated to the elevation of the top of the footing.
³ Foundation may support a roof in addition to the stipulated number of floors. Foundations supporting
roofs only shall be as required for supporting one floor.
Types of Footing
SINGLE SPREAD
FOOTING STRAP FOOTING
PILE FOOTING
1. DRIVEN PILE
2. BORED PILE
COMBINED FOOTING
MAT FOOTING
Fig. 3.1 – Typical Footing Details

Where W = width of the footing

L = length of the footing
t = thickness of the footing
The minimum thickness of footing is:
- footing resting on soil – tmin = 150 + 2Ø+ cover
= 150+2Ø+75 = 225+2Ø
- footing anchored to piles, tmin = 300 + 2Ø+
= 300 +2Ø+150 = 350+2Ø
where Ø = dia. of reinforcing bars
Note: minimum cover if in contact to the ground = 75mm

Fig. 3.2 – FORCES ACTING ON THE FOOTING

Total Axial Load

PDL = 320.01 Kn
PLL = 156.00 Kn
PE = 0.88 Kn
Assumed allowable soil, pall = 100 KPa
Using Working Stress Design,
PT = 320.01 + 156 = 476.01 Kn
Assume 2.80 x 2.80 x 0.35 footing

Wt. of footing, Wf = 2.8 x 2.8 x .35 x 24 = 65.36 Kn
Wt. of Soil, Ws = 2.8 x 2.8 x 2.15 x 18 = 303.41 Kn
Pact = 848.78/(2.80 x 2.80) = 107.75 Kn > 100 ; Say Ok!
Pnet = 476.01/(2.80 x 2.80) = 60.72 KPa
Kn
a
Kn
Thank you!
IV. INTRODUCTION TO DESIGN OF STRUCTURAL STEEL:
TRUSSES
TRUSS SYSTEM
> Purely Tension and Compression Members
> Pinned and Roller Support
Connections of each members:

> Truss Member welded together with or without a gusset plate
TRUSSES
Main Member 2L – 2”X 2” X 3/16”

Gusset Plate- 6 mm thk
TRUSSES
PINNED SUPPORT
TRUSSES
ROLLER SUPPORT
TRUSSES
Design of Purlins and Sagrods

• Windward Analysis
• Leeward Analysis
Fig. 4.1 – Typical Section of Purlins at Support

Fig. 4.2 – Typical Sag Rod Anchorage to Purlin Details
TRUSSES
ASSUMPTION:
Spacing of C- purlins (175 x 75 x 20 x 1.60) – 0.80 meters
Loading Conditions:
Dead Load
- Wt. of Roof Sheeting….………….…...……............ 0.14 Kpa
- Wt. of Insulation………………….………..………... 0.04 Kpa
- Wt. of Ceiling, Electrical Works, etc.……….... 0.25 Kpa
0.43 Kpa
Live Load - 0.96 Kpa
TRUSSES
Loading Conditions:
Wind Loads = 1.1 KPa
- Windward = 0.18 (for θ = 180, See Figure 207-6 NSCP)
- Leeward = 0.60 (for θ = 180, See Figure 207-6 NSCP)
Element Load
w = pressure load x tributary width of purlins
wDL = 0.43(0.8) + 0.03391 = 0.378 Kn/m
wLL = 0.96(0.8) = 0.768 Kn/m
wWIND = 1.1(0.8)(0.18) = 0.158 Kn/m (Windward)
wWIND = 1.1(0.8)(0.60) = 0.528 Kn/m (Leeward)
TRUSSES
wDL+LL = 0.378 + 0.768 = 1.146 Kn/m
Windward Analysis
wx = 1.146cos180 + 0.158 = 0.951 Kn/m
wy = 1.146sin180 = 0.354 Kn/m
Leeward Analysis
wx = 1.146cos180 – 0.528= 0.423 Kn/m
wy = 1.146sin180 = 0.354 Kn/m
Note: The higher element load between the two wind load
cases will be used for the computation of the moment capacity.
TRUSSES
Try a 175 x 50 x 20 x 1.50 C-Purlins
Sx = 25.450 x 103 mm3
Sy = 4.876 cm3 x 103 mm3
fy = 248 MPa
Fb = 0.60 Fy = 0.60(248)
= 148.80 MPa
If wind load is included,
Fb = 1.333 (148.80)
= 198.35 MPa
The values from the windward analysis will govern.
wx = 1.146cos180 + 0.158 = 0.951 Kn/m
wy = 1.146sin180 = 0.354 Kn/m
TRUSSES
Case 1: Without Sagrod
Mx = wxL2/8 = 0.951(6)2/8
= 4.28 Kn-m
My = wyL2/8 = 0.354(6)2/8
= 1.593 Kn-m
TRUSSES
f
TRUSSES
f
TRUSSES
TRUSSES
Thank you!
V. DETAILING OF STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
A. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER
a. Minimum concrete cover of reinforcement for cast-in-

place non-prestressed concrete members.
Specified
Concrete Exposure Members Reinforcement
cover, mm
Cast against and

permanently in All All 75
contact with ground
20mmØ to 58mmØ 50
Exposed to weather
or in contract with All 16mmØ bar,
ground MW 200 or
40
MD 200 wire and
smaller
A. MINIMUM CONCRETE COVER

a. Minimum concrete cover of reinforcement for cast-in-
place non-prestressed concrete members…cont’d….
Specified
Concrete Exposure Members Reinforcement
cover, mm
42mmØ and
58mmØ bars 40
Slabs, joists and
walls 36mmØ bar and
smaller 20
Not exposed to
weather in contact
with ground Beams, columns,
primary pedestals
and reinforcement
stirrups, tension ties,
ties, spiral s and
hoops
B. MINIMUM SPACING
a. Minimum spacing
1. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement in a
horizontal layer, clear spacing shall be
Where: db = dia of bar

dagg = dia of aggregates
B. MINIMUM SPACING
a. Minimum spacing
2. For parallel non-prestressed reinforcement placed
in two or more horizontal layers, reinforcement in
the upper layers shall be placed directly above
reinforcement in the bottom layer with a clear spacing
between layers of at least 25mm.
3. For longitudinal reinforcement in a columns,
pedestals, struts and boundary elements in walls,
clear spacing shall be:
C. STANDARD HOOKS, SEISMIC HOOKS, CROSSTIES

a. Standard hooks, seismic hooks, crossties and minimum
inside bend diameters.
1. Standard Hook Geometry for Development of
Deformed Bars in Tension (NSCP, Table 425.3.1)

inside bend diameters….cont’d…
2. Minimum Inside Bend Diameters and Standard Hook
Geometry for Stirrups, Ties and Hoops (NSCP, Table 425.3.2)

inside bend diameters….cont’d…
3. Minimum inside bend diameters for welded wire
reinforcement used as stirrups or ties shall not be less
than 4db for deformed wire larger than D6 and 2db for all other
wires. Bend with inside diameter or less than 8db shall not be less
than 4db from nearest welded intersection.
4. Seismic hooks used to anchor stirrups, ties, hoops, and
crossties shall be in accordance with a and b
a. Minimum bend of 90 degrees for circular hoops and 135

degrees for all other hoops
b. Hook shall engage longitudinal reinforcement and the

extension shall project into the interior of the stirrups or
hoops.

5. Crossties shall be in accordance with a through e
a. Crosstie shall be continuous ends

b. There shall be a seismic hook at one end
c. There shall be a standard hook at other end with
minimum bend at 90 degrees.
d. Hooks shall engage peripheral longitudinal bars,
e. 90-degrees hooks of two successive crossties engaging
the same longitudinal bars shall be alternated for end

6. Development of Standard Hooks in Tension development
length ℓdh for deformed bars in tension terminating in a standard
hook shall be the greater of (a) to (c)
a) ℓdh = db
b) ℓdh = 8db
c) ℓdh 150mm
D. DEVELOPMENT LENGTH, ℓd
a. For deformed bars or deformed wires the development

length, calculated by:
NSCP 425.4.2.3a
(NSCP, 425.4.2.3B)
b. Modification Factors for Development of Deformed Bars and

Deformed Wires in Tension (NSCP, Table 425.4.2.4)
c. Modification Factors for Development of Hooked Bars in

Tension (NSCP, Table 425.4.3.2)
c. Modification Factors for Development of Hooked Bars in

Tension (NSCP, Table 425.4.3.2)….cont’d….
or ld = 300mm
d. Development of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in

Compression shall be the greater of:
ℓdc =
ℓdc =
d. Development of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wire in

Compression shall be the greater of:
Modification Factors for Deformed Bars and Wires in Compression
(NSCP, Table 425.4.9.3)
E. SPLICES
1. lap splices shall not be permitted for bars larger than 36mmØ
2. For contact splices minimum clear spacing between contact

lap splice and adjacent splices or bars shall be in accordance
with the requirements
E. SPLICES…cont’d….
3. For non-contact splices in flexural members the transverse

center-to-center spacing of spliced bars shall not exceed the
lesser of
4. Lap splices length of Deformed Bars and Deformed wires in
Tension
- tension lap splice length ℓst for deformed bars and deformed
wires in tension shall be
Lap Splice Lengths of Deformed Bars and Deformed Wires in Tension
(NSCP, Table 425.5.2.1)
- If bars of different size are lap spliced in tension ℓst shall be the greater of
ℓd of the larger bar and ℓst of the smaller bar
5. Lap splice length of Deformed Bars in compression
Compression lap splice length ℓsc of 36mmØ or smaller
deformed bars in compression shall be calculated in
accordance with (a) or (b)
a. For fy ≤ 420 Mpa : ℓsc is the greater of 0.071 fy db and

300mm
b. For fy ≥ 420 Mpa : ℓsc is the greater of (0.13 fy – 24)db and
300mm
For fc’ < 21 Mpa, the length of lap shall be increased by one-
third
6. Bundled reinforcement
- group of parallel reinforcing bars bundled in contact to
act as a unit shall be limited to four in any one bundled.
Architectural Plans
Architectural Plans
- Perspective
- Ground, 2nd Floor, and Roof Deck Plans
- Front, Rear, Left and Right Side Elevation
Structural Plans
- General Construction Notes
- Foundation Plan
- 2nd Floor, and Roof Deck Framing Plan
- Schedule of Column, Beam, Footing, and Slab
- Truss Details
- Other Typical Details
Structural Plans
Structural Plans
Structural Plans
Structural Plans
A. General Notes
1. In the interpretation of these drawings, indicated dimension shall
govern and distances or sizes shall not be scaled for construction
purposes.
2. The contractor shall coordinate with the AR, ME, SE, EE and other
utilities and equipment plans for the exact size, number and
locations of all sleeves or openings through floor slabs, beams
and walls and also building dimension.
3. All reinforced concrete work shall be done in accordance with the

NSCP 2015 building codes and all structural steel work shall be
done in accordance with NSCP 2015 specifications in so far as
they do not conflict with the local building code requirements.
4. All slabs, beams, girders and other structural elements which are
not indicated, detailed, designated or inadvertently omitted but are
necessary to be coordinated with architectural and other allied
engineering plans as well as to complete the structural works in
accordance with the intent of the plans and specifications shall be
brought up during pre-bids/meetings/ negotiations. It is understood
that the contractor has provided and included all these items in their
bid.
B. Notes on Concrete Mixes and Placing
1. Unless otherwise indicated in plans or noted in the specifications

the minimum 28 - days cylinder compressive strength of concrete f'c
shall be as follows:
21 MPa
1.1 Foundation
21 MPa
1.2 Columns
21 Mpa
1.3 Floor Slabs, Beam & Girders
21 MPa
1.4 Parapet Walls And Other
Structural Elements
1.5 Lean Concrete 10.50 MPa
2. Concrete shall be deposited in its final position without

segregation, re-handling or flowing, placing shall be done preferably
with buggies, buckets or wheel barrows. No chutes will be allowed
except to transfer concrete from the hoppers to buggies. Wheel
barrows or bucket in which case, shall not exceed six thousand
(6000mm) in aggregate length.
3. No depositing of concrete shall be allowed without the use of

vibrators unless authorized in writing by the structural engineer and
only for unusual conditions where vibrations is extremely difficult to
accomplish.
C. Notes on Reinforcing Steel Bars
1. All reinforcing steel bars shall be new billet, hot rolled, weldable,
deformed bars conforming to the specifications of PNS 49: 1986
(ASTM615), and ASTM a706 (gr. 60 weldable) whose grade is shown
on Table 5.1.
Table 5.1
Grade Bar Diameter
Grade 415 (Fy = 60 Ksi.) 16, 20 Mm Dia.
Grade 275 (Fy = 40 Ksi.) 10, 12 Mm Dia.
2. The supplementary requirements of weldable deformed

reinforcing bars shall be as follows:
2.1 The maximum yield strength of weldables bars = 540 MPa.
2.2 the tensile strength shall not be less than 1.25 times the actual
yield strength.
3. All concrete reinforcement shall be detailed, fabricated, labeled,

supported and spaced in forms. Secured in the required location in
accordance with the procedures and requirements outlined in the
latest edition of the building code and the manual of standard
practice for detailing reinforced concrete structures, ACI - 315.
4. All reinforcing bars shall be cleaned thoroughly of all loose rust,

soil or other material immediately prior to placing concrete.
5. The required length of lap for tension splices is based on the

development length, LD, shown on Table 5.2 for RC beams and
girders, on the following classification:
Table 5.2
Tension Splice Splice Length
Classification
Class A 1.0 Ld
Class B 1.3 Ld
6. Top bars are horizontal bars with at least 300 MM of concrete cast
below it.
Table 5.3
Development Length, LD, In Tension
Bar Size (MM) f'c = 21 MPA
Top Bars (MM) Bottom Bars (MM)
16ø 900 700
20ø 1075 825
Note: For bundle (3 bundles/4 bundles) multiply above table by 1.3

7. The required length of lap for compression splices shall be as

shown in Table 3.
Table 5.4 Length Of Lap Compression Splices (mm)

Bar Size (mm) f'c = 21 MPA
16ø 730
20ø 1090
8. A full welded splices shall have bars butted and welded to develop
in tension at least 125 percent of the specified yield strength FY, of
the bar. (See Figure 5.1)
Figure 5.1
9. All welding of reinforcement shall conform to the provisions of the

structural welding code reinforcing steel, AWS D1.4
10. A full mechanical connection (rebar splicer) shall develop in

tension or compression, as required, 125 percent of the specified
yield strength FY, of the bar. If used, submit sample for approval of
the structural engineer.
11. Clear concrete cover for reinforcing bars shall be as follows:

11.1 Concrete cast against earth - 75 mm
11.2 Concrete exposed to earth or weather-
20 mm to 36 mm bars - 50 mm
16 mm bars and smaller - 40 mm
11.3 Concrete not exposed to earth or weather-
slabs, walls, joints - 20 mm
beams and columns - 40 mm
D. Notes On Foundation
1. The foundation is designed for an allowable soil bearing pressure

of 100 KPA at a minimum depth of one and a half (1.50) meters
from the natural grade line. The allowable soil bearing pressure
is based on the minimum allowable pressures for sandy gravel
and / or gravel (GW & GP) stated in table 304-1 of national
structural code of the PHILIPPINES 2010.
2. No footing shall rest on fill. Footings for CHB walls and other
minor structures shall be embedded at least 800MM from the
natural grade level.
3. Provide temporary removal of water from any source during

construction. Dewatering shall be carefully and properly performed
to avoid disturbing the foundation and slab bearing surfaces.
4. Contractor shall design, install and monitor excavations retention

systems, as required for protection of adjacent properties and
provide all measures and precautions necessary to minimize
settlement and prevent damage to adjacent existing or new
construction.
5. Prepare conditions of concrete supply and placement of the

complete foundation for the full thickness as a continuous monolithic
casting.
6. Do not backfill against basement walls until ground floor slabs

have been placed and the concrete has attained the required
strength
7. Refer to architectural drawings for additional elevator details,

refer to architectural, mechanical, plumbing and other trades for
subsoil drainage system, machinery anchors and other embedded
items, depressions, finishes, dowels for masonry walls, curbs, etc.
8. See typical detail of limiting slope of adjacent footing at

different elevation. (Refer to Figure 5.2)
Figure 5.2
E. Notes On Slab-On-Grade
1. The soil subgrade and fill layers below all slabs on grade, paving
and pit slabs shall be mechanical compacted in layers to a
minimum of 95 percent of the modified proctor density, per
ASTM D1557.
2. All slabs-on-grade shall be provided with a minimum of 100mm

THK. Compacted clean coarse sand bed, except as otherwise detailed
in the plans.
3. Unless otherwise noted, all bedded slabs shall be reinforced with

10mm bars at 200mm O.C each way at the upper third portion of the
slab.
E. Notes On Slab-On-Grade…..cont’d…
4. Place concrete for all slabs-on-grade in checkerboard fashion

between construction joints in areas not to exceed 300 sq. Meters
with a minimum of 24 hours between adjacent areas of placement.
Construction joints shall not be farther apart than 8.00 meters in any
direction. All slabs on grade shall be saw cut on each grid line and
mid bay line (in both directions) within 24 hours after casting.
F. Notes On Masonry Walls
1. All materials and workmanship shall be in accordance with the

applicable standards and specifications of the national concrete
masonry association and uniform building code.
2. Concrete masonry units shall conform to ASTM c90 grade n, with a

minimum compressive strength of 5 MPa (700 psi).
3. Mortar and grout for all reinforced masonry shall conform to

ASTM 270- type m and shall have a minimum 28-days standard
cylinder compressive of 21 MPa. (3000 psi)
F. Notes On Masonry Walls….cont’d….

4. All masonry walls shall be reinforced according to the following
schedule of concrete hollow block reinforcement unless otherwise
indicated in the plans. For masonry wall with 5.00m span or more,
provide concrete post in between with sizes and details as shown in
figure 5.3.
5. All cells containing reinforcing bars or inserts shall be completely

filled with concrete grout.
6. For typical connection details on masonry units, refer to Figures

5.4, 5.5, 5.6, & 5.7 respectively.
Table 5.4
Schedule Of Concrete Hollow Block Reinforcement
Block Reinforcement
Thicknes Horizontal Vertical Note
s (mm)
100 10mm At 10mm At A. Minimum Lap Splice = 30d
600mm O.C. 400mm B. Provide 1-16ø Vertical Bars @ Corners,
O.C. Intersections, End Of Walls, And Each
Side Of Opening.
C. Where CHB Walls Adjoin Columns RC
150 12mm At 12mm At Beams & Walls Dowels With The Same
600mm O.C. 400mm Size As Vertical Or Horizontal
O.C. Reinforcement Shall Be Provided.
D. Lintel Beams Shall Bear At Least16
Inches (400 Mm) On Each Side Of
Masonry Wall Opening.
E. Provide Post & Lintel Beam At 3000 O.C
Figure 5.3
Figure 5.4
Figure 5.5
Figure 5.6
Figure 5.7
G. Notes on Concrete Slabs

1. All slab reinforcements shall have a minimum clear distance of
20mm from the bottom and from the top slabs.
2. Unless otherwise detailed, for continuous slabs with the main

reinforcement running in one direction, reinforcing bars shall be
bent up, extended or cut as shown in the slab schedule.
3. If slabs are reinforced both ways, bars along the shorter span shall
be placed below along the long span at the center of the slab and be
placed over the longer span bars on areas near the supports. The
spacing of the bars at the column strips shall be approximately one
and one-half (1-1/2) times that in the middle strips but in no case
greater than two and one-half (2-1/2) times slab thickness or
450mm.
G. Notes on Concrete Slabs….cont’d…
4. Unless otherwise noted, drop slabs shall be provided with

additional reinforcement at the location of drop as shown in figure
5.8.
Figure 5.8
5. See mechanical, plumbing, electrical and fire protection drawings
for all suspended and embedded piping conduits ductwork
equipment etc.
G. Notes on Concrete Slabs….cont’d…

6. Unless otherwise noted, embedded conduits shall run generally at
mid-bay and parallel conduits shall be at three diameters on center,
conduit size shall not exceed 1/4 of the slab thickness and shall be
located at mid thickness of the slab.
7. Provide extra reinforcement for corner slab (two adjacent
discontinuous edges) as shown below and at the ends and corners of
shear wall (see figure 5.9)
Figure 5.9
H. Notes on Columns
1. Lap splices, when required, are permitted only within the center
half of the column length and shall be proportioned as tension
splices. in no case shall the lap splice be located closer than a
distance equal to the maximum column dimension from the face of
the beam-column joint. provide extra transverse reinforcement of
the same size and arrangement indicated in the column schedule
spaced at most one-fourth the minimum column section dimension
throughout the length of the splice or 100mm.
2. Welded splices and mechanical connections may be used at any

section provided not more than alternate bars on each layer at
longitudinal reinforcement are spliced at any section and the center
to center distance between splices of adjacent bars must be 600mm
or more measured along the axis of the column.
3. Welded splices and mechanical connections shall be as indicated

under items 8, 9, and 10 of the notes on reinforcing steel bars on
sheet s-1.
4. Where columns change in size, vertical reinforcement shall be

offset at a slope not more than 1 in 6. Provided transverse
reinforcement as per item e below for joints with bar offset. (As
shown on figure 5.10)
Figure 5.10
5. For all tied columns, provide transverse reinforcement of the same
size and arrangement indicated in the column section schedule and
spaced no greater than one-quarter the minimum column section
dimension nor 100mm, over a distance from each joint face of not
less than the larger of the maximum column, section dimension, or
one-sixth of the clear height of the column or 450mm.
5. For all tied columns, provide transverse reinforcement of the same

size and arrangement indicated in the column section schedule and
spaced no greater than one-quarter the minimum column section
dimension nor 100 mm, over a distance from each joint face of not
less than the larger of the maximum column, section dimension, or
one-sixth of the clear height of the column or 450 mm.
6. Beam-column joints shall be provided with transverse

reinforcement spaced at the twice that required by item e when
there are beams having widths at least one-half the column width
and depth not less three-quarters of the deepest beam that frame
into four sides of the column. for all other conditions provide same
spacing as required in item 5.
I. Notes on beams and girders
1. Unless otherwise noted in plans or specifications, camber all

beams at least 6 mm for every 4500 mm of span except for
cantilevers for which the camber shall be as noted in the plans or
as ordered by the structural engineers but in no case less than 19
mm for every 3000 mm of free span.
2. If there are two or more layers of longitudinal reinforcing bars in a

beam or girder, use separators of a size not less than 25 mm bars
spaced about 900 mm on center, in no case shall there be less than
two separators between layers of bars.
I. Notes on beams and girders….cont’d…
3. Minimum concrete protection of reinforcing bars shall be as shown

in figure 5.11. Beam reinforcing bars both top and bottom,
terminating in a wall extend at the most 50 mm from the far face of
the wall shall terminate in a standard 90 hook.
Figure 5.11
4. Longitudinal reinforcing bars shall be placed symmetrically about

the vertical center line of the beam or girder section where possible
with upper layer bars placed directly above those in the bottom
layer.
5. Longitudinal reinforcement of girders, both top and bottom,

terminated in a column shall be extended to the face of the confined
concrete core of the column and terminated by a standard 90 hook.
6. Generally, no lap splice shall be permitted on beams and girders at

points where critical bending stresses occur. In addition, for girders,
no lap splice shall be located within the joints or within a distance
equal to twice the member depth the face of the joint.
7. Provide lap splices in girders with hoop reinforcement over the

length of the lapped bars spaced no farther than one-fourth the
nominal depth, or 100 mm.
8. Welded splices and mechanical connections may be used for

splicing beams and girders provided that no more than alternate
bars in each layer of longitudinal reinforcement are spliced at a
section and the center to center distance between splices of adjacent
bars is at least 600 mm measured along the axis of the member.
9. When a beam crosses a girder, rest beam bars on top of the girder
bars. provide additional ties as shown in figure 5.12. when beams of
different top elevations cross a girder.
10. Welded splices and mechanical connections shall be as indicated

under items 8, 9, and 10 of the notes on reinforcing steel bars on
sheet s-1.
11. Unless otherwise detailed, typical bar cutting details are shown
in figures 5.13, for prismatic girders.
12. See mechanical, plumbing, electrical and fire protection drawings

for all suspended and embedded piping, conduits, ductworks,
equipment, etc.

13. Shear reinforcement shall be in the form of hoops in regions
where confinement is required. Single-and two-piece hoops shall be
as detailed in figure 5.14.
14. Pipe and duct sleeves shall be located beyond the region
bounded by one- fourth of clear span length from the supports (see
figure 5.15)
15. For slab opening details of reinforcement, see figure 5.16.
Figure 5.13
Figure 5.14
Figure 5.15
Figure 5.16
J. Notes on structural steel

1. All structural steel materials, whether rolled section, built-up
section, plates shall conform to ASTM A36M steel with yield
strength, fy = 248 MPa.
2. Connections shall be a combination of welded connection and
bolted connection.
3. Bolted connection shall conform to the following materials,
Bolts - ASTM A325M or ASTM A449 or ASTM A490M
Nuts - ASTM A194
Washers - ASTM F436M
J. Notes on structural steel…cont’d…
4. All welding connection shall use a minimum E70

electrode meeting the requirements of AWS a 5.1 and shall
comply with the requirements for matching filler metals
given in AWS d 1.1
5. For anchor rods use A449 material

Thank you!
VI. PREPARATION OF SCOPE OF WORKS, BOQ, POW
(a) ABC – Approved Budget for the Contract is

the total cost of the Project delivered for
the Scope of Work
(b) BOQ – Bill of Quantities

- Direct Cost
(c)POW – Program of Work

(d) Scope of Works is composed of the following

1. Direct Cost
 Materials
 Labor
 Equipment
2. Indirect Cost
 OCM – Overhead, Contingencies and,
Miscellaneous – 9%
 Profit – 8%
 VAT – 5%
(e) I. Scope of Works for the Evacuation Center
1. General Requirements
- Mobilization / Demobilization
- Temporary Power and water consumption during
construction
- Temporary Facilities
- Implementing Agency
- Contractor
- Bunkhouse and Accommodation
- As-built Plans
- CARI
- Bonds - Surety Bond
- Performance Security
- Warranty Bond
(e) I. Scope of Works….cont’d…
2. Health and Safety Requirements

3. Furnish and Install Billboards
4. Site Works
- Clearing and grubbing
- Layout and batterboard
- Gravel bedding
- Backfill and compaction
- Compacted fill
- Soil poisoning
5. Structural Works
- Column footing
- Footing tie beam
- Wall footing
- Columns
- Beams
- Suspended Slab
- Concrete Stair
- Steel Works
- Parapet Wall

6. Architectural Works
- Masonry Works
4” CHB laying and plastering
6” CHB laying and plastering
- Tileworks
- Floor topping
- Carpentry and ceiling works
- Steel and iron works
- Painting works
- Waterproofing
- Roofing
- Doors and Windows

7. Sanitary and Plumbing Works
- Sanitary line
- Floor and roof drains
- Storm Drainage
- Cold waterline
- Plumbing fixtures and accessories
- Septic vault
- Consumables

8. Electrical Works
- Electrical conduit Installation
- Wires and cables
- Service entrance
- Panel boards
- Lighting fixtures
- Junction and utility boxes
- C.O. and switches
- Consumables
Thank you!
VII. CONSTRUCTION METHODOLOGY FOR EVACUATION CENTERS
1. Contract Documents – is the legally executed

agreement between the Contractor and LGU for the
performance of the work covered by the Contract
 Contract Works
 Contract Time
 Notice of Award of Contract
 Notice to Proceed
 Original Contract Price
 General Specification
 Approved Plans
 Special Provisions
2. Project Documents – are the overall view of the

works to be done or accomplished during
implementation of the project.
- Helps in the evaluation of the
stability and quality of the project.
a. Office
 Contract Documents
 Program of Works (POW)
 Variation Orders (VO)
 Project Inspection Report
 Monthly Materials Report
a. Office
 Statement of Works Accomplished (SWA)
 Final Inspection Report
 As-built Plan
 Certificate of Completion / Acceptance
b. Project Site
 Approved Plans
 General Specifications
 Project Logbook
 Work Schedule with S-curve
 Materials Logbook
b. Project Site
 Report on Concreting Works
 Site Inspection File
 Pouring Permits
 Progress Photographs
3. Step by Step procedure in Construction of

Evacuation Center
 Relocation Survey
 Security Fence
 Clearing and grubbing
 Lay-out and batterboard
 Provide and install billboards

Evacuation Center….cont’d…
 Materials delivery
 Sampling and testing of materials
 Excavation of footings
 Fabrication of approved materials
 Preparation of footing
 Erection of rebars of footing and column
 Concreting of footings
 Concreting of column up to bottom of footing
tie beam
 Rebar installation of FTB rebar
 Formwork erection of FTB

 Concreting of FTB
 Formwork erection of column including
bracing and scaffolding
 Formworks removal of column
 Concreting of column
 Install of formworks and scaffolding for
second floor slab
 Second floor slab and beams, rebar
installation, electrical and sanitary line
roughing-in
 Concreting of second floor slab and beams

 Concrete curing
 Formworks stripping for beam sides
 Repeat the procedure for roof deck
 Start masonry works at ground floor

Evacuation Center
 Concrete curing
 Formworks stripping for beam sides
 Repeat the procedure for roof deck
 Start masonry works at ground floor
1. Contract Documents – is the legally executed

agreement between the Contractor and LGU for the
performance of the work covered by the Contract
 Contract Works
 Contract Time
 Notice of Award of Contract
 Notice to Proceed
 Original Contract Price
 General Specification
 Approved Plans
 Special Provisions
2. Project Documents – are the overall view of the

works to be done or accomplished during
implementation of the project.
- Helps in the evaluation of the
stability and quality of the project.
a. Office
 Contract Documents
 Program of Works (POW)
 Variation Orders (VO)
 Project Inspection Report
 Monthly Materials Report
a. Office
 Statement of Works Accomplished (SWA)
 Final Inspection Report
 As-built Plan
 Certificate of Completion / Acceptance
b. Project Site
 Approved Plans
 General Specifications
 Project Logbook
 Work Schedule with S-curve
 Materials Logbook
b. Project Site
 Report on Concreting Works
 Site Inspection File
 Pouring Permits
 Progress Photographs

Evacuation Center
 Relocation Survey
 Security Fence
 Clearing and grubbing
 Lay-out and batterboard
 Provide and install billboards

Evacuation Center
 Materials delivery
 Sampling and testing of materials
 Excavation of footings
 Fabrication of approved materials
 Preparation of footing
 Erection of rebars of footing and column
 Concreting of footings
 Concreting of column up to bottom of footing
tie beam
 Rebar installation of FTB rebar
 Formwork erection of FTB

Evacuation Center
 Concreting of FTB
 Formwork erection of column including
bracing and scaffolding
 Formworks removal of column
 Concreting of column
 Install of formworks and scaffolding for
second floor slab
 Second floor slab and beams, rebar
installation, electrical and sanitary line
roughing-in
 Concreting of second floor slab and beams
Thank you!
VIII. BIDDING DOCUMENTS
Documents Comprising the Bid: Eligibility and

Technical Components :
(a) Eligibility Documents –

Class "A" Documents:
i. Registration certificate from the Securities
and Exchange Commission (SEC),
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) for
sole proprietorship, or Cooperative
Development Authority (CDA) for
cooperatives, or any proof of such
registration as stated in the BDS;
ii. Mayor’s permit issued by the city or
municipality where the
principal place of business of the
prospective bidder is located;
iii. Statement of all its ongoing and completed
government and private contracts within
ten (10) years from the submission of bids,
including contracts awarded but not yet
started, if any. The statement shall include,
for each contract, the following:
iii.1 name of the contract;
iii.2 date of the contract;
iii.3 contract duration;
iii.4 owner’s name and address;
iii.5 nature of work;
iii.6 contractor’s role (whether sole contractor,
subcontractor, or partner in a JV) and
percentage of participation;
iii.7 total contract value at award;
iii.8 date of completion or estimated
completion time;
iii.9 total contract value at completion, if
applicable;
iii.10 percentages of planned and actual
accomplishments, if applicable;
iii.11 value of outstanding works, if applicable;
iii.12 the statement shall be supported by the
notices of award and/or notices to
proceed issued by the owners; and
iii.13 the statement shall be supported by the
Constructors Performance Evaluation
System (CPES) rating sheets, and/or
certificates of completion and owner’s
acceptance, if applicable;
iv. Unless otherwise provided in the BDS,
valid Philippine Contractors Accreditation
Board (PCAB) license and registration for
the type and cost of the contract for this
Project;
v. Audited financial statements, showing,
among others, the prospective total and
current assets and liabilities, stamped
“received” by the BIR or its duly accredited
and authorized institutions, for the
preceding calendar year which should not
be earlier than two (2) years from the date
of bid submission;
vi. NFCC computation or CLC in accordance
with ITB Clause 5.5; and

Class "B" Document:
vii. If applicable, valid Joint Venture
Agreement (JVA) or, in lieu thereof, duly
notarized statements from all the potential
joint venture partners stating that they
will enter into and abide by the provisions
of the JVA in the instance that the bid is
successful shall be included in the bid.
(b) Technical Documents –
i. Bid security as prescribed in ITB Clause
18. If the Bidder opts to submit the bid
security in the form of:
i.1 a bank draft/guarantee or an
irrevocable letter of credit issued by
a foreign bank, it shall be
accompanied by a confirmation
from a Universal or Commercial
Bank; or
i.2 a surety bond accompanied by a
certification coming from an
authorized Insurance Commission
that a surety or insurance company
is authorized to issue such
instrument;
ii. Project Requirements, which shall include
the following:
ii.1 Organizational chart for the contract
to be bid;

ii.2 List of contractor’s personnel (viz,
project Manager, Project Engineers,
Materials Engineers, and Foremen),
to be assigned to the contract to be
bid, with their complete
qualification and experience data;
and

ii.3 List of contractor’s equipment units,

which are owned, leased, and/or
under purchase agreements,
supported by certification of
availability of equipment from the
equipment lessor/vendor for the
duration of the project; and

iii. Sworn statement in accordance with

Section 25.2(b)(iv) of the IRR of RA 9184
and using the form prescribed in Section
IX. Bidding Forms.
Documents Comprising the Bid: Financial

Component:
1. Unless otherwise stated in the BDS, the

financial component of the bid shall contain the
following:
a. Financial Bid Form in accordance with the

form prescribed Bidding Forms; and
b. Any other document related to the
financial component of the bid as stated in
the BDS.

Component:
2. Unless indicated in the BDS, all Bids that exceed the
ABC shall not be accepted.
3. Unless otherwise indicated in the BDS, for foreign-
funded procurement, a ceiling may be applied to
bid prices provided the following conditions are
met:
a. Bidding Documents are obtainable free of
charge on a freely accessible website. If
payment of Bidding Documents is required
by the procuring entity, payment could be
made upon the submission of bids.
Component:
b. The procuring entity has procedures in
place to ensure that the ABC is based on
recent estimates made by the engineer or
the responsible unit of the procuring
entity and that the estimates are based on
adequate detailed engineering (in the case
of works) and reflect the quality,
supervision and risk and inflationary
factors, as well as prevailing market prices,
associated with the types of works or
goods to be procured.
Component:
c. The procuring entity has trained cost
estimators on estimating prices and
analyzing bid variances. In the case of
infrastructure projects, the procuring
entity must also have trained quantity
surveyors.
d. The procuring entity has established a
system to monitor and report bid prices
relative to ABC and engineer’s/procuring
entity’s estimate.
Component:
e. The procuring entity has established a
monitoring and evaluation system for
contract implementation to provide a
feedback on actual total costs of goods and
works.
Thank you!

Detailed Engineering Design For Evacuation Center

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Detailed Engineering Design For Evacuation Center

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Presented by:

Aggregate - is granular material, such as sand, gravel,

Column Capital – is an enlargement of the top of a concrete

Concrete – is a mixture or Portland cement or any other

Connection, Ductile – is a connection that experiences

Moment-Resisting Frame – is a frame in which members and

Soft Story – is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than

B.1 Design Criteria

2.1 Dead Load - (NSCP, Section 204.2, Table 204.1)

2.1 Dead Load - (NSCP, Section 204.2, Table 204.1)

Evacuation Rooms - 2.40kn/m²

Roof Live Loads: (NSCP, Sect. 205.4, Table 205-3)

Table 1-1 Minimum Roof Live Loads ¹

1. Flat ³ or rise less than 1-unit

Table 1-1 Minimum Roof Live Loads ¹

3. Rise 1-unit vertical in 1-unit

Table 1-1 Minimum Roof Live Loads ¹

1. For special-purpose roofs, see Section 205.4.4.

4. See definition in Section 202.

2.2 Live Load……cont’d....

D = dead load per square meter of area supported by the

L = unit live load per square meter of area supported by

r = rate of reduction equal to 0.08 for floors. See Table 1.1

2.2 Live Load…….cont’d...

For storage loads exceeding 4.8 kPa, no reduction shall be

The live load reduction shall not exceed 40 percent in garages

2.3 Wind Load

3.1 Soil – Foundation investigation shall be conducted

Table 1.2 Minimum required number of boreholes per structure

FOOTPRINT AREA OF MINIMUM REQUIRED

3.1 Soil .....cont’d....

1. A plot showing the location of all test boringes,

The soil classification and design-bearing capacity shall be

When expansive soils are present, the Building Official may

a) Description of regional geological characteristics.

f.) Evaluation of existing potential geologic hazards and

The geotechnical site investigation and assessment shall be

Presumptive load-bearing shall apply to materials with

1. “Intact” Tuffaceous Sandstoneª 1,000 300 - -

3. Sandy Gravel and/or Gravel (GW &

4. Well-graded Sand, Poorly-graded

5. Clay, Sandy Clay, Silty Clay and

Fig. 1-1 – STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM OF CONCRETE

Fig. 1-2-STRESS STRAIN DIAGRAM OF REINFORCING STEEL

3.3 Reinforcing steel bars

Three types according to strength:

PHILIPPINE STANDARD (SI)

3.4 STRUCTURAL STEEL

COLD – FORMED SECTION

C-SHAPE Z-SHAPE U-SHAPE W-SHAPE

These sections are available in the market with the corresponding

A. LOAD COMBINATIONS ….cont’d…

2.5 Load Combinations Using Allowable Stress or

2.5.1 Basic Load Combinations

Where allowable stress or allowable strength design is used,

B. LOAD COMBINATIONS ….cont’d…

No increase in allowable stresses shall be used with these load

A. LOAD COMBINATIONS ….cont’d…

In the figure, L = long span

Table 3.1 Minimum Thickness of Solid Non-Prestressed One-way Slab

Support Condition Minimum Thickness, h

Where L = span of the 1-way slab

For the evacuation center, assume that intermediate beam is