Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

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● Home Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 )

● Topics

● Chapter 1 : Simple Stress and Strain

3.1 CONCEPT OF A BEAM
● Chapter 2 : Principal Stresses and
Any member of a machine or structure whose one dimention (length) is very large as cothjared to the other two dimensions (width and thickness) and which can carry lateral or transverse loads in the axial plane is called a beam.
Strains
A beam may be of rectangular, square, triangular, hexagonal and circular, etc. cross-sections. A beam is a very important member in structural mechanics to withstand the transverse loads. A beam may be made ‘-of timber,
● Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and flitched beam, i.e. timber reinforced with mild steel strips, steel, and reinforced conc•rete. The reinforced concrete beams are mostly used in building construction, bridges and flyovers.
Shear Force Diagrams

● Chapter 3 : Part 2
3.2 CONCEPTS OF BENDING MOMENT AND SHEAR FORCE
● Chapter 4 : Simple Bending of Beams

● Chapter 5 : Torsion 3.2.1 Bending Moment

● Chapter 6 : Thin Cylinders and The bending moment (B.M.) at any point along a loaded beam is the algebraic sum of the moments of all the vertical forces acting to one side of the point abcut the point. Consider a simply supported beam AB carrying
Spheres concentrated loads as shown in Fig. 3.1 Lé R and RB be the vertical reactions at supports A and B respectively. Consider a section x—x at a distance x from end A. The clockwise moment at this sectioh due to all the loads acting on
the beam to the left of the section is:
● Chapter 7 : Columns and Struts

● Chapter 8 : Slope and Deflection

If we consider the forces to the right of the section x—x, then anticloc4wise moment is:

For equilibrium of the beam, the B.M. given by equations (1) and (2) are equal. The SI units of B.M. are N.m or kN.n.

3.2.2 ShearForce
The shear force (S F) at any point along a loaded beam is the algebraic sum of all the vertical forces acting to one side of the point. Thus, for the beam AB shown in Fig. 3.1, the shear force at cross-section x—x as measured from
the left hand side is:

The shear force as measured from the right hand side is:

Since the beam is in equilibrium, the S.F. given by equations (1) and (2) are equal.

3.2.3 Sign conventions

3.3 B.M. AND S.F. DIAGRAMS

3.3.1 B.M.Dlagram
To draw the B.M.D, the following procedure may be followed:
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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

1. Take a sheet of graph paper. Draw the beam along with loading to an appropriate scale.
2. Calculate the reactions at the supports by applying the equations of equilibrium, i.e., =0, EF, 0 and EM0 =0.
3. Choose a section x-x at a distance x from the left hand support. The section may be chosen either after every concentrated load or before the right hand support. For udi, the section may be taken within the load.
4. Calculate the B.M. beneath every concentrated load. For udi, the B.M. may be
calculated along the length of the load. Ignore that term which becomes negative
on substituting the value of x.
. 5. Draw the B.M.D. for the beam on a convenient scale. Of course, sign convention has to be followed for B.M.
Point of Inflexion. It is the point on the beam in the B.M.P. where the bending moment becomes zero.
Point of Contraflexure. It is the point in the B.M.D where the B.M. changes slope
from an increasing one to a decreasing one. Contraflexure means opposite and flexure
means bending. Some authors consider point of inflexion and point of contraflexure to be
synonymous.

3.3.2 S.F. Diagram

The first three steps for the S.F.D. are the same as for the B.M.D., and need not be repeated.
4. Calculate the S.F. beneath every concentrated load just to the left and to the right.
For u.d.I., the S.F. has to be calculated along the length of the load.
5. Draw the S.F.D. to a convenient scale using the sign convention.

3.4 B.M AND S.F DIAGRAMS FOR A SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM

3.4.2 Uniformly Distributed Load

Consider a beam AB of span 1 simply supported at the ends and carrying a uniformly distributed load of intensity w per unit length as shown in Fig. 3.5 (a)

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

3.4.3 Uniformly Varying Loads

Consider a simply supported beam AB of span 1 carrying udi which varies from w1 per unit length at end A to w2 per unit length at end B as shown in Fig. 3.6 (a). The varying load can be considered as the sum of two loads, one
of uniform intensity w1 and the other triangle variation from zero to (w2 — w1).

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3. 5 SIMPLY SUPPORTED BEAM SUBJECTED TO A COUPLE

3.6 CANTILEVER BEAM

3.6.1 Concentrated Load at Free End

Consider a cantilever beam AB of span 1 carrying a concentrated load P at the free end

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

It represents a straight line giving linear variation. The S.F.D is shown in Fig. 3.10 (c).

3.6.3 Uniformly Varying Load

Consider a cantilever beam AB of spand 1 carrying a uniformly varying load of intensity zero at the free end to O at the fixed end as shown in Fig. 3.11(a). Consider a section x-x at.

3.7 OVERHANGING BEAMS

3.7.1 Concentrated Loads

This is a negative B.M. as it produces tension on the top fibres. It is a linearly varying
B.M.
Span AB : At a distance x from C near to B,

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

3.7.2 Uniformly Distributed Load

3.7.3 UnIformly Varying Load

Consider a beam A13CD with equal overhangs on both sides of the supports and carrying uniformly varying load from zero at end A to o per unit length at end D as shown

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

It represents a cubic curve. The B.M. is negative as it produces tension on the top fibres of the beam.

Span CD:
At a distance x from D, we have

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

The S.F. is parabolic in nature. The S.F.D. is shown in Fig. 3.14 (c).

3.8 RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN LOAD, SHEAR FORCE AND BENDING MOMENT

Consider a simply supported beam carrying audi of intensity w per unit length as shown in Fig. 3.15. Consider an elementary length of the beam of length ox between cross-
Sections

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

Therefore, the first derivative of shear force with respect to x at a point gives the
intensity of loading at the point.

Therefore, the rte of change of bending moment with respect to x is equai to the shear force. Whenever, bending moment is maximum or minimum, the shear force is zero.
Taking the derivative again, we get

Example 3.1 Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the simply
supported beam loaded as shown in Fig. 3.16(a).

Example 3.2 Draw the bending moment and shear force diagrams for the simply supported beam shown in Fig. 3.17(a).

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Chapter 3 : Bending Moment and Shear Force Diagrams (Part 1 ) | Strength of Materials - Part 1

.
The S.F.D. is shown in Fig. 3.18 (c) to a scale of 1 mm = 0.5 kN.

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