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T e a c h e r’s n o t e s 1
Great Expectations
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5
by Charles Dickens
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ADVANCED
S U M M A R Y
reat Expectations, published in 1860–1861 in
G weekly episodes, is the most popular of the great
novels of Dickens’ maturity.
BACKGROUND AND THEMES
The early Victorian era, lasting from about 1830 to 1860
Pip is an orphan. He lives with his sister, who is married and covering most of Dickens’ career, was a period of
to a blacksmith, Joe Gargery. One day Pip helps a convict immense social change. The enormous expansion of
who has escaped from a prison ship. The convict is then trade as a result of the Industrial Revolution and the
recaptured after fighting with another convict, who was invention of the railways was accompanied by political
his deadly enemy. When Pip is older, he is sent to play at reform, giving power to the middle classes, and setting up
the house of a rich woman, Miss Havisham, who was numerous social reforms aimed at improving sanitation
deserted on her wedding day and is bringing up a and working conditions. Dickens played an active part in
beautiful little girl, Estella, to revenge herself on men. A promoting reforms by awakening the conscience of the
few years later, a mysterious benefactor enables Pip to middle classes through his novels, although in many
leave the blacksmith’s forge and to be educated as a cases the abuses Dickens referred to had already been
gentleman in London. As a young man with ‘great removed. For example, the practice of confining prisoners
expectations’ he is now ashamed of his humble to hulks in the Thames belonged to his childhood and had
background and hopes to acquire an education so that he ceased by 1860.
will be worthy of marriage to Estella. He believes that Miss
It was also during this period that the novel first reached
Havisham is his benefactor and this is what she has
all classes of society, and also became respectable as an
planned, but there are surprises in store for him. Pip
art form. Until the 1830s novels were expensive and only
gradually discovers how all the characters he has met are
read by the middle classes, who generally preferred to
connected, and this causes him to review his own life and
read poetry or essays, but when penny magazines were
feel ashamed at the way he behaved as a result of coming
established, appearing weekly, novels could be serialized
into ‘great expectations’.
and read by everyone. Dickens, first as author and then as
magazine editor, was the foremost exponent of this kind
ABOUT CHARLES DICKENS of production and soon became the best-known novelist
in the English-speaking world. Perhaps his greatest
Charles Dickens, the best-known English novelist, was contribution to society was in making it possible for
born in 1812, the son of a Royal Navy clerk, and grew up ordinary people to read novels at prices they could afford,
in ports Portsmouth and Chatham before the family which led to literacy rising in the population from 50% to
moved to London when he was 10. His father was 97% by the end of the century.
imprisoned for debt in 1824 and Charles was sent out to
The technique of publishing in weekly episodes, with
work until a legacy freed his father and enabled him to
the need for an exciting climax to keep readers interested
complete his education. He became a shorthand writer
and appeal to the widest possible audience, explains the
and journalist, reporting debates in the House of
melodramatic features of Dickens’ novels and their
Commons, and with the publication of Pickwick Papers
reliance on coincidence. Though in his mature novels like
(1836–7) achieved immediate fame. He was the first writer
Great Expectations he planned more thoroughly than
to reach a mass audience in Britain and the United States,
before, it is hard for us nowadays to accept as realistic the
publishing his novels in weekly episodes, and he
links between the past lives of Magwitch, Compeyson,
subsequently edited magazines in which his work and
Miss Havisham and Estella, but these were the twists in
that of other well-known writers first appeared.
the plot that his original audience loved. His popularity
Following his autobiographical novel David Copperfield endures today for different reasons, because of the power
(1849–50), Dickens took more care in planning the great of his imagination, which fills the novels with so many
novels of his maturity, which analyse the nature of memorable characters and scenes.
Victorian society. Dickens married Kate Hogarth in 1836
Great Expectations belongs to the sequence of great
and they had ten children, but two years before writing
novels anatomizing Victorian society that Dickens began
Great Expectations, he had separated from her and begun
with Bleak House (1853). In particular, it contrasts the
a secret relationship with a young actress, Ellen Ternan,
materialistic aspirations of the middle classes with the
which lasted until his death in 1870.
simple but honest lives of ‘the deserving poor’. Dickens
Student’s activities 1
2
Great Expectations 3
Photocopiable 4
These activities can be done alone or with one or more
other students. Pair/group-on;y activities are marked. 5
Read the last two paragraphs of the introduction in your (b) Why is the cake on the table covered with dust
book. With another student, discuss these questions: and cobwebs? ADVANCED
What do Pip’s ‘great expectations’ consist of? How (c) Why is Pip surprised when he fights the pale
would you react if you were a poor orphan but suddenly young gentleman?
became rich at the age of 16 or 17? How would you (d) Why do you think Estella allows Pip to kiss her?
spend the money? Do you think it would make a (e) What does Miss Havisham hope that Estella will
difference to your attitude to life? do?
(f) What makes Pip ashamed of being trained to
Activities while reading the book work as a blacksmith?
2 Talk with another student:
CHAPTERS 1–7
What effect is Estella having on Pip?
Chapters 1–5
Complete these sentences: Chapters 11–13
(a) Pip has gone to the churchyard where he meets the 1 Work with another student. One plays the part of a
convict because ... policeman investigating the attack on Pip’s sister and
asks Pip questions. The other plays the part of Pip.
(b) The man is interested when Pip says he lives with a The policeman suspects Pip’s convict. Why? Pip does
blacksmith because ... not believe it. Why does he suspect Orlick?
(c) Pip promises to bring him ...
2 What do the characters on the left think or feel about
(d) When Pip gets home, he hears guns fired to show those on the right? Match them to the correct choice.
that ...
(e) There is more food and drink in the kitchen than usual (a) Pip – Biddy (i) He is grateful to her,
because ... thinking she is his
benefactor.
(f) The next morning, Pip sees a man and touches him
on the shoulder because ... (b) Pip – Estella (ii) He is in love with her,
(g) Mr Pumblechook starts coughing at the dinner table although she is proud.
because ...
(c) Biddy – Pip (iii) She is afraid of him,
(h) When the soldiers come to the door, Pip thinks at first although he is attracted
that ... to her.
(i) Pip’s convict says he didn’t kill the other convict
because ... (d) Biddy – Orlick (iv) She does not think
becoming a gentleman will
(j) Nobody suspects Pip of stealing because...
make him happy and
believes he will no longer
Chapters 6–7 listen to her.
Who says these words to whom and what are they
talking about? (e) Pip – himself (v) He pretends he has always
been his friend.
(a) Your sister is given to government, and she wouldn’t
like to have clever people in the house. (f) Mr Pumblechook – (vi) He is sad to say goodbye
Pip to him.
(b) Boy, be for ever grateful to all friends, but especially
to those who brought you up by hand! (g) Pip – Miss Havisham (vii) He thinks she is pleasant
(c) Its other name was Satis, which is Greek or Latin for but common.
enough.
(h) Pip – Joe Gargery (viii)He wants to be educated
(d) Beggar him.
and become a gentleman.
(c) Why did Miss Havisham quar rel with Herbert’s (b) Estella is going to mar ry Bentley Drummle.
father?
(c) Jaggers brought Estella to Miss Havisham when she
(d) Why didn’t the man she loved marry her? was a little girl.
(e) How was this man connected to her half- (d) Magwitch became Compeyson’s partner in crime.
brother?
(e) Estella’s mother is Mr Jaggers’ housekeeper.
2 Who is being described in questions (a) and (b) and
who is speaking to whom in questions (c)–(g)? (f) Magwitch is Estella’s father.
(a) There was something wonderfully hopeful about (g) The police are looking for Magwitch.
him that at the same time whispered to me that (h) Jaggers defended Estella’s mother when she was
he would never be successful or rich. accused of murder.
(b) If I could have kept him away by paying money I (i) The convict’s name is Abel Magwitch.
certainly would have done so.
(c) You won’t find half so much fault in me if you CHAPTERS 28–32
think of me in my forge dress.
Chapters 28–30
(d) I’m not here for harm, young master, I suppose.
Answer these questions:
(e) You must know that I have no heart, no
sympathy, no feeling. (a) Why does Orlick want to kill Pip?
(f) You brought your love for her and your suitcase (b) Why does he say that Pip was to blame for what
here, together. happened to his sister?
(g) I never was happy with her, but always sad. (c) How were Herbert and Startop able to rescue Pip?
(d) Who told the police where to find Magwitch?
CHAPTERS 19–22
(e) In what way were Magwitch’s actions the same as
1 Are these sentences true or false? Correct those that they had been many years earlier?
are false.
(a) Pip gets into debt because Herbert’s lifestyle (f) Why is Pip poor again after Magwitch is arrested?
makes him spend more. (g) What job does Herbert offer him, and where will he go
to take it up?
(b) Biddy can no longer live with Joe now that his
wife is dead, but plans to look after him. (h) What does Pip tell Magwitch before he dies?
(c) Pip asks Mr Jaggers to express his thanks to his
benefactor, believing that it is Miss Havisham. Chapters 31–32
(d) Mr Jaggers arranges to provide an opening for Write sentences explaining briefly what happens to the
Herbert. following after Magwitch’s death: Pip; Joe and Biddy;
Orlick; Herbert; Estella.
(e) Miss Havisham is pleased that Estella has grown
up to be proud and hard to everyone.
(f) Bentley Drummle proposes that they should drink
to Estella’s health although he does not know Activities after reading the book
her.
Talk with one or more other students:
2 Talk with one or more other students.
Dickens originally ended the novel differently but before
What do you think of Pip’s behaviour towards the correcting the final proofs from the printers he showed
following characters? Should he be proud or ashamed of the ending to his friend, the novelist, Bulwer Lytton. In
his actions? Then write a paragraph about one or more this version, Pip told Biddy that he did not dream of
of them: Joe, Herbert, Estella, the convict. Estella any more. Two years later, he met Estella, who
told him she had married again after Drummle’s death;
her second husband was kinder to her. Lytton persuaded
CHAPTERS 23–27 Dickens to change the ending to the present one,
Put these pieces of information in the order in which Pip suggesting that Pip may marry Estella.
discovers them. Who gives him the information or how
does he discover it? Do you think Dickens was right to take Lytton’s advice?
(a) Compeyson was the man who was going to marry
Miss Havisham.