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age 43, 35th president (1961-Nov 22nd, 1963)

j ¯ollowing Eisenhower, election of 1960Ô Kennedy + Lyndon B. Johnson
v. Nixon, one of closest election in U.S. history Kennedy winning by little
over 100,000 popular votes and 303 to 210 electoral college (republicans
including Nixon felt Illinois and Texas falsely used ³votes´ of deceased)
j ÿomestic policy: New ¯rontierÔ aid to education, federal support of
healthcare, urban renewal, and civil rights but languished in Congress,
many were not laws under his 1000-day term but later passed under LBJ,
some success with econ issuesÔ faced down big steel exes over
inflationary price increase and achieved price rollback, increased spending
for defense/space exploration (milit+science reasons)
j ¯oreign affairs: much attention towards foreign policy issues, (1961)
peace corps, Alliance for Progress (promote land reform and econ.
ÿevelopment in Latin America), Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (tariff
reduction w/European Economic Community, common Market of Western
European Nations), Responsible for putting more than 16,000 US troops in
South Vietnam (role at that time was support not combat)
ü Bay of Pigs invasion (1961)
ü Berlin Wall
ü Cuban missile crisis (196)
ü ¯lexible response
ü Civil Rights
j Assassination in ÿallas: After 2.5 yrs in office¬   killed in
ÿallas Texas ³by´ Lee Harvey Oswald, after 2 days, Warren Commission,
lead by Chief Justice Earl Warren decided that Oswald was only assassin,
unanswered questions by gov¶t produced many conspiracy theoriesÔ
possible involvement by organized crime, Castro, CIA, ¯BI, sparked
doubts abt. Credibility of govt
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J¯K¶s attorney general, younger brother of J¯K,
senator from New York, ¶68 entered presidential race after McCarthy¶s strong
showing in New Hampshire, more effective at getting traditional ÿemocratic
blue-collar and minority vote. Won major victory in California primary on S

¬ when he was shot and killed by Arab nationalist who opposed
Kennedy¶s support for Israel
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J¯K¶s secretary of ÿefense, helped to develop ¯lexible
response policy and w/Kennedy decided to increase spending on conventional
weapons, in memoirs concluded that the leaders in Washington had failed to
understand either the enemy or the nature of war (Vietnam)
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¯rench president 8 January 1959 ± 28 April 1969, suspicious
of American intentions in Europe in 1963, vetoed British application for Common
Market membership bc. He feared British ³special relationship´ with US would
allow US to indirectly control European affairs
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#%¬S.: leader of the civil rights movement, committed to
nonviolent protests against segregation, 1963 he and followers jailed in
BirminghamÔ proved to be milestone for civil rights bc. Most Americans thought
 he was unjustly jailed, supported by Kennedy and later Johnson but broke with
Johnson on Vietnam War bc. Was draining money from social programs
j March on Washington (1963)
j March to Montgomery (1965): voting right march from Selma to
Montgomery Alabama met with police beatings, Johnson send troops to
protect ÿr. King and other civil rights, Johnson then sponsored powerful
voting rights bill
j Assassination: April 1968, shot and killed by white man on motel balcony
in Memphis Tennessee, riots erupted in 168 cities leaving at least 46 ppl
dead
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alleged assassin of J¯K
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J¯K¶s vice president, sworn in 2 hrs after Kennedy¶s death,
30 yrs in congress so knew how to get things done, persuaded Congress to pass
j Expanded version of Kennedy¶s civil rights bill (Proposal for income tax
cutÔ sparked increase in jobs, consumer spending, and long period of
econ. Expansion in sixties)
j Election of 1964: won by landslide, 61% of popular vote, ÿemocrats
controlled both houses of Congress by more than 2/3 margin, democratic
pres+congress in position to pass econ. And social reforms originally
proposed y Truman in 1940s
ü Ëreat Society Reforms
ü Civil Rights Acts of 1964/65
j Vietnam: made use of naval incident in Ëulf f of Tonkin off Vietnam¶s
coast to secure congressional authorization for U.S. to secure
congressional authorization for U.S. forces going into combat, by end of
1965 there were over 184,000 US troops in South Vietnam most of them
engaged in combat role, by end of 1967 US over 485,000 troops in
Vietnam and 16,000 had already died
j March 31st, 1968 (in response to Tet), went on TV told Americans would
limit bombing of North Vietnam + negotiate peace, announced he would
not run against for president
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of Arizona, Election of 1964Ô staunch conservative nominated
by republican party to run against Johnson, advocated ending welfare state
including TVA and Social Security, !
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attracted to Elijah Muhammad preaching of black nationalism,
separatism, and self-improvement was a young man serving prison sentence, left
prison 1952, became movements most controversial voice, criticized King and
advocated self-defense, used black violence to counter white violence,
assassinated in 1965 before could pursue own ideas
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influenced by Malcolm X, chairman of Student Nonviolent
Coordinating Committee (SNCC) rejected nonviolence and advocated ³black
power´ (Carmichael popularized that term,) (especially econ. power) and radical
separatism
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staged a series of televised hearings in 1966 and 1967
in which he convinced the public that they had been deceived about the
causes and "winnability" of the war.
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Senator of Minnesota, antiwar political leader, became
first antiwar advocate to challenge Johnson for the 1968 ÿemocratic presidential
nomination, 
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Senator of Minnesota, Johnson¶s running mate¶64,
democratic candidate in 1968 election vs. Nixon and Wallace but democratic
party was extremely divided and he was clearly underdog in nation that just
wanted order
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1968 presidential election V. Wallace and Humphrey,
front0runner in Republican primaries, favorite of party regulars and had little
trouble getting nomination, Spiro Agnew of Maryland, hawk on Vietnam War
slogans like ³peace with honor,´ ³law and order,´ Nixon defeated Humphrey by
small popular vote but substantial majority of electoral vote (301 to 191),
supporters had had enough of protest, violence, permissiveness, the
counterculture, drugs, and federal intervention in social institutions, responsible
for Watergate scandal
c " %+ : governor in Alabama 1963, tried to stop African American
from attending class at university of Alabama, pres Kennedy sent troops to scene
and student was admitted, presidential candidate for American Independent Party
in 1968 hoping to win enough electoral votes to throw election into House of
Reps
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conflicts in Congo in Africa and in Laos and Vietnam in
Southeast Asia convinced Kennedy admin to adopt policy, moving away from
idea of massive retaliation and reliance of nuclear weapons, increased spending
on conventional arms and mobile forces, reduced the risk of using nuclear
weapons, increased temptation to send elite special forces (Ëreen Berets) into
combat in third world countries
c ‰. - -#!
developed and applied by Soviets at various points of the
cold war to peacefully coexist with capitalistsÔ eastern communist nations
coexisting with western capitalists nations