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ISBN 978-0-87031-280-9
ACI 421.1R-08
Theodor Krauthammer*
Chair
*
Subcommittee members who prepared this report.
The committee would like to thank David P. Gustafson for his contribution to this report.
Tests have established that punching shear in slabs can be effectively Chapter 4—Punching shear design equations,
resisted by reinforcement consisting of vertical rods mechanically p. 421.1R-4
anchored at the top and bottom of slabs. ACI 318 sets out the principles of 4.1—Strength requirement
design for slab shear reinforcement and makes specific reference to stirrups, 4.2—Calculation of factored shear stress vu
headed studs, and shearheads. This guide reviews other available types
and makes recommendations for their design. The application of these
4.3—Calculation of shear strength vn
recommendations is illustrated through numerical examples. 4.4—Design procedure
Keywords: column-slab connection; concrete flat plate; headed shear Chapter 5—Prestressed slabs, p. 421.1R-9
studs; moment transfer; prestressed concrete; punching shear; shear 5.1—Nominal shear strength
stresses; shearheads; slabs; two-way slabs.
Chapter 6—Tolerances, p. 421.1R-10
CONTENTS
Chapter 1—Introduction and scope, p. 421.1R-2 Chapter 7—Requirements for seismic-resistant
1.1—Introduction slab-column connections, p. 421.1R-10
1.2—Scope
1.3—Evolution of practice Chapter 8—References, p. 421.1R-10
8.1—Referenced standards and reports
Chapter 2—Notation and definitions, p. 421.1R-2 8.2—Cited references
2.1—Notation
2.2—Definitions Appendix A—Details of shear studs, p. 421.1R-12
A.1—Geometry of stud shear reinforcement
Chapter 3—Role of shear reinforcement, p. 421.1R-3 A.2—Stud arrangements
A.3—Stud length
ACI Committee Reports, Guides, Manuals, Standard
Practices, and Commentaries are intended for guidance in Appendix B—Properties of critical sections of
planning, designing, executing, and inspecting construction. general shape, p. 421.1R-13
This document is intended for the use of individuals who are
competent to evaluate the significance and limitations of its Appendix C—Values of vc within shear-reinforced
content and recommendations and who will accept
responsibility for the application of the material it contains. zone, p. 421.1R-14
The American Concrete Institute disclaims any and all
responsibility for the stated principles. The Institute shall not
be liable for any loss or damage arising therefrom.
Reference to this document shall not be made in contract ACI 421.1R-08 supersedes ACI 421.1R-99 and was adopted and published June 2008.
documents. If items found in this document are desired by the Copyright © 2008, American Concrete Institute.
All rights reserved including rights of reproduction and use in any form or by any
Architect/Engineer to be a part of the contract documents, they means, including the making of copies by any photo process, or by electronic or
shall be restated in mandatory language for incorporation by mechanical device, printed, written, or oral, or recording for sound or visual reproduction
the Architect/Engineer. or for use in any knowledge or retrieval system or device, unless permission in writing
is obtained from the copyright proprietors.
421.1R-1
421.1R-2 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
fyt = specified yield strength of shear reinforce- αs = dimensionless coefficient equal to 40, 30, and
ment 20, for interior, edge, and corner columns,
g = distance between adjacent stirrup legs or studs, respectively
measured in a parallel direction to a column β = ratio of long side to short side of column
face cross section
h = overall thickness of slab βp = constant used to compute vc in prestressed slabs
Jc = property of assumed critical section (Eq. (4-4)), γvx ,γvy = factor used to determine unbalanced moment
defined by ACI 318 as “analogous to polar about the axes x and y between slab and
moment of inertia” column that is transferred by shear stress at
Jx ,Jy = property of assumed critical section of any assumed critical section
shape, equal to d multiplied by second λ = modification factor reflecting the reduced
moment of perimeter about x- or y-axis, mechanical properties of lightweight concrete,
respectively (Appendix B) all relative to normalweight concrete of the
Jxy = d times product of inertia of assumed shear- same compressive strength
critical section about nonprincipal axes x and y φ = strength reduction factor = 0.75
(Eq. (B-11))
l = length of segment of assumed critical section 2.2—Definitions
ls = overall specified height of headed stud drop panel—thickened structural portion of a flat slab in
assembly including anchors (Fig. 1.1, Eq. (6-1)) the area surrounding a column, as defined in Chapter 13 of
lx ,ly = projections of assumed critical section on ACI 318-08. The plan dimensions of drop panels are greater
principal axes x and y than shear capitals. For flexural strength, ACI 318 requires
lx1 ,ly1 = lengths of sides in x and y directions of critical that drop panels extend in each direction from the centerline
section at d/2 from column face of support a distance not less than 1/6 the span length
lx2 ,ly2 = lengths of sides in x and y directions of critical measured from center-to-center of supports in that direction.
section at d/2 outside outermost legs of shear ACI 318 also requires that the projection of the drop panel
reinforcement below the slab be at least 1/4 the slab thickness.
Mux ,Muy = factored unbalanced moments transferred flat plate—flat slab without column capitals or drop panels.
between slab and column about centroidal shear capital—thickened portion of the slab around the
principal axes x and y of assumed critical section column with plan dimensions not conforming with the ACI
Mux ,Muy = factored unbalanced moment about the 318 requirements for drop panels.
centroidal nonprincipal x or y axis shear-critical section—cross section, having depth d and
MuOx ,MuOy = factored unbalanced moment about x or y axis perpendicular to the plane of the slab, where shear stresses
through column’s centroid O should be evaluated. Two shear-critical sections should be
n = number of studs or stirrup legs per line considered: 1) at d/2 from column periphery; and 2) at d/2
running in x or y direction from the outermost peripheral line of shear reinforcement (if
s = spacing between peripheral lines of shear provided).
reinforcement stud shear reinforcement (SSR)—reinforcement
so = spacing between first peripheral line of shear conforming to ASTM A1044/A1044M and composed of
reinforcement and column face vertical rods anchored mechanically near the bottom and top
Vp = vertical component of all effective prestress surfaces of the slab.
forces crossing the critical section unbalanced moment—sum of moments at the ends of the
Vu = factored shear force columns above and below a slab-column joint.
vc = nominal shear strength provided by concrete
in presence of shear reinforcement, psi (MPa) CHAPTER 3—ROLE OF SHEAR REINFORCEMENT
vn = nominal shear strength at critical section, psi Shear reinforcement is required to intercept shear cracks
(MPa) and prevent them from widening. The intersection of shear
vs = nominal shear strength provided by shear reinforcement and cracks can be anywhere over the height of
reinforcement, psi (MPa) the shear reinforcement. The strain in the shear reinforcement
vu = maximum shear stress due to factored forces, is highest at that intersection.
psi (MPa) Effective anchorage is essential, and its location should be
x,y = coordinates of point on perimeter of shear- as close as possible to the structural member’s outer surfaces.
critical section with respect to centroidal axes This means that the vertical part of the shear reinforcement
x and y should be as tall as possible to avoid the possibility of cracks
x,y = coordinates of point on perimeter of shear- passing above or below it. When the shear reinforcement is
critical section with respect to centroidal not as tall as possible, it may not intercept all inclined shear
nonprincipal axes x and y cracks. Anchorage of shear reinforcement in slabs is
α = distance between column face and critical achieved by mechanical ends (heads), bends, and hooks.
section divided by d Tests (Marti 1990) have shown, however, that movement
421.1R-4 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
vu ≤ φvn (4-1)
v n = ⎛ 2 + ---⎞ λ f c′
4
(in.-lb units) (4-7a)
⎝ β⎠
f c′
v n = ⎛ 2 + ---⎞ λ ---------
4
(SI units) (4-7b)
⎝ ⎠
β 12
αs d
v n = ⎛ --------
- + 2⎞ λ f c′ (in.-lb units) (4-8a)
⎝ bo ⎠
αs d f c′
v n = ⎛ --------
- + 2⎞ λ --------- (SI units) (4-8b)
⎝ bo ⎠ 12
than 3%. The value of vu obtained by the use of Jy in Eq. (4-2) vn = λ f c′ /3 (SI units) (4-9b)
differs on the safe side from the value obtained with Jc.
When the centroid of the shear-critical section does not
coincide with O, the centroid of the column (Fig. 4.2(b) At a critical section outside the shear-reinforced zone
and (c)), the unbalanced moment Mux or Muy about the x- or
y-axis through the centroid of shear-critical section is related vn = 2λ f c′ (in.-lb units) (4-10a)
to the unbalanced moment MuOx or MuOy about the x- or y-axis
through O by
vn = λ f c′ /6 (SI units) (4-10b)
Mux = MuOx + VuyO; Muy = MuOy + Vu xO (4-5)
Equation (4-1) should be checked first at a critical section
where (xO, yO) are the coordinates of O with respect to the at d/2 from the column face (Fig. 4.1(a)). If Eq. (4-1) is not
centroid of the shear-critical section along the centroidal satisfied, shear reinforcement is required.
principal x and y axes. 4.3.2 Shear strength with stirrups—ACI 318 permits the
For the shear-critical section in Fig. 4.2(c), the moments use of stirrups as shear reinforcement when d ≥ 6 in. (152 mm),
about the centroidal nonprincipal axes x and y (Mux and Muy) but not less than 16 times the diameter of the stirrups. When
are equivalent to the moments about the x and y axes (Mux stirrup shear reinforcement is used, ACI 318 requires that the
and Muy) that are given by Eq. (4-6). maximum factored shear stress at d/2 from column face
satisfy: vu ≤ 6φ f c′ (in.-lb units) (φ f c′ /2 [SI units]). The
Mux = Muxcosθ – Muysinθ; Muy = Muxsinθ + Muycosθ (4-6) shear strength at a critical section within the shear-reinforced
zone should be computed by
where θ is the angle of rotation of the axes x and y to coincide
with the principal axes. v n = vc + vs (4-11)
421.1R-6 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
Fig. 4.2—Typical arrangement of shear studs and critical sections outside shear-
reinforced zone.
v n ( α ) = ⎛ -----------------------
1 -⎞ 4 f ′ ; 0.5 < α < 4.0
(in.-lb units) (4-19a)
⎝ 1 + 0.25α⎠ c
f′
v n ( α ) = ⎛ -----------------------
1
-⎞ --------c- ; 0.5 < α < 4.0 (SI units) (4-19a)
⎝ 1 + 0.25α⎠ 3
v n ( α ) = ⎛ 7.5 –α
-----------------⎞ 4 f c′ ; 0.5 < α < 4.0 (in.-lb units) (4-20a)
⎝ 7 ⎠
v n ( α ) = ⎛ 7.5 – α f′
-----------------⎞ --------c- ; 0.5 < α < 4.0 (SI units) (4-20b)
⎝ 7 ⎠ 3
CHAPTER 6—TOLERANCES
Shear reinforcement, in the form of stirrups or studs, can
be ineffective if the specified distances so and s are not
controlled accurately. Tolerances for these dimensions
should not exceed ±0.5 in. (±13 mm). If this requirement is
not met, a punching shear crack can traverse the slab thickness
without intersecting the shear-reinforcing elements. Tolerance
for the distance between column face and outermost peripheral
line of studs should not exceed ±1.5 in. (±38 mm).
Tests (Dilger and Ghali 1981; Andrä 1981; Van der Voet
et al. 1982; Mokhtar et al. 1985; Elgabry and Ghali 1987;
Mortin and Ghali 1991; Dilger and Shatila 1989; Cao 1993;
Brown and Dilger 1994; Megally 1998; Birkle 2004; Ritchie
and Ghali 2005; Gayed and Ghali 2006) show that headed
studs, anchored as close as possible to the top and bottom of
slabs, are effective in resisting punching shear. The designer Fig. 6.1—Section in slab perpendicular to shear stud line.
should specify the overall height of the stud assemblies
having the most efficiency This reduced value of vc is based on the experiments
mentioned in this section, which indicate that the concrete
ls = h – ct – cb (6-1) contribution to the shear resistance is diminished by the
moment reversals. This reduction is analogous to the reduction
where h is the thickness of the member, and ct and cb are the of vc to 0 that is required by ACI 318 for framed members.
specified concrete covers at top and bottom, respectively. ACI 421.2R gives recommendations for designing flat plate-
ACI 318 permits a manufacturing tolerance: the actual column connections with sufficient ductility to go through
overall height can be shorter than ls by no more than db/2, lateral drift due to earthquakes without punching shear
where db is the diameter of the tensile flexural reinforcement failure or loss of moment transfer capacity. A report on tests
(Fig. 6.1). In slabs in the vicinity of columns, the tensile flexural at the University of Washington (Hawkins 1984) does not
reinforcement is commonly at the top; in footings, the tensile recommend the aforementioned reduction of vc (Eq. (7-1)).
flexural reinforcement is commonly at the bottom.
CHAPTER 8—REFERENCES
8.1—Referenced standards and reports
CHAPTER 7—REQUIREMENTS FOR SEISMIC- The documents of the various standards-producing organi-
RESISTANT SLAB-COLUMN CONNECTIONS
zations, referred to in this document, are listed below with
Connections of columns with flat plates should not be
their serial designations.
considered in design as part of the system resisting lateral
forces. Due to the lateral movement of the structure in an
American Concrete Institute
earthquake, however, the slab-column connections transfer
318 Building Code Requirements for Structural Concrete
vertical shearing force V combined with reversals of moment
421.2R Seismic Design of Punching Shear Reinforcement
M. Experiments (Cao 1993; Brown and Dilger 1994;
in Flat Plates
Megally 1998; Ritchie and Ghali 2005; Gayed and Ghali
2006) were conducted on slab-column connections to simulate
ASTM International
the effect of interstory drift in a flat plate structure. In these
A1044/ Specification for Steel Stud Assemblies for Shear
tests, the column transferred a constant shearing force V and
A1044M Reinforcement of Concrete
cyclic moment reversals with increasing magnitude. The
experiments showed that, when the slab was provided with
Canadian Standards Association
shear headed stud reinforcement, the connections behaved in
a ductile fashion. They could withstand, without failure, drift A23.3 Design of Concrete Structures for Buildings
ratios that varied between 3 and 7%, depending upon the
magnitude of V. The drift ratio is defined as the difference The above publications may be obtained from the
between the lateral displacements of two successive floors following organizations:
divided by the floor height. For a given value of Vu, the slab
American Concrete Institute
can resist a moment Mu, which can be determined by the
P.O. Box 9094
procedure and equations given in Chapter 4; the value of vc
Farmington Hills, MI 48333-9094
(Eq. (4-12) or (4-16)), however, should be limited to
www.concrete.org
Canadian Standards Association Ghali, A.; Sargious, M. A.; and Huizer, A., 1974, “Vertical
178 Rexdale Blvd. Prestressing of Flat Plates around Columns,” Shear in
Rexdale, Ontario M9W 1R3 Reinforced Concrete, SP-42, American Concrete Institute,
Canada Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 905-920.
www.csa.ca Hawkins, N. M., 1974, “Shear Strength of Slabs with Shear
Reinforcement,” Shear in Reinforced Concrete, SP-42, Amer-
8.2—Cited references ican Concrete Institute, Farmington Hills, MI, pp. 785-815.
Andrä, H. P., 1981, “Strength of Flat Slabs Reinforced with Hawkins, N. M., 1984, “Response of Flat Plate Concrete
Stud Rails in the Vicinity of the Supports (Zum Tragverhalten Structures to Seismic and Wind Forces,” Report SM84-1,
von Flachdecken mit Dübelleisten—Bewehrung im Auflager- University of Washington, July.
bereich),” Beton und Stahlbetonbau, Berlin, V. 76, No. 3, Mar., Hawkins, N. M.; Mitchell, D.; and Hanna, S. H., 1975,
pp. 53-57, and No. 4, Apr., pp. 100-104. “The Effects of Shear Reinforcement on Reversed Cyclic
Birkle, G., 2004, “Punching of Slabs: Thickness and Stud Loading Behavior of Flat Plate Structures,” Canadian
Layout,” PhD dissertation, University of Calgary, Calgary, Journal of Civil Engineering, V. 2, No. 4, Dec., pp. 572-582.
AB, Canada, 152 pp. Hoff, G. C., 1990, “High-Strength Lightweight Aggregate
Brown, S., and Dilger, W. H., 1994, “Seismic Response of Concrete—Current Status and Future Needs,” Proceedings,
Flat-Plate Column Connections,” Proceedings, Canadian 2nd International Symposium on Utilization of High-
Society for Civil Engineering Conference, V. 2, Winnipeg, Strength Concrete, Berkeley, CA, May, pp. 20-23.
MB, Canada, pp. 388-397. Institut für Werkstoffe im Bauwesen, 1996, “Bericht über
Cao, H., 1993, “Seismic Design of Slab-Column Versuche an punktgestützten Platten bewehrt mit DEHA
Connections,” MSc thesis, University of Calgary, Calgary, Doppelkopfbolzen und mit Dübelleisten (Test Report on
AB, Canada, 188 pp, Point Supported Slabs Reinforced with DEHA Double Head
Decon, 1996, “STDESIGN,” Computer Program for Studs and Studrails),” Universität—Stuttgart, Report No. AF
Design of Shear Reinforcement for Slabs, Decon, Brampton, 96/6 – 402/1, Germany, DEHA, 81 pp.
ON, Canada. Joint ACI-ASCE Committee 426, 1974, “The Shear
Dilger, W. H., and Ghali, A., 1981, “Shear Reinforcement Strength of Reinforced Concrete Members—Slabs,” Journal
for Concrete Slabs,” Proceedings, ASCE, V. 107, No. ST12, of the Structural Division, ASCE, V. 100, No. ST8, Aug.,
Dec., pp. 2403-2420. pp. 1543-1591.
Dilger, W. H., and Shatila, M., 1989, “Shear Strength of Leonhardt, F., and Walther, R., 1965, “Welded Wire Mesh
Prestressed Concrete Edge Slab-Columns Connections with as Stirrup Reinforcement: Shear on T-Beams and Anchorage
and without Stud Shear Reinforcement,” Canadian Journal Tests,” Bautechnik, V. 42, Oct. (in German)
of Civil Engineering, V. 16, No. 6, pp. 807-819.
Mart, P.; Parlong, J.; and Thurlimann, B., 1977, “Schub-
Dyken, T., and Kepp, B., 1988, “Properties of T-Headed
versuche and Stahlbeton-Platten,” Bericht Nr. 7305-2,
Reinforcing Bars in High-Strength Concrete,” Publication
Institut fur Baustatik aund Konstruktion, ETH Zurich,
No. 7, Nordic Concrete Research, Norske Betongforening,
Birkhauser Verlag, Basel and Stuttgart, Germany.
Oslo, Norway, Dec.
Marti, P., 1990, “Design of Concrete Slabs for Transverse
Elgabry, A. A., and Ghali, A., 1987, “Tests on Concrete
Shear,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 2, Mar.-Apr.,
Slab-Column Connections with Stud Shear Reinforcement
pp. 180-190.
Subjected to Shear-Moment Transfer,” ACI Structural
Journal, V. 84, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 433-442. McLean, D.; Phan, L. T.; Lew, H. S.; and White, R. N.,
Elgabry, A. A., and Ghali, A., 1996, “Moment Transfer by 1990, “Punching Shear Behavior of Lightweight Concrete
Shear in Slab-Column Connections,” ACI Structural Slabs and Shells,” ACI Structural Journal, V. 87, No. 4,
Journal, V. 93, No. 2, Mar.-Apr., pp. 187-196. July-Aug., pp. 386-392.
Eligehausen, R., 1996, “Bericht über Zugversuche mit Megally, S. H., 1998, “Punching Shear Resistance of
Deha Kopfbolzen (Report on Pull Tests on Deha Anchor Concrete Slabs to Gravity and Earthquake Forces,” PhD
Bolts),” Institut für Werkstoffe im Bauwesen, University of dissertation, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada,
Stuttgart, Report No. DE003/01-96/32, Sept. (Research 468 pp.
carried out on behalf of Deha Ankersystene, GMBH & Co., Megally, S. H., and Ghali, A., 1996, “Nonlinear Analysis of
Gross-Gerau, Germany) Moment Transfer between Columns and Slabs,” Proceedings,
Gayed, R. B., and Ghali, A., 2004, “Double-Head Studs as V. IIa, Canadian Society for Civil Engineering Conference,
Shear Reinforcement in Concrete I-Beams,” ACI Structural Edmonton, AB, Canada, pp. 321-332.
Journal, V. 101, No. 4, July-Aug., pp. 549-557. Megally, S. H., and Ghali, A., 2002, “Cautionary Note on
Gayed, R. B., and Ghali, A., 2006, “Seismic-Resistant Shear Capitals,” Concrete International, V. 24, No. 3, Mar.,
Joints of Interior Columns with Prestressed Slabs,” ACI pp. 75-83.
Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 710-719. Mokhtar, A. S.; Ghali, A.; and Dilger, W. H., 1985, “Stud
Also see Errata in ACI Structural Journal, V. 103, No. 6, Shear Reinforcement for Flat Concrete Plates,” ACI JOURNAL,
Nov.-Dec. 2006, p. 909. Proceedings V. 82, No. 5, Sept.-Oct., pp. 676-683.
421.1R-12 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
A.3—Stud length
The studs are most effective when their anchors are as
close as possible to the top and bottom surfaces of the slab.
Unless otherwise protected, the minimum concrete cover of
the anchors should be as required by ACI 318. The cover of
the anchors should not exceed the minimum cover plus
one-half bar diameter of flexural reinforcement (Fig. 6.1).
The mechanical anchors should be placed in the forms above
reinforcement supports, which ensure the specified concrete
cover.
1
γ vx = 1 – ---------------------------- (B-1) Fig. B.1—Shear-critical sections outside shear-reinforced
2
1 + --- l y ⁄ l x zones and sign convention of factored internal forces trans-
3 ferred from columns to slabs.
421.1R-14 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
1
γ vx = 1 – ---------------------------- (B-3)
2
1 + --- l y ⁄ l x The coordinates of any point on the perimeter of the critical
3 section with respect to the centroidal principal axes can be
calculated by Eq. (B-12) and (B-13)
1 l
γ vy = 1 – ---------------------------------- but γvy = 0 when ---x < 0.2 (B-4)
ly x = xcosθ + ysinθ (B-12)
2 l
1 + --- ---x – 0.2
3 ly
y = –xsinθ + ycosθ (B-13)
Corner column-slab connections (Fig. B.1(c)) The x and y coordinates, determined by Eq. (B-12) and (B-13),
can now be substituted in Eq. (B-8) and (B-9) to give the
γvx = 0.4 (B-5) values of Jx and Jy.
When the maximum vu occurs at a single point on the critical
1 l section, rather than on a side, the peak value of vu does not
γ vy = 1 – ---------------------------------
- but γvy = 0 when ---x < 0.2 (B-6)
l ly govern the strength due to stress redistribution (Brown and
1+2 --- ---x – 0.2 Dilger 1994). In this case, vu may be investigated at a point
3 ly
located at a distance 0.4d from the peak point. This will give
a reduced vu value compared with the peak value; the reduction
Equations (B-7) to (B-9) give the values of Ac, Jx , and Jy should not be allowed to exceed 15%.
that determine by Eq. (4-2) the distribution of shear stress vu,
whose resultant components are exactly Vu, γvx Mux , and APPENDIX C—VALUES OF vc WITHIN
γvy Muy. Generally, the critical section perimeter can be SHEAR-REINFORCED ZONE
considered as composed of straight segments. The values of This design procedure of the shear reinforcement requires
Ac, Jx, and Jy can be determined by summation of the contri- calculation of vn = vc + vs at the critical section at d/2 from
bution of the segments the column face. The value allowed for vc is 2 f c′ (in.-lb
units) ( f c′ /6 [SI units]) when stirrups are used, and 3 f c′
Ac = d ∑l (B-7) (in.-lb units) ( f c′ /4 [SI units]) when headed shear studs are
used. The reason for the higher value of vc for slabs with
headed shear stud reinforcement is the almost slip-free
∑ --l- ( y i + y i y j + y j )
2 2 anchorage of the studs. In structural elements reinforced with
Jx = d (B-8)
3 conventional stirrups, the anchorage by hooks or 90-degree
bends is subject to slip, which can be as high as 0.04 in. (1 mm)
l 2 when the stress in the stirrup leg approaches its yield strength
∑
2
Jx = d --- ( x i + x i x j + x j ) (B-9) (Leonhardt and Walther 1965). This slip is detrimental to the
3
effectiveness of stirrups in slabs because of their relative
small depth compared with beams. The influence of the slip
where xi, yi, xj, and yj are coordinates of points i and j at the is manifold:
extremities of a typical segment whose length is l. For a
• Increase in width of the shear crack;
circular shear-critical section, Ac = 2πd (radius) and Jx = Jy
• Extension of the shear crack into the compression zone;
= πd (radius)3.
When the critical section has no axis of symmetry, such as • Reduction of the shear resistance of the compression
in Fig. 4.2(c), the centroidal principal axes can be deter- zone; and
mined by the rotation of the centroidal nonprincipal x and y • Reduction of the shear friction across the crack.
axes an angle θ, given by All of these effects reduce the shear capacity of the
concrete in slabs with stirrups. To reflect the stirrup slip in
the shear resistance equations, refinement of the shear failure
– 2J xy
tan 2θ = --------------
- (B-10) model is required. The empirical equation vn = vc + vs,
Jx – Jy adopted in almost all codes, is not the ideal approach to solve
the shear design problem. A mechanics-based model that is
The absolute value of θ is less than π/2; when the value is acceptable for codes is not presently available. There is,
positive, θ is measured in the clockwise direction. Jx and Jy however, enough experimental evidence that use of the
can be calculated by Eq. (B-8) and (B-9), substituting x and empirical equation vn = vc + vs with vc = 3 f c′ (in.-lb units)
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS 421.1R-15
Table C.1—List of references on slab-column connections tests using stud shear reinforcement
Experiment no. Reference Experiment no. Reference Experiment no. Reference
1 to 5 Andrä 1981 16 to 18 Regan 1996a 26 to 29 Elgabry and Ghali 1987
6, 7 Footnote* 19, 20 Regan 1996b 30 to 36 Mokhtar et al. 1985
8, 9 Otto-Graf-Institut 1996 21 to 24, 37 Sherif 1996 42,43 Seible et al. 1980
Intitut für Werkstoffe im
10 to 15 Bauwesen 1996 25, 38 to 41 Van der Voet et al. 1982 — —
*
“Grenzzustände der Tragfäkigheit für Durchstanzen von Platten mit Dübelleistein nach EC2 (Ultimate Limit States of Punching of Slabs with Studrails According to EC2),” Stuttgart,
Germany, 1996, 15 pp.
Table C.2—Slabs with stud shear reinforcement failing within shear-reinforced zone
Tested capacities Maximum
Square M at critical 2
column size, fc′, psi d, in. Vu , kips Mu , kip-in. section centroid, shear stress fyt , ksi Av , in.
†
Experiment in. (mm) (MPa) (mm) s/d (kN) (kN-m) kip-in. (kN-m) vu, psi (MPa) (MPa) (mm2) vtest /vcode Remarks
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
7.87 5660 6.30 214 599 64.1 1.402
20 0.75 0 0 1.00 Interior column
(200) (39.0) (160) (952) (4.13) (442) (905)
21 9.84 4100 4.49 47.4 651 491 528 55.1 0.66
0.70 1.14 Edge column
(250) (28.3) (114) (211) (73.6) (55.5) (3.64) (380) (426)
22 9.84 4030 4.49 0.70 52.8 730 552 590 55.1 0.66 1.28 Edge column
(250) (27.8) (114) (235) (82.5) (62.4) (4.07) (380) (426)
23 9.84 4080 4.49 0.70 26.0 798 708 641 55.1 0.66 1.39 Edge column
(250) (28.1) (114) (116) (90.2) (80.0) (4.42) (380) (426)
24 9.84 4470 4.49 0.70 27.2 847 755 693 55.1 0.66 1.48 Edge column
(250) (30.8) (114) (121) (95.7) (85.3) (4.78) (380) (426)
26 9.84 4890 4.49 0.75 34.0 1434 1434 570 66.7 1.570 1.02 Interior column
(250) (33.7) (114) (151) (162.0) (162.0) (3.93) (460) (1013)
9.84 5660 4.49 67.0 1257 1257 641 66.7 1.570
27 0.75 1.06 Interior column
(250) (39.0) (114) (298) (142.0) (142.0) (4.42) (460) (1013)
28 9.84 5920 4.49 0.5 and 67.0 1328 1328 665 66.7 0.880
1.08 Interior column
(250) (40.8) (114) 0.95 (298) (150.1) (150.1) (4.59) (460) (568)
29 9.84 6610 4.49 0.5 and 101 929 929 673 66.7 0.880 1.03 Interior column
(250) (45.6) (114) 0.97 (449) (105) (105) (4.64) (460) (568)
9.84 5470 4.49 117 454 40.3 1.320
30* (250) (37.7) (114) 0.75 (520) 0 0 (3.13) (278) (852) 1.02 Interior column
Mean 1.18
Coefficient of variation 0.17
*
Semi-lightweight concrete; f c′ is replaced in calculation by fct /6.7; fct is average splitting tensile strength of lightweight aggregate concrete; fct used herein = 377 psi (2.60 MPa),
determined experimentally.
†
vcode is smaller of 8 f c′ , psi (2 f c′ /3, MPa) and (3 f c′ + vs , psi) ( f c′ /4 + vs , MPa), where vs = Av fyt /(bo s).
( f c′ /4 [SI units]) gives a safe design for slabs with shear exceeds 8 f c′ (in.-lb units) (2 f c′ /3 [SI units]). Table C.3
headed stud reinforcement. This approach is adopted in the indicates that vn can be safely taken equal to 8 f c′ (in.-lb
Canadian code, CSA A23.3. units) (2 f c′ /3 [SI units]) (Section 4.3.3).
Numerous test slab-column connections reinforced with Table C.4 gives the experimental results of slabs having
headed studs are reported in the literature (Table C.1). In the stud shear reinforcement with the spacing between headed
majority of these tests, the failure is at sections outside the
studs greater or close to the upper limit given by Eq. (4-17).
shear-reinforced zone. Table C.2 lists only the tests in which
In Table C.4, vcode is the nominal shear stress calculated by
the failure occurred within the shear-reinforced zone.
ACI 318, with the provisions given in Section 4.3.3. The
Column 12 of Table C.2 gives the ratio vtest /vcode , where
vcode is the value allowed by ACI 318, with vc = 3 f c′ (in.- value vcode is calculated at d/2 from column face when
lb units) ( f c′ /4 [SI units]) (Eq. (4-16a) or (4-16b)). The failure is within the shear-reinforced zone, or at a section at
values of vtest /vcode greater than 1.0 indicate there is safety d/2 from the outermost studs when failure occurs outside the
of design with vc = 3 f c′ (in.-lb units) ( f c′ /4 [SI units]). shear-reinforced zone. The ratio vtest /vcode greater than 1.0
Table C.3 summarizes experimental data of numerous indicates that it is safe to use headed studs spaced at the
slabs in which the maximum shear stress vu obtained in test, upper limit set by Eq. (4-17) and to calculate the strength
at the critical section at d/2 from column face, reaches or with the provisions in Section 4.3.3.
421.1R-16 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
Table C.3—Tests with maximum vu at critical section of d/2 from column face exceeding 8 f c ′ psi (2 f c ′ /3
MPa) (slabs with stud shear reinforcement)
8 f c′ , psi Tested capacities M at critical Maximum shear
Column size, in. fc′, psi M, kip-in. section centroid, stress vu , psi
Experiment (mm)* (MPa) (2/ f c′ 3, MPa) V, kips (kN) (kN-m) d, in. (mm) kip-in. (kN-m) (MPa) vu /8 f c′
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)
1 11.81 sq. (300 sq.) 6020 (41.5) 621 (4.28) 476 (2120) 0 9.06 (230) 0 629 (4.24) 1.07
2 11.81 sq. (300 sq.) 5550 (38.3) 589 (4.06) 428 (1900) 0 8.86 (225) 0 585 (4.03) 1.00
3 11.81 sq. (300 sq.) 3250 (22.4) 456 (3.14) 346 (1540) 0 8.66 (220) 0 488 (3.37) 1.07
4 19.68 cr. (500 cr.) 5550 (38.3) 589 (4.06) 665 (2960) 0 10.51 (267) 0 667 (4.60) 1.13
5 14.57 sq. (370 sq.) 6620 (45.7) 651 (4.49) 790 (3510) 0 11.22 (285) 0 682 (4.70) 1.05
6 12.60 cr. (320 cr.) 5870 (40.5) 613 (4.23) 600 (2670) 0 9.33 (237) 0 934 (6.44) 1.52
7 12.60 cr. (320 cr.) 6020 (41.5) 621 (4.28) 620 (2760) 0 9.33 (237) 0 965 (6.66) 1.55
8 10.23 sq. (260 sq.) 3120 (21.5) 447 (3.08) 271 (1200) 0 8.07 (205) 0 459 (3.17) 1.03
9 10.23 sq. (260 sq.) 3270 (22.6) 457 (3.15) 343 (1530) 0 8.07 (205) 0 582 (4.01) 1.27
10 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 3310 (22.8) 460 (3.17) 142 (632) 0 5.83 (148) 0 582 (4.01) 1.26
11 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 3260 (22.5) 456 (3.14) 350 (1560) 0 9.60 (244) 0 679 (4.68) 1.48
12 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 4610 (31.8) 543 (3.74) 159 (707) 0 6.02 (153) 0 623 (4.30) 1.14
13 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 3050 (21.0) 441 (3.04) 128 (569) 0 5.91 (150) 0 516 (3.56) 1.17
14 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 3340 (23.0) 462 (3.19) 278 (1240) 0 9.72 (247) 0 530 (3.66) 1.14
15 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 3160 (21.8) 449 (3.10) 255 (1130) 0 9.76 (248) 0 482 (3.32) 1.07
16 9.25 cr. (235 cr.) 4630 (31.9) 544 (3.75) 207 (921) 0 5.94 (151) 0 728 (5.02) 1.34
17 9.25 cr. (235 cr.) 5250 (36.2) 580 (4.00) 216 (961) 0 6.14 (156) 0 725 (5.00) 1.25
18 9.25 cr. (235 cr.) 5290 (36.5) 582 (4.01) 234 (1040) 0 6.50 (165) 0 725 (5.00) 1.24
19 7.87 sq. (200 sq.) 5060 (34.9) 569 (3.92) 236 (1050) 0 6.30 (160) 0 661 (4.56) 1.16
20 7.87 sq. (200 sq.) 5660 (39.0) 601 (4.14) 214 (952) 0 6.30 (160) 0 599 (4.13) 1.00
21† 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4100 (28.3) 513 (3.54) 47.4 (211) 651 (73.6) 4.49 (114) 491 (55.5) 528 (3.64) 1.03
22† 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4030 (27.8) 508 (3.50) 52.8 (235) 730 (82.5) 4.49 (114) 552 (62.4) 590 (4.07) 1.16
23 † 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4080 (28.1) 511 (3.52) 26.9 (120) 798 (90.2) 4.49 (114) 708 (80.0) 641 (4.42) 1.25
24† 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4470 (30.8) 535 (3.69) 27.2 (121) 847 (95.7) 4.49 (114) 755 (85.3) 693 (4.78) 1.29
25 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4280 (29.5) 523 (3.61) 135 (600) 0 4.45 (113) 0 532 (3.67) 1.02
26 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4890 (33.7) 559 (3.86) 33.7 (150) 1434 (162.0) 4.49 (114) 1434 (162.0) 570 (3.93) 1.02
27 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5660 (39.0) 602 (4.15) 67.4 (300) 1257 (142.0) 4.49 (114) 1257 (142.0) 641 (4.42) 1.06
28 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5920 (40.8) 615 (4.24) 67.4 (300) 1328 (150.1) 4.49 (114) 1328 (150.1) 665 (4.59) 1.08
29 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 6610 (45.6) 651 (4.49) 101 (449) 929 (105) 4.49 (114) 924 (104) 673 (4.64) 1.03
Mean 1.17
Coefficient of variation 0.13
*
Column 2 gives side dimension of square (sq.) columns or diameter of circular (cr.) columns.
†
Edge slab-column connections. Other experiments are on interior slab-column connections.
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS 421.1R-17
Table C.4—Slabs with stud shear reinforcement having s approximately equal to or greater than 0.75d
Tested capacities M at critical
section Maximum
Exper- Column size, in. fc′,‡
†
d, in. V, M, kip-in. centroid, kip- shear stress fyt , ksi Av, in.2 (vu)outside,|| vtest /
§ **
iment (mm) psi (MPa) (mm) s/d kips (kN) (kN-m) in. (kN-m) vu, psi (MPa) (MPa) (mm2) psi (MPa) vcode
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11) (12) (13)
3 11.81 sq. (300 sq.) 3250 (22.4) 8.66 (220) 0.55 and
0.73 346 (1540) 0 0 488 (3.37) 47.9 (330) ? 214 (1.48) 1.77
12 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 4610 (31.8) 6.02 (153) 0.75 159 (707) 0 0 623 (4.30) 67.6 (466) 1.09 (703) 195 (1.34) 1.42
13 7.48 cr. (190 cr.) 3050 (21.0) 5.91 (150) 0.77 128 (569) 0 0 517 (3.66) 57.6 (397) 1.09 (703) 160 (1.10) 1.43
16 9.25 cr. (235 cr.) 4630 (31.9) 5.94 (151) 0.66 207 (921) 0 0 728 (5.02) 72.5 (500) 1.46 (942) 182 (1.26) 1.34
17 9.25 cr. (235 cr.) 5250 (36.2) 6.14 (156) 0.65 216 (961) 0 0 725 (5.00) 72.5 (500) 1.46 (942) 180 (1.24) 1.26
18 9.25 cr. (235 cr.) 5290 (36.5) 6.50 (165) 0.61 234 (1040) 0 0 725 (5.00) 42.5 (293) 1.46 (942) 181 (1.25) 1.26
19 7.87 sq. (200 sq.) 5060 (34.9) 6.30 (160) 0.75 236 (1050) 0 0 661 (4.56) 54.1 (373) 1.40 (903) 165 (1.14) 1.08
21 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4100 (28.3) 4.49 (114) 0.70 47.4 (211) 651 (73.6) 491 (55.5) 528 (3.64) 55.1 (380) 0.66 (426) — 1.07
22 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4030 (27.8) 4.49 (114) 0.70 52.8 (235) 730 (82.5) 552 (62.4) 590 (4.07) 55.1 (380) 0.66 (426) — 1.20
23 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4080 (28.1) 4.49 (114) 0.70 26.9 (120) 798 (90.2) 708 (80.0) 641 (4.42) 55.1 (380) 0.66 (426) — 1.30
24 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4470 (30.8) 4.49 (114) 0.70 27.2 (121) 847 (95.7) 755 (85.3) 693 (4.78) 55.1 (380) 0.66 (426) — 1.38
26 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4890 (33.7) 4.49 (114) 0.75 33.7 (150) 1434 (162.0) 1434 (162.0) 570 (3.93) 66.7 (460) 1.57 (1010) — 1.02
27 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5660 (39.0) 4.49 (114) 0.75 67.4 (300) 1257 (142.0) 1257 (142.0) 641 (4.42) 66.7 (460) 1.57 (1010) — 1.06
30* 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5470 (37.7) 4.49 (114) 0.75 117 (520) 0 0 454 (3.13) 40.3 (278) 1.32 (852) — 1.02
31 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 3340 (23.0) 4.49 (114) 0.75 123 (547) 0 0 476 (3.28) 40.3 (278) 1.32 (852) 136 (0.94) 1.18
32 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5950 (41.0) 4.49 (114) 0.75 131 (583) 0 0 509 (3.51) 70.9 (489) 1.32 (852) 145 (1.00) 0.94
33 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5800 (40.0) 4.49 (114) 0.75 131 (583) 0 0 509 (3.51) 40.3 (278) 1.32 (852) 145 (1.00) 0.95
34 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4210 (29.0) 4.49 (114) 0.75 122 (543) 0 0 473 (3.26) 70.9 (489) 1.32 (852) 166 (1.14) 1.28
0.75 and
35 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5080 (35.0) 4.49 (114)
1.50 129 (574) 0 0 500 (3.45) 40.3 (278) 1.32 (852) 143 (0.99) 1.00
36 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4350 (30.0) 4.49 (114) 0.75 114 (507) 0 0 444 (3.06) 70.9 (489) 1.32 (852) 178 (1.23) 1.35
38 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4790 (33.0) 4.49 (114) 0.70 48 (214) 637 (72.0) 476 (53.8) 522 (3.60) 55.1 (380) 0.66 (426) — 1.03
39 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4210 (29.0) 4.45 (113) 0.88 113 (503) 0 0 444 (3.06) 47.1 (325) 0.46 (297) — 1.52
40 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 4240 (29.2) 4.45 (113) 1.00 125 (556) 0 0 492 (3.39) 52.3 (361) 1.74 (1120) 253 (1.74) 1.94
41 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5300 (36.6) 4.45 (113) 0.88 133 (592) 0 0 523 (3.61) 49.2 (339) 0.99 (639) 221 (1.52) 1.52
42 9.84 sq. (250 sq.) 5380 (37.1) 4.45 (113) 0.88 133 (592) 0 0 523 (3.61) 49.2 (339) 1.48 (955) 273 (1.88) 1.86
43 12.0 sq. (305 sq.) 4880 (33.7) 4.76 (121) 1.00 134 (596) 0 0 419 (2.89) 73.0 (503) 1.54 (994) 270 (1.86) 1.93
Mean 1.31
Coefficient of variation 0.23
*
Slab 30 is semi-lightweight concrete. f c′ replaced in calculations by fct/6.7; fct is average splitting tensile strength of lightweight-aggregate concrete; fct used herein = 377 psi (2.60 MPa),
determined experimentally.
†Column 2 gives side dimension of square (sq.) columns, or diameter of circular (cr.) columns.
‡For cube strengths, concrete cylinder strength in Column 3 calculated using f ′ = 0.83f ′ .
c cube
§Column 9 is maximum shear stress at failure in critical section at d/2 from column face.
||(v )
u outside in Column 12 is maximum shear stress at failure in critical section at d/2 outside outermost studs; (vu)outside not given for slabs that failed within stud zone.
**v
code is value allowed by ACI 318 in Section 4.3.3. vcode calculated at d/2 from column face when failure is within stud zone and at section at d/2 from outermost studs when failure
is outside shear-reinforced zone.
APPENDIX D—DESIGN EXAMPLES Vu = 110 kips (489 kN) and Muy = 600 kip-in. (67.8 kN-m).
The design procedure, presented in Chapter 4, is illustrated The five steps of design outlined in Section 4.4 are followed:
by numerical examples for connections of nonprestressed Step 1—The effective depth of slab
slabs with interior, edge, and corner columns. Section D.4 is
a design example of shear reinforcement for a connection of d = 7 – 0.75 – (5/8) = 5.62 in. (143 mm)
an interior column with a prestressed slab.
Properties of a critical section at d/2 from column face
D.1—Interior column-slab connection shown in Fig. 4.1(a): bo = 86.5 in. (2197 mm); Ac = 486 in.2
The design of headed studs, conforming to ASTM A1044/ (314 × 103 mm2); Jy = 28.0 × 103 in.4 (11.7 × 109 mm4); lx1
A1044M, is required at an interior column (Fig. D.1) based = 17.62 in. (448 mm); and ly1 = 25.62 in. (651 mm).
on the following data: column size cx by cy = 12 × 20 in.2
The fraction of moment transferred by shear (Eq. (4-3))
(305 × 508 mm2); slab thickness h = 7 in. (178 mm);
concrete cover = 0.75 in. (19 mm); fc′ = 4000 psi (27.6 MPa);
1
yield strength of studs fyt = 51 ksi (350 MPa); and flexural γ vy = 1 – ------------------------------ = 0.36
reinforcement nominal diameter = 5/8 in. (16 mm). The 1 + --- 17.62
2 -------------
factored forces transferred from the column to the slab are: 3 25.62
421.1R-18 ACI COMMITTEE REPORT
v
vs ≥ ----u – vc = 392 – 190 = 202 psi (1.39 MPa)
φ
A vs bo 202 ( 86.5 )
-----v ≥ ---------
- = ------------------------ = 0.34 in. (8.7 mm)
s f yt 51,000
Step 3
so ≤ 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm); s ≤ 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm)
vu 294- = 392 psi = 6.2 f ′ ls – 1/2 the diameter of flexural reinforcement bars (5/8 in.)
---- = --------- c (2.70 MPa = 0.52 f c′ )
φ 0.75 = 5-3/16 in. (132 mm)
The nominal shear stress that can be resisted without shear With 10 studs per peripheral line, choose the spacing
reinforcement at the critical section considered (Eq. (4-7) to between peripheral lines, s = 2.75 in. (70 mm), and the
(4-9)) spacing between column face and first peripheral line, so =
2.25 in. (57 mm) (Fig. D.1)
v n = ⎛ 2 + ---------
4 -⎞ f ′ = 4.4 f ′
⎝ c (or 0.37 f c′ )
1.67⎠ c A 10 ( 0.11 )
-----v = --------------------- = 0.40 in. (10.1 mm)
s 2.75
40 ( 5.62 )
v n = ⎛ --------------------- + 2⎞ f c′ = 4.6 f c′ (or 0.38 f c′ )
⎝ 86.5 ⎠ This value is greater than 0.34 in. (8.7 mm), indicating that
the choice of studs and their spacing are adequate.
Step 4—For a first trial, assume a critical section at 4.5d
vn = 4 f c′ (or f c′ /3) from column face (Fig. 4.1(b)):
α = 4.5; αd = 4.5(5.62) = 25.3 in. (643 mm);
Use the smallest value: vn = 4 f c′ = 253 psi ( f c′ /3 = lx2 = 62.6 in. (1590 mm); ly2 = 70.6 in. (1793 mm); γvy = 0.39
1.74 MPa). (Eq. (B-2));
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS 421.1R-19
3 3
110 × 10 0.39 ( 600 × 10 )31.3
v u = ----------------------- + -------------------------------------------------
3
- = 107 psi (0.74 MPa)
1179 547.3 × 10
vu 107
---- = ---------- = 142 psi (0.98 MPa)
φ 0.75
αd = 27 + d/2 = 27 + 5.62/2 = 29.8 in. (757 mm) For the shear-critical section at d/2 from column face,
xO = –5.17 in., and Eq. (4-5) gives
29.8 29.8
α = ---------- = ---------- = 5.3
d 5.62 Muy = 1720 + 36(–5.17) = 1530 kip-in. (173 kN-m); Mux = 0
vu/φ = 125 psi (0.86 MPa) Case II—Wind load in positive x-direction
Case I: Vu = 36 kips (160 kN); Muy = 1720 + 36(–18.6) Muy = –338 + 6(–7.11) = –381 kip-in.;
= 1050 kip-in. (118 kN-m) Mux = 238 + 6(–7.11) = 195 kip-in.
Case II: Vu = 10 kips (44 kN); Muy = –900 + 10(–18.6) Muy = –132 kip-in. (–15 kN-m);
= –1090 kip-in. (–123 kN-m) Mux = 407 kip-in. (46 kN-m)
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS 421.1R-21
Case II—Wind load in negative x-direction Table D.2—Shear stresses* (psi) due to factored
loads; corner column-slab connection (Fig. D.3)
Vu = 22 kips (97 kN); MuOy = 953 kip-in. (108 kN-m); Shear-critical section Case I Case II
MuOx = 377 kip-in. (43 kN-m) (vu)A (vu)B (vu)A (vu)B
At d/2 from column face
192 –28 –312 364
Muy = 953 + 22(–7.11) = 797 kip-in.; At d/2 from outermost peripheral line (vu)C (vu)D (vu)C (vu)D
of studs 89 19 –46 65
Mux = 377 + 22(–7.11) = 221 kip-in.
*
vu represents stress exerted by column on slab, with positive sign indicating upward
stress.
Muy = 720 kip-in. (81 kN-m); Note: 1 MPa = 145 psi.
Mux = –407 kip-in. (–46 kN-m)
Step 3
The five steps of design, outlined in Section 4.4, are followed.
Step 1—Properties of the shear-critical section in Fig. D.3(a) so ≤ 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm); s ≤ 0.5d = 2.8 in. (71 mm)
are: bo = 45.63 in. (1159 mm); Ac = 257 in.2 (166 × 103 mm2);
Jx = 22.26 × 103 in.4 (9.27 × 109 mm4) and Jy = 5.57 × 103 in.4 Using 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) diameter studs, arranged as shown
(2.32 × 109 mm4). The projections of the critical section on in Fig. D.3(b), with so = 2.25 in. (57 mm) and s = 2.5 in.
the x and y axes are: lx1 = 16.13 in. (410 mm); and ly1 = (64 mm) gives: (Av /s) = 6(0.11)/2.5 = 0.26 in. (6.7 mm). This
32.26 in. (820 mm). The fractions of unbalanced moments value is the same as that calculated in Step 2, indicating that
transferred by shear are (Eq. (B-5) and (B-6)) the choice of studs and their spacing are adequate.
Step 4—Try seven peripheral lines of studs; the properties
1
γ vy = 1 – ----------------------------------------------------------- = 0.267 ; γvx = 0.4 of the shear-critical section at d/2 from the outermost peripheral
1 + ( 2/3 ) ( l x1 /l y1 ) – 0.2 line of studs (Fig. D.3(b)) are:
xO = yO = –17.37 in. (–441 mm); θ = 45 degrees;
The factored shear stress at Point A (–8.07, 16.13 in.) in bo = 69 in. (1754 mm); Ac = 388 in.2 (251 × 103 mm2);
Case I is (Eq. (4-2)) Jx = 116.9 × 103 in.4 (48.64 × 109 mm4); Jy = 9.60 × 103 in.4
(4.00 × 109 mm4);
lx2 = 15.0 in. (380 mm); ly2 = 56.7 in. (1439 mm); γvx = 0.40
3 3 3
6 × 10 0.4 ( 407 × 10 )16.13 0.267 ( – 132 × 10 ) ( – 8.07 )
( v u ) A = ----------------- + -------------------------------------------------
- + ---------------------------------------------------------------
-
(Eq. (B-5)); γvy = 0.14 (Eq. (B-6)).
3 3
257 22.26 × 10 5.57 × 10
The factored shearing force and unbalanced moment about
= 192 psi (1.33 MPa)
the centroidal principal axes of the shear-critical section
outside the shear-reinforced zone (Eq. (4-5) and (4-6)), are:
Similar calculations give the values of vu at Points A and B
Case I:
(8.07, 0 in.) for Cases I and II, which are listed in Table D.2.
The maximum shear stress, in absolute value, occurs at
Point B (Case II) and |(vu/φ)B| = 364/0.75 = 485 psi = Vu = 6 kips (27 kN); Mux = 407 kip-in. (46 kN-m);
7.7 f c′ (3.35 MPa = 0.64 f c′ ). The nominal shear stress Muy = –218 kip-in. (–25 kN-m)
that can be resisted without shear reinforcement at the shear-
critical section, vn = 4 f c′ = 253 psi ( f c′ /3 = 1.74 MPa) Case II:
(Eq. (4-7) to (4-9)).
Step 2—Because the value (vu /φ) exceeds vn, shear Vu = 22 kips (97 kN); Mux = –407 kip-in. (–46 kN-m);
reinforcement is required; the same quantity is less than the Muy = 402 kip-in. (45 kN-m)
upper limit, vn = 8 f c′ (in.-lb units) (2 f c′ /3 [SI units]),
indicating that the slab thickness is adequate. Use of Eq. (4-2) gives the values of vu at Points C (–10.38,
The shear stress resisted by concrete in the presence of 28.33 in.) and D (4.59, 13.36 in.) for Cases I and II, listed in
headed studs at the shear-critical section at d/2 from the Table D.2.
column face is The maximum shear stress, in absolute value, occurs at
Point C (Case I) and |(vu /φ)C| = 89/0.75 = 119 psi = 1.88 f c′
vc = 3 f c′ = 190 psi ( f c′ /4 = 1.31 MPa) (0.82 MPa = 0.16 f c′ ). The nominal shear stress outside the
shear-reinforced zone, vn = 2 f c′ = 126 psi (0.17 f c′ =
Use of Eq. (4-1), (4-11) and (4-13) gives 0.87 MPa).
Step 5—The value of (vu /φ) is less than vn, indicating that
v the extent of the shear-reinforced zone, as shown in Fig. D.3(b),
vs ≥ ----u – vc = 485 – 190 = 295 psi (2.03 MPa)
φ is sufficient.
3 3
110 × 10 - 0.40 ( 500 × 10 )10.88 = 281 psi (1.94 MPa)
v u = ---------------------- + ----------------------------------------------------
3
-
500 39.4 × 10
Fig. D.4—Example connection of interior column-prestressed
slab. (Note: 1 in. = 25.4 mm.)
vu 281
---- = ---------- = 375 psi = 5.9 f c′ (2.59 MPa = 0.49 f c′ )
φ 0.75
unbalanced moment Muy = 550 kip-in. (62 kN-m) to a post-
tensioned flat plate of thickness, h = 7 in. (178 mm). The slab
has equal spans 280 x 280 in.2 (7.1 x 7.1 m2). The column The three conditions, warranting the use of Eq. (5-1a) or
size is 16 x 16 in.2 (406 x 406 mm2). The values of ct, fc′ , fyt , (5-1b), are satisfied at the considered connection. Two tendons
and D, in Section D.1 apply herein. Tendon profiles are from each direction intercept the critical section at d/2 from
commonly composed of parabolic segments, for which the the column; the sum of the vertical components of these
average effective prestress fpc, required to balance a fraction tendons at the location of the shear-critical section, Vp = 6 kips
κ of the self-weight, (hγconc) per unit area, plus the superim- (26 kN). It is uncertain that the actual cable profiles, in the x
posed dead load of intensity wsd can be calculated as (Gayed and y directions, will have slopes matching those used in
and Ghali 2006) (Fig. D.4(a)) calculating Vp (≈ 0.02); thus, for safety, assume that Vp = 0.
Substituting the values of fpc and Vp in Eq. (5-1a) gives
2
κ ( 1 – 2α ) ( γ conc h + w sd )L
f pc = ----------------------------------------------------------------
- (D-1) vn = 3.5 4000 + 0.3(194) + 0 = 280 psi (1.93 MPa)
8hh c
where L is the panel length, and geometrical parameters: α Step 2—The quantity (vu /φ) is greater than vn, indicating
and hc are defined in Fig. D.4(a). Choose the values: κ = that shear reinforcement is required; the same quantity is less
0.85; α = 0.1; γconc = 153 lb/ft3 (24 kN/m3); wsd = 27 lb/ft2 than the upper limit vn = 8 f c′ (in-lb units) (2 f c′ /3 [SI
(1.3 kPa); L = 280 in. (7.1 m); h = 7 in.; and hc = 3.8 in. units]), which means that the slab thickness is adequate.
Equation (D-1) gives fpc = 202 psi (1.39 MPa). This level of The shear stress resisted by concrete in the presence of
prestressing is closely acquired by ten 0.6 in. seven-wire headed studs at the critical section at d/2 from column face
post-tensioned nonbonded strands per panel. The cross-
sectional area per strand = 0.217 in.2 (140 mm2); the average vc = 3 f c′ = 190 psi ( f c′ /4 = 1.31 MPa)
value of the effective compressive stress provided by ten
tendons in each of two directions is Use of Eq. (4-1), (4-11), and (4-13) gives
3
10 ( 38 × 10 ) v
f pc = ------------------------------- = 194 psi (1.34 MPa) vs ≥ ----u – vc = 375 – 190 = 185 psi (1.28 MPa)
280 ( 7 ) φ
SHEAR REINFORCEMENT FOR SLABS 421.1R-23
A vs bo 185 ( 87 ) This value is greater than 0.32 in., indicating that the
-----v ≥ ---------
- = -------------------- = 0.32 in. (8.0 mm) choice of studs and their spacing are adequate.
s f yt 51,000
Step 4—Try seven peripheral lines of studs. Properties of
critical section at d/2 from the outermost peripheral line of
Step 3—(vu /φ) < 6 f c′ (psi); thus, stirrups or headed studs studs (Fig. D.4(b)) are:
can be used. For ease of installation of the prestressing lx2 = ly2 = 75.5 in.; γvy = 0.4 (Eq. (B-2)); bo = 235 in.; Ac
tendons, use studs with s ≤ 0.75d. Because the column width = 1351 in.2; and Jy = 848.2 × 103 in.4.
is large with respect to d, eight studs per peripheral line will The maximum shear stress in the critical section occurs at:
not satisfy the requirement g ≤ 2d (Fig. 1.2); choose 12 studs x = 75.5/2 = 37.8 in. (959 mm); Eq. (4-2) gives
per peripheral line.
3 3
110 × 10 0.40 ( 550 × 10 )37.8
v u = ----------------------
- + -------------------------------------------------
- = 91 psi (0.63 MPa)
so ≤ 0.5d = 2-7/8 in. (73 mm); s ≤ 0.75d = 4-5/8 in. (117 mm) 1351 848.2 × 10
3
With twelve 3/8 in. studs per peripheral line and spacing s
vn = 2 f c′ = 126 psi (0.17 f c′ = 0.87 MPa)
= 4 in. (102 mm),
Step 5—The value of (vu /φ) = 91/0.75 = 121 < 126 psi,
A 12 ( 0.11 ) indicating that the extent of the shear-reinforced zone, as
-----v = --------------------- = 0.33 in. (8.4 mm)
s 4 shown in Fig. D.4(b), is adequate.
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American Concrete Institute
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