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Waffle slabs are a reinforced concrete footing and slab system constructed on ground.
They consist of a perimeter footing (edge beam) and a series of narrow internal beams (strip
footings) at one metre nominal centres running each way. The whole footing and slab system
is constructed on top of the ground.
Edge formwork makes the sides of the slab and polystyrene ‘pods’ create the formed voids
between the strip footings. When viewed from underneath, the system of internal strip
footings looks like a waffle – hence the name.
Upon completion of the waffle slab house, the ground around the slab is built up by the
builder to reduce the height of the slab above the surrounding ground.
Waffle slabs achieve their strength by varying their height above ground. The higher the slab
above ground – the deeper the beams. The deeper the beams – the more stiffness the system
has.
o In-situ
o Precast
o Pre-fabricated
In-situ waffle slabs are constructed by pouring concrete in the site or field with proper
arrangements. In case of precast waffle slab, slab panels are casted somewhere and they are
joined together with proper reinforcement and concrete is filled.
The third case, pre-fabricated waffle slab is costliest than the other two methods. In this case,
reinforcement is provided in the slab panels while casting with some tension. Hence, they do
not need internal reinforcement in the site.
To construct a waffle slab in-situ conditions, formwork should be necessary to support the
slab. But some special tools are required for the form work in case of waffle slab.
o Waffle pods
o Horizontal supports
o Vertical supports
o Wall connectors
o Cube junctions
o Hole plates
o Clits
o Steel bars
Horizontal support and vertical supports are arranged first and they are fixed in position by
the connectors. At the edges wall connectors are used to provide connection between wall
and slab. The horizontal beam supports are connected by small beam connectors which form
square like shape in which pods are going to be placed.
The pods are generally made of plastic and they are available in different sizes and different
shapes. Size selection of pod depend upon the requirement and span length. For longer span
large number of pods are required. Same size should be used for one complete slab.
Waffle slabs are not recommended on highly reactive clay sites (Class H1 and H2) because
the requirements for good drainage are almost impossible to achieve.
There is no ‘deemed to comply’ design for waffle slabs for extremely reactive sites (Class E
sites). In fact there is no deemed to comply raft footing design for Class E sites either – the
footing and slab system for a Class E site must be designed by a relevantly qualified
engineer.
Are Waffle Slabs a Great Idea?
Are waffle slabs a great idea? A definite maybe. These are the sites where waffle slabs won’t
work so well:
Soft ground conditions. Extra bored piers or screw piers are required so that the system is
supported on strong ground.
Sloping sites. Waffle slabs are built on flat sites. On sloping blocks, the ground has to be
made level first by digging some of it out or filling some of it in. Problems arise when
some of the dirt dug out is used as uncontrolled fill on the low side of the block. All
houses, even waffle slabs, need firm, even support to all parts of the slab.
Highly reactive and extremely reactive clay sites. These sites need stiff footing systems to
span over the swelling and shrinking soils. Concrete beams get stronger and stiffer when
the depth of the concrete beams increases but waffle pod void formers tend to max out at
375mm deep (so providing 475mm deep beams and ribs with a 100mm slab). Some
designers try to achieve extra slab stiffness by adding more steel reinforcement. This
works but the design process becomes more complicated.
Cyclonic areas and high wind areas. High winds generate a lot of pressure on roofs which
result in some very concentrated forces in modern trussed roofs. On a regular sized 200m2
house, some truss uplift forces are as high as 5 tonnes. In a waffle slab, these forces need
to be resisted only by the weight of the footing system because there is no skin friction
with the ground. 5 tonnes of concrete is about 2 cubic metres of concrete. That’s a lot
more concrete than is available to resist forces at the truss reaction point. The
consequence? High wind forces will lift enough of the waffle slab to resist the force but
this comes with deflection of the slab. In a cyclone – be prepared for your slab to lift and
your walls to crack.
https://www.cornellengineers.com.au/beware-waffle-slabs/
https://theconstructor.org/structural-engg/waffle-slab-construction-procedure-characteristics-
advantages/20546/