Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
PERFORMANCE
AHANEKU, M. A.
Lecturer in the Department of Electronic Engineering, UNN
ABSTRACT
This paper presents the outcome of the investigative study carried out on
threshold effect in FM systems. The study gave a proper insight on how the
threshold effect affects the performance of FM systems by giving detailed report
on the occurrence. Performance evaluation shows that the threshold is the
existence of large noise in the output of the system, which makes signal detection
impossible. The effect, as was discovered through analysis, is more serious at very
high frequencies as can be seen from the deviational effect noticed on the graph
which depicts the presence of noise in the system and it is in-fact a confirmation
that noise at that level is frequency dependent.
Pre- emphasis and de – emphasis networks were discussed to show how the effect
could be controlled in FM systems.
5
6 M.A. Ahaneku
x(t) y(t)
KR VC (t) () ni (t) BPF Detector LPF Yo(t)
(S/N) R (S/N) D
dt K R AC 2G42 (2 ) 2
W 3 (15)
K R2 AC2 3
And setting (t ) = 0, we get
Therefore
G4 d
Y (t ) 2 G4 K f Vm (t ) [ns (t )] (9) 3K R2 AC2 Svm (2 K f G4 )2
K R AC dt (S / N )D (16)
2G42 (2 )2W 3
or Y (t ) 2 G4 K f Vm (t ) ni (t ) (10) where (S/ N)D is the signal-to noise ratio at
The power spectral density for n1(t) is the Destination.
G2
Gni ( f ) 2 4 2 W 2Gns ( f ) (11)
K R AC
G42 B
2 2
(2 f )2 for f T (12)
K R AC 2
appropriate conversion factor. The graph threshold point depends on the carrier –to-
(S/N)/ dB; versus frequency (MHz) is given noise ratio at the input (C / N)i within the IF
in figure 3. The behaviour of the graph amplifier, reduction of noise at this point
depicts the presents of large noise as the will lower the threshold. It then implies that
frequency increases. At about 55MHz, the a reduction in the Intermediate Frequency
threshold value is 10dB as can be seen (IF) bandwidth will result in an
from the graph of Figure 3. This is the improvement of threshold level. However,
determined threshold on performance. such a reduction cannot be achieved without
proper reduction in the frequency deviation
40
at the transmitter; this follows the fact that
35
30
in a conventional FM system, the bandwidth
required depends on both the peak deviation
Signal Noise Ratio (dB)
25
20 and the highest modulation frequency, that
15 is, ΔF and fm respectively. Hence,
10 B = 2 (Δf + fm) [5].
5
0 7.1 Pre – Emphasis and De-Emphasis in
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
-5 FM Systems
-10 Earlier, we noted that in FM systems, the
Frequency (Mhz)
detected noise or interference power, N,
Figure 3 Showing the graph of Signal-To- increases with frequency according to the
Noise Ratio against Frequency. relation N F2 and this is clearly shown in
Fig 3. The result is that signal component at
7. LIMITING THE EFFECT OF FM the higher frequencies suffer the most
THRESHOLD degradation. The overall system
In the section just discussed, we were able performance may be improved by using a
to show that conventional FM reception is pre-emphasis network to emphasize the
characterized by a threshold level, above higher frequency components of the
which the output signal-to-noise ratio (S / message signal before modulation, since
N)o increases linearly with the received noise at this point is at a minimum then a
carrier level, and below this level there is a complementary de – emphasis network is
very rapid deterioration of the (S/N)O as the used at the receiver, after demodulation, to
received carrier level falls. This threshold restore the original signal. AM and PM
level therefore determines the maximum systems have nothing to gain from this
operation range of the FM communication scheme since the noise or interference in
system[5].The determined threshold value such a system is independent of frequency
or level is 10 dB at about 55 MHz. [3]. Hence, threshold effect is usually not a
It follows then that any technique serious limitation for AM broadcasting and
which will lower the threshold will enhance where AM is used for digital transmission,
the system reliability, or any given Synchronous detection may be necessary to
reliability specification, will either reduce avoid threshold effects [8].
the transmitter power requirements or
extend the operation range. Since the
2. Vergers, C.A. Hand book of Electrical 6. Chaffee, J.A. The Application Systems,
Noise: Measurement and Technology, BS T J. Vol. 18 1937 pp. 403 – 437,
1979 pp. 197 – 205. July, 1939.
3. Ejimanya, J.I. Communication 7. Panter, P.F. Modulation, Noise and
Electronics, Prints Konzult, Lagos Spectral Analysis, McGraw –Hill 1965
1999, pp. 340 – 356. pp. 461 – 471.
4. Stanford, G. Frequency Analysis, 8. Bruce, A. Carlson et al,
Modulation and Noise, McGraw Hill Communication Systems, An
1948, pp. 185 –188. Introduction to Signals and Noise in
5. Ryder, J.D. Electronic Fundamentals Electrical Communication. McGraw-
and Applications London Pitmen paper Hill, 2002 pp 411-422
backs, 1970 pp. 434 – 439 .