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Contents

Preface xv

1 Women’s Studies: Perspectives and Practices 1

What Is Women’s Studies? 1
How Did Women’s Studies Come About? 1
What Were the Origins of Women’s Rights Activism in the
United States? 6
What Is the Status of Women’s Studies on College Campuses
Today? 9
What Does Women’s Studies Have to Do with Feminism? 10
What Are the Myths Associated with Feminism? 14
1 ADRIENNE RICH | Claiming an Education 23
2 BEVERLY GUY-SHEFTALL AND BONNIE THORNTON DILL | Forty Years of Women’s
Studies: Origins and Intersections 25
3 JANE O’REILLY | The Housewife’s Moment of Truth 28
4 JENNIFER BAUMGARDNER AND AMY RICHARDS | A Day Without Feminism 30
5 BELL HOOKS | Feminist Politics: Where We Stand 33
6 CV HARQUAIL | Facebook for Women vs. Facebook Designed by Feminists:
Different vs. Revolutionary 36
7 ANNA QUINDLEN | Still Needing the F Word 39
8 MARGE PIERCY | My Heroines 40
Discussion Questions for Chapter 1 41
Suggestions for Further Reading 41

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2 Systems of Privilege and Inequality 42

Difference, Hierarchy, and Systems of Privilege
and Inequality 43
Institutions 49
Ideology 54
9 PATRICIA HILL COLLINS | Toward a New Vision: Race, Class,
and Gender as Categories of Analysis and Connection 59
10 MARILYN FRYE | Oppression 67
11 AUDRE LORDE | There Is No Hierarchy of Oppression 70
12 SUZANNE PHARR | Homophobia: A Weapon of Sexism 71
13 PEGGY MCINTOSH | White Privilege and Male Privilege 75
14 CHERRÍE MORAGA | What’s Race Gotta Do with It? 82
15 FELICE YESKEL | Opening Pandora’s Box: Adding Classism to
the Agenda 86
16 ELLIE MAMBER | Don’t Laugh, It’s Serious, She Says 91
17 SUSAN WENDELL | The Social Construction of Disability 91
18 JUNE JORDAN | Report from the Bahamas 99
Discussion Questions for Chapter 2 103
Suggestions for Further Reading 103

3 Learning Gender 105

Biology and Culture 105
Masculinity 112
Femininity 116
Gender Ranking 119
19 ANNE FAUSTO-STERLING | The Five Sexes, Revisited 121
20 JUDITH LORBER | The Social Construction of Gender 126
21 CORDELIA FINE | Unraveling Hardwiring 129
22 EVELYN BLACKWOOD | Trans Identities and Contingent Masculinities:
Being Tombois in Everyday Practice 135
23 DAVID WEXLER | Shame-O-Phobia 141
24 NELLIE WONG | When I Was Growing Up 145
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25 ISIS H. SETTLES, JENNIFER S. PRATT-HYATT, AND NICOLE T. BUCHANAN | Through

the Lens of Race: Black and White Women’s Perception
of Womanhood 146
26 DEBRA ROSENBERG | (Rethinking) Gender 158
Discussion Questions for Chapter 3 162
Suggestions for Further Reading 163

4 Sex, Power, and Intimacy 164

The Social Construction of Sexuality 166
The Politics of Sexuality 171
Intimacies 175
27 JESSICA VALENTI | The Cult of Virginity 182
28 bell hooks | Romance: Sweet Love 186
29 JENNIFER BAUMGARDNER | What Is Bisexuality? 189
30 ELLEN BASS | Gate C22 195
31 LEILA RUPP | A World of Difference 196
32 PAULA GUNN ALLEN | Some Like Indians Endure 201
33 ELISA ALBERT | I’m Gonna Wash That King Right Out of My Hair 203
34 ANDREA SMITH | Dismantling Hierarchy, Queering Society 205
35 KIMBERLY SPRINGER | Queering Black Female Heterosexuality 207
Discussion Questions for Chapter 4 211
Suggestions for Further Reading 212

5 Inscribing Gender on the Body 213

Bodies, Nature, and Women 217
The “Beauty” Ideal 220
Eating Disorders 229
Resisting “Beauty” Ideals 232
36 JOAN JACOBS BRUMBERG | Breast Buds and the “Training” Bra 234
37 GLORIA STEINEM | If Men Could Menstruate 238
38 AIMEE MULLINS | Prosthetic Power 239
39 MARNI GROSSMAN | Beating Anorexia and Gaining Feminism 243
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40 LISA R. RUBIN, MAKO L. FITTS, AND ANNE E. BECKER | Body Ethics and
Aesthetics Among African American and Latina Women 243
41 ROSE WEITZ | What We Do for Love 253
42 LISA MIYA-JERVIS | Hold That Nose 263
43 COURTNEY E. MARTIN | Love Your Fat Self 265
44 JONATHAN WATTS | China’s Cosmetic Surgery Craze 269
45 SIMONE WEIL DAVIS | Designer Vaginas 270
Discussion Questions for Chapter 5 277
Suggestions for Further Reading 278

6 Health and Reproductive Rights 279

Health and Wellness 279
Reproductive Choice 290
46 MARGARET SANGER | My Fight for Birth Control 310
47 ELEANOR COONEY | The Way It Was 312
48 JOHN E. LEWIS, MARIA-JOSE MIGUEZ-BURBANO, AND ROBERT M. MALOW | HIV
Risk Behavior Among College Students in the United States 319
49 NANCY FUGATE WOODS | A Global Health Imperative 326
50 JENNIFER PARKS | Rethinking Radical Politics in the Context of Assisted
Reproductive Technology 353
51 JAEL SILLIMAN, MARLENE GERBER FRIED, LORETTA ROSS, AND ELENA R. GUTIÉRREZ |
Women of Color and Their Struggle for Reproductive Justice 340
52 SELDON MCCURRIE | Eyes on the Prize 347
Discussion Questions for Chapter 6 352
Suggestions for Further Reading 353

7 Family Systems, Family Lives 354

Definitions of Family 354
Institutional Connections 360
Power and Family Relationships 363
Mothering 369
53 EMMA GOLDMAN | Marriage and Love 372
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54 LISA MIYA-JERVIS | Who Wants to Marry a Feminist? 374

55 HEIDI BRUGGINK |
Don’t Give Up Your Day Job: Leslie Bennetts on
The Feminine Mistake 376
56 CHARLENE GOMES | Partners as Parents: Challenges Faced by
Gays Denied Marriage 380
57 JOEL PRESTON SMITH | Hardscrabble Salvation 386
58 BETH SCHWARTZAPFEL | Lullabies Behind Bars 387
59 MAYA ANGELOU | Our Grandmothers 389
Discussion Questions for Chapter 7 390
Suggestions for Further Reading 390

8 Women’s Work Inside and Outside the Home 391

Unpaid Labor in the Home 391
Paid Labor 398
60 PAT MAINARDI | The Politics of Housework 414
61 SHARLENE HESSE-BIBER AND GREGG LEE CARTER | A Brief History
of Working Women 417
62 BARBARA EHRENREICH | Maid to Order: The Politics of Other
Women’s Work 429
63 MOMO CHANG | Color Me Nontoxic 435
64 MARTHA BURK | Power Plays: Six Ways the Male Corporate Elite Keeps
Women Out 436
65 CARRIE N. BAKER | The Women’s Movement Against
Sexual Harassment 439
66 CAROL LEIGH | The Strange Relationship Between Feminism
and Sex Work 446
Discussion Questions for Chapter 8 448
Suggestions for Further Reading 449

9 Women Confronting and Creating Culture 450

Digital Technologies 451
Television 455
The Movies 459
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Contemporary Music and Music Videos 461

Print Media 464
Literature and the Arts 468
67 VIRGINIA WOOLF | Thinking About Shakespeare’s Sister 473
68 EMILY DICKINSON | The Wife 475
69 MELISSA SUE KORT | Jane Addiction 476
70 AUDRE LORDE | Poetry Is Not a Luxury 477
71 SUSAN DOUGLAS | Enlightened Sexism 479
72 AYA DE LEON | If Women Ran Hip Hop 483
73 CARLEN LAVIGNE | Death Wore Black Chiffon:
Sex and Gender in CSI 484
74 JOAN ACOCELLA AND JOHANNAH COUSINS | Singing and Dancing with Gender:
Two Essays on Reality TV 490
75 AMANDA LENHART | Sexting 493
76 ALISON PIEPMEIER | Bad Girl, Good Girl: Zines Doing Feminism 498
Discussion Questions for Chapter 9 502
Suggestions for Further Reading 502

10 Resisting Violence Against Women 503

Rape 511
Battering and Physical Abuse 516
Incest 521
Pornography 524
77 ANDREA SMITH | Beyond the Politics of Inclusion: Violence Against
Women of Color and Human Rights 525
78 MARIAH LOCKWOOD | She Said 528
79 MIMI SWARTZ | The Lost Girls 528
80 DEBRA ANNE DAVIS | Betrayed by the Angel: What Happens
When Violence Knocks and Politeness Answers? 534
81 TAKYIWAA MANUH AND ADOLF AWUKU BEKOE | Confronting Violence 537
82 DONNA ST. GEORGE | Textual Harassment 540
83 GRACE CAROLINE BRIDGES | Lisa’s Ritual, Age 10 542
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84 NILANJANA S. ROY, JEFFREY GETTLEMAN, AND NICHOLAS D. KRISTOF | Rape and

War: Three Essays on a Theme 543
Discussion Questions for Chapter 10 547
Suggestions for Further Reading 547

11 State, Law, and Social Policy 548

Government and Representation 550
Women and the Law 557
Public Policy 560
The Criminal Justice System 564
The Military 566
85 SUSAN B. ANTHONY | Constitutional Argument 570
86 GAYLYNN BURROUGHS | Too Poor to Parent 571
87 LIBBY SANDER AND DAVID MOLTZ | Title IX Update: Two Essays 574
88 ANDREA DOYLE HUGMEYER | Delinquent Girls 577
89 HELEN BENEDICT | The Plight of Women Soldiers 582
90 SHAHNAZ KHAN | From Rescue to Recognition: Rethinking the Afghan
Conflict 585
91 ALEKSANDRA DJAJIĆ-HORVÁTH | First Morning in Exile 593
Discussion Questions for Chapter 11 594
Suggestions for Further Reading 594

12 Religion and Spirituality 595

Religion as Oppressive to Women 596
Religion as Empowering to Women 600
Women and God-Language 602
Reinterpreting, Reconstructing, and Decolonizing Traditions 605
Creating New Spiritual Traditions 608
92 ELIZABETH CADY STANTON | Introduction to The Woman’s Bible 609
93 KAYLIN HAUGHT | God Says Yes to Me 610
94 KAREN MCCARTHY BROWN | Fundamentalism and the Control
of Women 610
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95 SYLVIA MARCOS | Decolonizing Religious Beliefs 614

96 AN INTERVIEW WITH SYAFA ALMIRZANAH | The Prophet’s Daughters 621
97 JUDITH PLASKOW | Standing Again at Sinai 624
98 ALICIA SUSKIN OSTRIKER | Everywoman Her Own Theology 627
99 CARYN D. RISWOLD | Feminist Questions of Christianity 628
100 MEGAN SWEAS | Catholic and Feminist: You Got a Problem
with That? 636
Discussion Questions for Chapter 12 638
Suggestions for Further Reading 639

13 Activism, Change, and Feminist Futures 640

The Promise of Feminist Education 640
Activism 641
Future Visions 647
101 LISA MARIE HOGELAND | Fear of Feminism: Why Young Women
Get the Willies 655
102 PHYLLIS ROSSER | Too Many Women in College? 658
103 MICHAEL KIMMEL | Real Men Join the Movement 662
104 NATALIE MERCHANT | Wonder 666
105 RUTH ROSEN | Epilogue: Beyond Backlash 667
106 KATHA POLLITT | Amber Waves of Blame 673
107 MOYA BAILEY AND ALEXIS PAULINE GUMBS | We Are the Ones We’ve Been
Waiting For 674
108 JENNY JOSEPH | Warning 676
Discussion Questions for Chapter 13 677
Suggestions for Further Reading 677

Credits C-0
Index I-0