MATERIAL UNIDAD I

Lectura 1: Bargh (2014). La mente inconsciente

Efecto Macbeth.

Lectura 2: Solms y Turnbull (2013). ¿Qué es el neuropsicoanálisis?

Actualmente disponemos de métodos neurocientíficos que permiten estudiar la

naturaleza dinámica de la mente e identificar la organización neuronal de su subestructura
inconsciente.

Filosofía de la mente: el psicoanálisis sería un monismo de aspecto dual (¿seguidor de

Spinoza? Sí, aunque públicamente, describe su posición en términos kantianos). Para Freud, la
mente es ontológicamente no diferente al resto de la naturaleza.

Lectura 3: Axmacher y Heinemann (2012). Toward a Neural Understanding of Emotional

Oscillation and Affect Regulation: Investigating the Dynamic Unconscious and Transference.
An Interdisciplinary Study
The dynamic unconscious is a key concept of psychoanalysis that has remained particularly
elusive in experimental investigations. Previous attempts to operationalize the dynamic unconscious have
mainly focused on processing perceptually unconscious (i.e., subliminal) stimuli. However, from a
psychodynamic viewpoint, these studies investigate preconscious processes rather than the dynamic
unconscious. The latter depends crucially on repressed conflicts—that is, unresolved conflict situations
associated with negative feelings that have not been worked through and therefore cannot be fully coped
with. In contrast, resolved conflict situations may still involve negative feelings, but these have been
accepted and integrated into the autobiographical self. Here, we investigate the dynamics of negative and
positive feelings while presenting resolved and unresolved conflicts during fMRI. In a naturalistic
experimental paradigm, we scanned participants of a psychodynamic group therapy while they were
being confronted with reports of their unresolved and resolved conflicts. These reports were read by the
subjects’ therapist (A.H.), recorded to audiotape, and then presented to the participants in an fMRI
scanner where they indicated their negative or positive feelings by button-press. This experimental setting
allowed us to evoke intense negative and positive feelings while confronting the subjects with
psychodynamically relevant autobiographical conflicts. In a group of 30 participants, we found that
negative feelings were associated with different activation patterns when unresolved (presumably
dynamically unconscious) and resolved conflicts were presented. During unresolved conflicts, negative
feelings were associated with activation of the bilateral insulae; when resolved conflicts were presented,
negative feelings activated the bilateral superior temporal gyrus. These findings show that the neural
activation patterns related to psychodynamically relevant conflicts can be studied using fMRI. Further
applications may involve longitudinal designs and patient populations with different abilities to oscillate
between negative and positive feelings.

Lectura 4: Schore (2008). Una perspectiva neuropsicoanalítica del cerrebro/mente/cuerpo en

psicoterapia. Perspectiva neuropsicoanalítica.
Lectura 5. Zellner et al., (2011): Affective neuroscientific and neuropsychoanalytic approaches
to two intractable psychiatric problems: Why depression feels so bad and what addicts really
want
The affective foundations of depression and addictions are discussed from a cross-species –
animal to human – perspective of translational psychiatric research. Depression is hypothesized to arise
from an evolutionarily conserved mechanism to terminate protracted activation of separation-distress
(PANIC/GRIEF) systems of the brain, a shutdown mechanism which may be in part mediated by down-
regulation of dopamine based reward-SEEKING resources. This shutdown of the brain’s core motivational
machinery is organized by shifts in multiple peptide systems, particularly increased dynorphin (kappa
opioids). Addictions are conceived to be primarily mediated by obsessive behaviors sustained by reward-
SEEKING circuits in the case of psychostimulant abuse, and also powerful consummatory-PLEASURE
responses in the case of opioid abuse, which in turn capture SEEKING circuits. Both forms of addiction, as
well as others, eventually deplete reward-SEEKING resources, leading to a state of dysphoria which can
only temporarily be reversed by drugs of abuse, thereby promoting a negative affect that sustains
addictive cycles. In other words, the opponent affective process – the dysphoria of diminished SEEKING
resources – that can be aroused by sustained over-arousal of separation-distress (PANIC/GRIEF) as well
as direct pharmacological over-stimulation and depletion of SEEKING resources, may be a common
denom- inator for the genesis of both depression and addiction. Envisioning the foundation of such
psychiatric problems as being in imbalances of the basic mammalian emotional systems that engender
prototype affective states may provide more robust translational research strategies, coordinated with,
rather than simply focusing on, the underlying molecular dynamics. Emotional vocalizations might be one
of the best ways to monitor the underlying affective dynamics in commonly used rodent models of
psychiatric disorders.ç

MATERIAL UNIDAD II
Lectura 1: Santacruz (2017). Respuestas fáciles a preguntas difíciles. Guía de educación sexual
integral para familias

La educación sexual es inevitable, necesaria e insustituible.

Somos seres sexuados.

Lectura 2: […] [está metida en los apuntes]

MATERIAL UNIDAD III