THE USBO^E ILLUSTRATED

ATLAS ^/WORLD

• SCHOLASTIC
 (

Digitized by the Internet Archive

in 2010

http://www.archive.org/details/usborneillustratOOmile
 THE USBORNE ILLUSTRATED
ATLAS o/WORLD
HISTORY
LISA MILES

DESIGNED BY RUTH RUSSELL

MAPS BY JANOS MARFFY AND GUY SMITH

ILLUSTRATIONS BY PHILIP ARGENT AND JOHN LAWRENCE

COVER ILLUSTRATION BY )ANOS MARFFY AND IAN JACKSON

CONSULTANTS
ANNE MILLARD, GRAHAM ROBERTS, GRAHAM TINGAY
CHRISTOPHER SMITH AND JIM MORRIS
SCHOLASTIC INC.
New York London Auckland Sydney
Toronto
Mexico City New Delhi Hong Kong
 NOTE ON DATES
Some dates used in this
book are marked either "BC"
or "AD". BC means before
the birth of Christ, which is
taken as the year 0,
AD means after his birth

When dates appear with a

"c."before them, this means
that the date is not certain,
but approximate. The "c."
stands for circa, which is
Latin for "about"
 CONTENTS
4 THE EARTH BEGINS 46 THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
6 THE FIRST PEOPLE 48 CHINA - THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
8 CIVILIZATION BEGINS 50 THE SLAVE TRADE
"

10 ANCIENT CITIES 52 THE RISE OF JAPAN

12 LANGUAGES 54 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
14 ANCIENT EGYPT 56 THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS
16 THE ANCIENT GREEKS 58 THE RIGHT TO VOTE
18 THE ROMAN EMPIRE 60 THE BIRTH OF THE USA
20 THE GREAT INVADERS 62 COLONIAL FEVER
22 WORLD RELIGIONS 64 THE EARLY 1900s
24 GREAT EMPIRES 66 WORLD WAR ONE
26 EUROPE'S NEW AGE 68 BETWEEN THE WARS
28 FEUDAL EUROPE 70 WORLD WAR TWO
30 CLASH OF EMPIRES 72 NEW NATIONS
32 THE CRUSADES 74 THE COLD WAR
34 THE MONGOLS 76 THE DEVELOPING WORLD
36 THE RENAISSANCE 78 THE 20TH CENTURY ENDS
38 EXPLORING THE WORLD 80 WORLD TIME CHART
40 THE NEW WORLD 86 GLOSSARY
42 THE REFORMATION 88 MAP INDEX
44 POWER IN EUROPE 92 INDEX

C](i(fi([i(i]Oe,
Wrat r. TAI.BOTT.
 THE EARTH BEGINS
The Milky Way. This is the
Most scientists believe that the universe
group of stars and
planets, called a
began with a huge explosion called the
galaxy, that Big Bang, which took place between
the Earth
belongs 10 and 20 billion years ago. The Big
to.
Bang produced immense clouds Planets revolve around stars.
The Earth revolves around a
of gas and dust. star called the Sun. ^.^

THE SOLAR SYSTEM

Dust and gas from the Big Bang explosion slowly
collected into balls which developed into stars and INSIDE THE EARTH
planets. A star called the Sun became the middle of our This diagram shows
Solar System, with planets revolving around it. There #how the Earth
are nine planets in our Solar System and Earth is was formed,
the third nearest the Sun. All the planets are 4,500 milhon
years ago
very different from one another. Those
nearest the Sun, such as Venus and
Mercury, are hot, heavy and made of
rock. Those farther away, such as
lupiter and Saturn, are colder, The Solar System
lighter and made of ice and gas. formed from the gas
and dust released
during the Big Bang. Inner

THE EARTH Atmosphere.

core
(solid
- Cases escaped metal).
from the Earth to Heavy
At the Earth was probably a glowing ball of
first,
form a layer around metals
molten material. It took millions of years to cool and the planet. sank to
for a rocky crust to form. Many more millions of years the middle,
Crust. to become
passed before the atmosphere and oceans formed. The outer layer the core.
solidified to form the
Earth's rocky surface.
Scientists have tried to calculate the age of the Earth
from rocks in space that have entered the Earth's When In the Earth's
atmosphere, Outer
atmosphere and the ground. These rocks, called
hit
meteorites are called Mantle. core
meteorites, have been dated at around 4,500 million meteors. They make Rock hardened (liquid
a streak as they go. around the core. metal)
years, which is thought to be the age of Earth itself.

THE OCEANS
At first there were no oceans on Earth, because the
planet was too hot. As the Earth cooled, gases
cooled into water and the seas began to form.
Volcanic eruptions poured out more gas and the seas
increased in size to become oceans.

The first living things developed gradually, or A volcano is an This early shark
evolved, in the oceans because it was too hot for opening the
In lived around 395
life
crust to the inside million years ago.
to exist on land. Over millions of years, more of the Earth. Fish were the first

complex animals and plants evolved and some Molten rock and animals that
gases explode evolved with a
emerged from the water to live on land. from it. backbone.

THE CONTINENTS
The Earth's surface is made up of large plates which
move slowly, causing the continents to drift. This idea
Kin
North
is called plate tectonics. Scientists believe that, America: ^ ., ^
around 300 million years ago, the continents were RftN^AEA
Afrif4
joined together in one big land mass. Scientists call South
this land mass Pangaea.

The continents then drifted very slowly apart to where 340

Amerii
1A
Antarctica
arttlca

million years ago.

^ /
stralia

The continents Around 100 million years ago.

they are today. The continents are still moving and in collide,forming one huge land mass, Pangaea has broken up into
called Pangaea. Condwanaland and Laurasia.
the future the world may look different again.
 J°6"- I

pleistocene ;

puocene
TIME CHART
THE AGES OF LIFE ON EARTH miloceneI
1 0-20 billion years ago
oligoceneI
The history on Earth
divided into
of Hfe is 1BiH B.jng shoots
lii_'

IdiiiK (if (lust an(d gas

periods, shown by the scale on the right^ Around
'

EOCENE into space.

600 million years ago, huge numbers of
4,500 million years ago
animals with hard skeletons formed. Tlie Solcjr System,
Since then, plants and animals have continued in> loding the Earth ant]
Woolly mammoths lived CRETACEOUS III'' Moon, forms around
evolving, as new species have during the Ice Ages of 1 h(.' Sun
formed and then died out. the Pleistocene period.
2,000 million years ago
Humans evolved around Eohippus, possibly Tiny,simple creatures in
2 million years ago. an early horse, lived the oceans become the
in the Eocene period
first living things

570 million years ago

ANCIEfsrr EARTH Stegosaurus. one of the The number of differenl
last dinosaurs, lived types of plants and
This globe shows during the .animals on Earth
Cretaceous undergoes a massive
Pangaea, the
period. increase.
supercontinent. •

340 million 500 million years ago

years ago The first fish appear in
the ficeans

4 1 million years ago

The first land plants
This piece of land appear
formed part of
(PA^igA'Ej^ modern day Asia. 340 million years ago
Pangaea forms to make a
supercontinent

250 million years ago

Aredaeopteryx,
The first dinosaurs appear
which may
have been the 220 million years ago
first bird,
The first mammals appear
lived in the TRIASSIC
I'LT^yS ST, I urassic period 250 50 million years ago
1

The first birds appear

The Tethys Sea 135 million years ago

separated what later Pangaea splits into twc
became modern day
Asia and the Middle 65 million years ago
East. Dinosaurs die out
suddenly The age of
mammals begins

50 million years ago

290 The continents have
moved to almost where
they are today

CARBONIFEROUS 2 million years ago

This piece of land The first people appear
formed part of
modern day
Australia. 360
FIND OUT MORE
Dinosaurs evolved in the DEVONIAN
Triassic period. At this time,
Early people
pteranodons flew in the air.

410
ce Age
Turn to the above
SILURIAN
Evergreen trees
f4 pages for
information.
more

covered the land

in the Carboniferous
period.
jellyfish lived
440 before the
u.
Cambrian
period, when
ASIA
"""XaLv^
'

' T>
,

creatures had
ASIA r^,j'
wEURpPI
IvAmmcA Trilobites lived
no skeletons.
AMERICA ' : J
in the Cambrian
''>-\.. AFRICA A.FRICA
period. They
SOUTH SOUTH
At^E^A \r AUSTRAtlA AMERICA AUSIlO^LIA
had hard
shells.
ORDOVICIAN
^'
/y4TA RCTICA AAITARCTICA
50 million years ago. By now, the 50 million years in the future. No one is
continents have moved to almost sure, but in the future the continents F-
where they are today. may move to the positions above. 500
(
CAMBRIAN
 THE FIRST PEOPLE
Most scientists think that humans are descended
from the same ancestors as apes. It is thought that
these ancestors came from Africa and that they may
Mary Leakey discovered
many early human remains.
have lived 10 million years ago. Tlie chimpanzee, a great
ape, man's near relative is

THE SOUTHERN APES THE FIRST HUMANS UPRIGHT MAN

Around 6 million years ago, the The first true human evolved Around .7 million years ago, a
1

ape-like ancestors of men and
apes began to change gradually, or
evolve away from each other. By 4
million years ago, one group had
developed into an early kind of
near-human called AustrabpUhecus.
it was around Im (3ft) tall and it
stooped on two legs. This allowed
around 2.5 million years ago, when new species called Homo erectus
a different type of creature, or (meaning "upright man")
species, developed. This one had a developed. It made large shelters
bigger brain and was able to make from twigs and branches and knew
simple objects from stone, pieces how to use fire, though not how to
of antler, bone, leather and wood. create it. For food, it hunted in
Itis known as Uomo hab'dis. which groups, so it could probably
means "handy man". The time in communicate, though it is unlikely

it to carry things with its hands. Its which he lived marks the start of that it could talk. Unlike earlier
name means "southern ape". what is called the Stone Age, species, it walked fully upright.

'
ARABIA
AFRICA ASIA

ATLANTIC
1^
INDIAN
OCEAN OCEAN
INDIAN INDONESIA
OCEAN "- ^

f AUSTRALIA

\J
• Sites where Ans(ra/opi((ipfUS • Sites where Homo tiabilis • Sites where Homo erectus
remains have been found. remains have been found. remains have been found.

^usIralopHhecus Homo habilis used tools. Homo erectus walked upright.

HOW DO WE KNOW?
We know

'/''\"€v
i^M^^
bones

'^'^^K
about the past from the
and animals
of people
which, over many thousands
of years, are preserved in
rock as fossils. We can
also study the remains of
things such as tools and
^AFRICA ^.
Olduvai
Gorge
m(MZANIA
Many of the
earliest human
fossilshave been
found in the
Olduvai Gorge In
Tanzania, shown
on the left. It was
here in the 1950s
that remains of
Mistralopithecus
were first found.
buildings, which people
leave behind them when The area around
the Olduvai Gorge
they move on or die. Art,
is hot, dry
such as carvings, grassland. In

sculptures and cave .-^ prehistoric times, it

was greener and

paintings, also tells us more fertile. As well
about how people lived.
i'^' as \iiSlriilopithccus.
Homo habilis and
Flint knives, like
Homo erectus also
lived here.
this one,date
from around
}n A 3.6 million year
old footprint of a
ago. human ancestor,
from a trail of
footprints
preserved in
This bronze This bone
volcanic ash. It was
figure of a arrowhead and
found at Laetoli,
shepherd was wooden arrow were
near Olduvai
made around made around
Gorge, by Mary
4,000 years ago 4.000 years ago.
Leakey in 1978.
NEANDERTHAL MAN MODERN MAN
By around one million years ago, a Around 200,000 years ago, Homo w r

new species of human called Homo sapiens sapiens, or fully Modern

sapiens had developed. Uomo sapiens
means "wise man". One type of
this species lived around 250,000
years ago. It is called
Neanderthal Man.
neanderthalis, or
Neanderthals used stone scrapers
to clean animal skins for clothes
and held ceremonies to bury their
dead. Neanderthal people also
looked after their disabled. This is
known from the discovery of a
man's skeleton who had lost his
arm long before he died. It is
unlikely that modern people
developed from Neanderthal Man,
Man, arrived. Scientists think that
like his ancestors, he probably
evolved in Africa. By around
Homo sapiens 30,000 years ago, he had spread
out to every continent except
Antarctica. As man's population
increased, the large mammals
that he hunted began to die out
People needed to find new kinds
of food.
When the climate became warmer,
around 10,000 years ago, people
began to grow plants and breed
animals for food. They no longer

^
A prehistoric cave painting ol a bull's head from
but the two probably existed at had to move around to find food. Lascaux in France. It dates from between 20,000
the same time. The age of farming had begun. and 8000BC.

^^ ...•.T^^r-^

^ ; ^=- ^4:-:
EURO)»ft(5
ASIA f- NORTH
AMERICA^ i»

c EUROPE
«OUTH
AMERICA AFRICA \/
AFRICAj/NDWN
f

''

OCEAN AUSTRALIA
-

'
PACIFIC
OCEAN

//]
I.
^^ AUSTRALiA* ^ /
soul
SOUTHERN OCEAN
^^
H \
AFRICA V ARABIA AMERICA

• Neanderthal remains have » Remains of early Modern Man The directions in which Modern Man spread out
mainly been found in Europe. have been found all over the world. from Africa around the world.
Neanderthal IVIan Modern Man

THE ICE AGES

In the last 3 to 4 million years, there
,-,^<c
— ^••

have been nearly 20 ice ages, when

This bone knife ,ir ASIA ,,

has animal skin

the climate has been very cold and NORTH EUROPE , )

wrapped around sheets of ice have covered much of AMERtCA

the handle to
give a good
the world. Ice melted and re-formed
grip again and again. As it did so, the SOUTH^
seas rose and fell. Environments AMERICA;
were created and destroyed, along
with many types of plants and
animals. People adapted well to Continents Extra land. Ice sheets,

changes in their surroundings and

D today D 20,000BC U 20,000BC
This map shows the land when the sea level was
that is why they survived. lower during the last ice age, and as it is now.

TIME CHART FIND OUT MORE

4 million years ago In 250,000 years ago 45,000 years ago
Africa, Auslralopithixui Neanderthal Man People arrive in Evolution <i 4
walks on two legs evolves America
2.3 million years ago 200,000 years ago 35,000 years ago Farming
Hiimii ludntis uses tools Modern M,-ui evolves Neanderthal Man
dies out
1.7 million years ago 100,000 years ago
Homo emlus starnds Modern Man reaches 0,000 years ago
upright Europe
1
See above pages
The last ice age for more
I million years ago 60,000 years ago ends and the age information
Homo S(i('ii'iis develops Man reaches Australia of farnning begins

The Standard of Ur - a
monument of the Sumerians,
the first civilization.
HOW DID CIVILIZATION START?
Civilization developed at
different times in different
places around the world. Thie
very first civilizations
appeared in the area of
Mesopotamia between the
Tigris and Euphrates rivers.
The region is known as the
Fertile Crescent, because the
land was well watered and
ideal for farming. As people
began to produce more food,
the population grew and
people no longer had to move
around in search of food.
Eventually, people learned
how to use metals, especially
bronze (a mixture of
copper), which marked the
start of the Bronze Age. They
also began to do specific jobs,
such as building or making
pots, and society became
organized under leaders such
as kings and priests. Trade
grew between different
communities and then cities
became richer and grew larger.
THE SUMERIANS
The very first civilization began
in Sumer, in or near the area
of Mesopotamia, around
3500BC. By 3I00BC, three
cities had grown up - Ur, Uruk
and Eridu. The Sumerians
were very inventive. They were
the first to use writing and
they also invented the wheel.
THE BABYLONIANS
After Sumer came many
empires in Mesopotamia.
Around 1790BC, King
Hammurabi of Babylon
conquered the area, creating
a Babylonian Empire. The
Babylonians were excellent
at many skills, including
astronomy and mathematics.
CIVILIZATION BEGINS
From 8000BC, a few small farming towns, such as Qatal
Huyiik and Jericho, began to arise in Asia Minor and
the Middle East. From around 3500BC, simple
communities began to develop into bigger and more
A Sumerian temple,
complex ones, and larger towns and cities arose. called a ziggurat.
Hijyiik thrived around
6000BC. Its flat-roofed
houses gave shelter to
around 6,000 people.
People may have
sailed up rivers and
along coasts in simple
boats.
^^-ilSP'
A^^ICJ^
tin and
>.
'*» THE ASSYRIANS
•?.
Around lOOBC, the Assyrians
1
Nineveh
created an empire in the region ,
^\ SUMER
They were a cruel, aggressive
ASSYRIA
•Damascus
% people who had many enemies,
Jerusalem Babylon
ARABIA Uruk including the Babylonians.
•.Ur
• After a 100 year struggle, the
Eridu
Assyrian Empire finally fell in RED SEA
612BC, when the Babylonians
Areas of Sumerian influence The Assyrian Empire at its
around the year 2900BC. destroyed its capital Nineveh. greatest extent in I076BC.
ANCIENT EGYPT
BABYLONIA
Civilization in Africa began in
lowefTegypt
Egypt, along the Nile River.
Memphis
Around 5000BC, two farming
Babylonli- '^
Rish
communities developed, which
gradually became organized
into the Kingdoms of the
PERSIAN UPPER EGYPT
GULF Lower and Upper Nile. In )
The Babylonian Empire
3100BC, these kingdoms were
The first Egyptian civilization,
around I792-1750BC. united by the pharaoh, Menes. around the year 3 OOBC.
1
8
 FIND OUT MORE
C.8000BC Farming begins C.5000BC In Mesopotdnii.i C.2500BC Civilization appears C.I200BC Iron istirsl uscl Cities 10
in the Fertile Crescent The copper and tin are mixed to in the Indus Valley in the Middle East,
small town of Jericho make bronze for the first time
C.I800BC Civilization appears c.l lOOBC The Assyrians China
prospers in the Middle East,
create their empire
24
C.3500BC The first in China In Thailand, iron is
C.7000BC People first civilization appears in Sumer first used to make tools,
C.IOOOBC Iron is first usee
begin to use copper in
C.3I00BC Civilization 790BC The Babylonians in the Mediterranean Egypt 14
Qatal HuyiJk in Asia Minor c. 1

They beat it into shaped appears in Egypt The Lower create their empire in C.I000-600BC Civilization .

llini[>': inH lp|^^>r Milf. iinifo

1
M'"^'"'"^p: 't'tmn f'tr-,'!:'' ' Xr-V'n^,"] See above pages
for more
r.~ information.

C AS'PIA9i ST-A
ASIA MlOiO'J{_

THE FERTILE CRESCENT

Farming first began in the
SISI^ Middle East, in the area
known as the Fertile Crescent.
The first farmers adapted wild
crops for cultivation and
MIDDLT, tamed wild animals.
I
•EAST
D
J'E11IC9{0

lericho flourished around

the year 8000BC and
was one of the first towns
It was surrounded by ZAQIiOS 0\4OZl9l1AI0iS
stone walls.

Wild goats and

sheep were tamed
to become the
first farm animals.

THE INDUS VALLEY THE AMERICAS

ASIA
The first great Indian The first civilizations in America began
civilization spread along the {{ft'-^ftarappa
from around lOOOBC. In Central America
Indus Valley, starting around people called the Olmecs and Zapotecs This gold
2550BC. Its leading cities lived in large towns. In the Andes plaque was
ohenjo Daro made by the
were Harappa and Mohenjo- Mountains, another civilization Chavin people.
Daro. These cities had high INDIAN developed around the city of
fortresses, called citadels,
inside them and large, solid
OCEAN
7 Chavin. The Chavin people
were expert workers in
The Indus Valley civilization
houses. around the year 2500BC. gold, silver and copper
SHANG CHINA "
O!"' Central
In China, civilization started .Xingtai "
^- AMERICA
around 1800BC near the . Anyang PACIFIC '\

Huang He River. The first •Huixian OCEAN

Eriitou . «Zhengxhou>,
civilized people were ruled by I^tioyang
SOUTH
Zapotecs AMERICA
a line of kings, now called the CHINA
Shang Dynasty. The people Q
were expert workers in bronze ~% D
Olmecs

Chavin I

and they traded as far away as

Shang Dynasty territory The Olmec, Zapotec and Chavin
Central Asia. around 1600BC. civilizations of America.

9
 ANCIENT CITIES
By 4000BC, there were flourishing farming
conn m unities throughout Europe and Asia. New
materials, such as gold, copper, bronze and
precious stones, were being used. People
A Sumerian workman making became prosperous and began to do specific building on the
bricks from mud and straw. The citadel mound Mohenjo-
bricks dried quickly in the sun.
jobs, such as farming or building. at
Daro. where the grain was kept.

THE CITIES GROW UR- A SUMERIAN CITY

The success of farming and the
learning of new skills meant that
communities could support
bigger population. Cities became
richer and trade grew between
different areas.
As the wealth of these big
communities grew, they became
jealous of other cities. Rivalry led
The city of Ur in Sumer was founded around the
year 4500BC. By 2500BC it was a major trading
a and manufacturing city, with a population of
20,000. There was a sacred enclosure with
temples and a royal palace.
Houses
Within the city walls were two artificial ports
CanaHi:.
joined by canals to the Euphrates River
Unpaved streets linked the city's mud brick The city of Ur in Sumer. It had
two man-made ports within the
houses, but the streets were too narrow for city walls. Trading ships used

to warfare between different wheeled vehicles. these ports.

groups. To defend themselves,

people built strong walls around
their cities and they began to
MOHENJO-DARO Granary
buildings
mark out their territory. Around 2000BC, there were at least one
hundred cities in northwest India, Most were
Warfare meant that the territory of fairly large, built with defensive walls of baked
some cities grew as they absorbed brick. One of the largest was Mohenjo-Daro. Citadel

the territory of weaker ones. In Like the others, it had a large central area,
this way, powerful cities grew into called a citadel, on a raised mound.
states, wfiich became larger and
largerThe first kingdoms had The citadel contained the religious, ceremonial
developed in this way and later and administrative buildings. It overlooked the The city of Mohenjo-Daro In
the Indus Valley in India. The
they became the first great residential area. This was divided into blocks granaries and the great bath
civilizations and empires. by streets laid out in a criss-cross pattern. house were on the citadel.

The City of the Living THEBES - CAPITAL OF EGYPT Temples

on the eastern
bank of the Thebes was the southern capital of Egypt during
Nile. City of the
the New Kingdom period from 1552-i069BC. It Dead
was divided into two parts by the Nile River The
eastern half was called the City of the Living.
This is where all the people lived and worked. Nile River

City of the
Living
r;- — uBV" On the west bank of the Nile was the City of '

Temples
the Dead. Here were the pharaohs' temples.
The city of Thebes. The City of
Nearby in the Valley of the Kings were the Living, on the east bank,
the tombs of the pharaohs and stretched for 2,500m (2.700yd)
along the front of the river.
nobles.
 E CHART FIND OUT MORE
C.4500BC Ur inSumer C.2500BC Civilization c. 700BC ZhenjJzhou. one C.I00BC-AD450 IIk il

lounded
I
Civilizations < 8
is appears in the Indus Valley of the six Shang capitals, is of Rome flourishes in
founded in China Europe
C.3500BC The first C.2000BC The city of
civilization In the world Mohenjo-Daro in the Indus C.I552-I069BC Thebes is C.AD500 The city of
Roman Empire 18 ;,

develops in Sumer Valley is abandoned

Teotihuacan flourishes
the capital of southern in

C.3100BC Civilization c.ISOOBCTheShang Dynasty Egypt during the New Mexico It was the sixth
develops in Egypt develops in China Kingdom largest city in the worM See above pages
for more
information.

ZHENGZHOU IN CHINA Jin Shui River

TRADE ROUTES
In northeast China, the Shang civilization As manufacturing grew, trade
developed from around I600BC. The people kept between distant communities
moving their capital, so that they had six in all. developed. By AD500, there were
One of these was called Zhengzhou. Inside its well established communication
city walls were palaces and religious buildings. routes throughout Europe and
^ Jiang River Asia.
The wall was made
packed earth, 7km (4 miles)
of
long and over 9m (30ft) high. Outside were the The Indus Valley and
residential areas and work areas, with specialist The city of Zhengzhou, one of Mesopotamia in the Middle East
the six Shang capitals. The
shops where people made bone, pottery and residential area was outside traded together, transporting
bronze objects. the walled city enclosure. goods by sea. Seals have been
found in the Indus
Valley from
ROME - THE LARGEST CITY Mesopotamia, and
Rome, the capital of the huge Roman Empire, which
vice versa,
was the largest city in the ancient world. It prove this. There
had a population of over one million people were also well-
between the 1st and the 4th centuries AD. defined trade
routes for bullock
Rome had over 44,000 apartment buildings, carts stretching
1,000 bath houses and ten aqueducts (bridges overland from the
to carry water). The city's boundaries were Indus Valley to
marked by city walls and a short stretch of the Rome in Italy. The Colosseum Afghanistan and
and the Forum were two of the
Tiber River Altogether they measured 7km 1 most important buildings in the Persia. A clay pot, made
city. in Sumer in
(10 miles). Mesopotamia
In South America, around 2500BC.

at the period when

TEOTIHUACAN Teotihuacan flourished, there were
In AD500, Teotihuacan Mexico was the sixthin trading posts throughout Mexico.
largest city in the world. had a population of It These trading posts link cities in
200,000 and was the capital of a Mexican Mexico to the Pacific coast.
empire which controlled central Mexico. It
covered 20 square km (8 square miles). A wide There were
avenue ran from north to south, called the temples on top Smaller
of the pyramids, pyramids
Avenue of the Dead, which was over 5km where people lining the
(3 miles) long. It was lined with over went to worship Avenue of the
The city of their gods. Dead.,
75 pyramids, which were topped with temples.
Teotihuacan in
Mexico, it was
laid out in a
In the middle of the city
grid pattern
there was a huge
ceremonial, military and The largest pyramid in
Teotihuacan is called the
administrative area. The Pyramid of the Sun.
palaces of the rulers were It was 70m (230

feet) high.
also in the same area.

The pyramid were made from

;

soil and rubble and then

covered with stone. They were
then painted red and white.
The Pyramid of the Sun
contained over ,000,000 m'
1

(35,000,000 cubic ft) of

material.
 LANGUAGES
Today, there are over 10,000 different
languages. Over the centuries, many have died
out and many more have developed. We know
about some early languages from writing, which
Sumerian writing from began 6,000 years ago. Linear writing, found
about 2800BC. detailing on the island of Crete
lists of fields and crops. about 2000BC.

LANGUAGE FAMILIES
Languages can be grouped into families. All the
languages in one particular family will have ASIA
developed from the same language in the past. For
example, French and Spanish both developed from
Latin around 500 years ago. The maps on this page
I
\y Pilipino

show the largest families and some of the languages l^Hy INDONESIA
which belong to them. In America and Australia lavanese ^^
there were originally thousands of native languages, ; /'Malagasy
AifftkALIA
/MADAGASCAR '^V^ rtMLI** '

but most have died out. In these areas English,

Spanish or Portuguese are the main languages,
taken there by European settlers. ZEALAND
The Hamito-Semitic group. Ancient The Malayo-Polynesian group. This
Egyptian belonged to this group. Experts think that language developed hundreds of covers a vast area of the Pacific.

thousands of years ago. As

^^^VFRI
AFRICA people migrated or
invaded different areas,
Mongd
their language will have
Kongo moved with them.
R\Vanda
Language changes very
Here are Swahill
quickly, so as different
four of the groups came into contact
main
languages u with each other, their The Steppes grasslands in central
Asia. Nomads from here migrated
and where
they are '\jr languages will have
evolved. For example,
west thousands of years ago. Their
language spread into Europe.
spoken.
it is known that as people from the Steppes
The Niger-Congo group. There are The Turkic-IVIongolian-Tungus
thousands of languages in this group. grasslands region migrated across Europe, their group. This has 40 or so languages.
words associated with their knowledge of horses
spread across Europe with them. ASIA

Nd(rt>i /v EOROpf, INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGES

JonAetages Asii
One major families is called the Indo-European
of the

SOUTH VafRI^ group. includes

It some Asian languages and many
AMERICA European ones. Experts think that it originated in Kannada
Spanish/ .Afrikaans/ Mesopotamia and spread out into Malayalam
Portugese English
Europe and India. When the Tamil
SRI
Huns and other nomad LANKA
A Hun horseman.
invaders came to Huns were nomads The Dravidian group. This group
The Indo-European languages were
Europe in the 5th who migrated west has over 20 languages.

^
taken far and wide by Europeans.
from Asia in the
century AD, they 4th and ;th
These are th«s- centuries AD.
three main '
brought their !?=> ASIA
languages in languages with them
thisgrpui'
from northeast Asia. Chinese
This divided the Indo-
_^ CHINA
European group into Tibetan
Ja
east and west.
Ec However, there are
still similarities

^i?
between all the
languages in
O- 1,
/"^C this group
The Uralian group. This group The Sino-Tibetan group. It
originated in Russia, on the borders ncludes Chinese - one of the
of Europe and Asia. most spoken languages.
WRITING BEGINS
The ability to write is
skills that helped early
The first
civilizations to develop.
writtensymbols were used In
Sumer between 4000 and
3000BC. They were simple
pictures of objects, called
pictograms. Writing was
first used to record the
possessions of kings,
but it was also soon
used to record
Sumerian
writing, on a
block of clay,
called a tablet.
Sumerian pictograms
were drawn with a
sharpened reed.
SUMER
As time went by,
pictograms were replaced
by symbols which stood
for objects but did not
look like them. In Sumer
these symbols were
drawn on clay. This
wedge-shaped writing
called cuneiform, after
the Latin word cuneus.
meaning wedge. It was
also used in Assyria
and Babylonia.
Wedge-shaped cuneiform
symbols from Sumer.
c.6000-5000BCIndo
Europeans spread out
from Asia Minor into
Europe
c.4000-IOOOBC[ndo-
Europeans spread out into
Asia and deeper into
Europe
C.4000BC Pictograms
first used in Sumer
are
^T^SvS^TI^^SS
one of the ^ •EZIHIOT'E
EGYPT
In Ancient Egypt,
pictograms were first
used to represent objects
and later used to stand
for sounds. Egyptian
symbols are called
hieroglyphics, which
is means "sacred carvings".
Priests controlled what
was written, and writing
was mainly used for
inscriptions on tombs
and monuments.
An Egyptian hieroglyphic symbol.
It stood for a sound.
TIME CHART
C.3200BC Writing begins m C.2000-I400BCTWO
Egypt
C.3000BC Cuneiform writing is
used in
Babylonia.
Sumer, Assyria and
C.2000BC Aipfiabetic script is
mvented in Canaan, in tfie
Middle East
C.2000BC Pictograms
in India
are used
CHINA THE ROMAN ALPHABET
In China, writing also Around 2000BC, a script
developed from simple with only 27 characters
pictograms, which were was invented in Canaan in
used for objects and the Middle East. It was an
sounds. In China today, alphabetic script, where
there are thousands of each symbol stood for a
characters, called single consonant. This
ideograms, in daily use. system was adopted by the
Ideograms are symbols Greeks, who added vowel
which stand for an idea signs. Later on, the
or a thing. Writing in Romans adapted it and it
Korea and japan also is now known as the
developed in this way. Roman alphabet.
The Chinese symbol for "tree", A Russian Cyrillic character - a
based on the shape of branches. variation of the Roman alphabet.
FIND OUT MORE
C.700BC Alphabetic script
forms of picture writing, is adapted by the Romans. 14
called Linear A and Linear
C.500BC Cuneiform writing
B. are used on tfie
Mediterranean island of begins to die out Romans
Crete
C.AD300-500 Huns and
other Asian nomads invade
C.I500BC Pictograms are
Europe Indo-European
Shang China •< 9
used in Cfiina
languages begin to divide
lOOBC Phoenicians into two groups - east and
C.I
develop an alphabet west
Sumer ^ 8;
See above
pages for more
information.
 ANCIENT EGYPT
The Ancient Egyptian civilization spanned nearly 3,000 An early Egyptian
reed boat.
years, from 3300BC to 332BC. Egyptian society was highly
organized and life was mostly based on farming
settlements around the Nile River. The Egyptians also.
built towns and cities with elaborate monuments.

THE OLD KINGDOM Site of the pyramids

Egyptian history is divided into periods,

depending on which famihes of pharaohs (kingsl ASIA MINOR
ruled Egypt. Over the centuries, times of stable
government, called Kingdoms, were followed by times
of trouble and insecurity. These troubled times are
ASIA
known as the Intermediate Periods. MEDITERRANEAN
SEA

One of the greatest periods of Egyptian history was the

Old Kingdom. This period lasted from around 2649BC Memphis
until 2 50BC. The pyramids (burial monuments of the
1

EGYPT
pharaohs) were built during this time and the empire
was run by a strong central government. Egypt was Thebes '.

ARABIA
divided into 42 areas called nomes. which were ruled by
AFRICA
powerful officials. The officials kept their positions for
ife and passed them on to their sons when they died.
This meant that they enjoyed a strong position in
Queen Nefertiti,
wife of Pharaoh Egyptian society.
Akhenaten who
reigned between
officials became more and more powerful, and
I364 and I347BC. The
eventually they challenged the authority of the
pharaohs. The government collapsed and this Egypt during the Old Kingdom, around 2200BC.
X
At this time the capital was Memphis.
breakdown led to the First Intermediate Period.

THE EMPIRE GROWS

During the First Intermediate Period, Egypt was invaded and
there were bitter disputes over who should rule it. Around
2040BC the government became stronger and the capita
was moved to Thebes. This was the start of the Middle
Kingdom, when Egypt occupied Nubia. Egypt then
grew to its greatest extent under Tuthmosis III
(C.1490-I436BC1 in the New Kingdom.

in 664BC, Egypt entered a new era of peace and

prosperity in the Late Period. Trade was successful
and foreigners were encouraged to settle in Egypt.
Then in 525BC, the pharaoh was defeated by the
Emperor of Persia. The Ancient Egyptian age finally ended
Tutenkhamun reigned when Alexander the Great of Macedon conquered Egypt. He made it A coin showing the
from I347-I337BC. His conqueror Alexander
tomb was famously successful once more and Egypt continued to be ruled by the Great,who reigned
discovered in the 1920s. Macedonian pharaohs until it fell to the Roman Empire in 30BC from 336-323BC.

la^Sea
Sea peoi
peoples
CASPIAN
W
^^^byans Jfc^^Sli
SIA SEA
"^ MINOR ASIA
CYPRUS

/
Memphis
Thebes" EGYI Babylon •Persepolis

Bedouin
NUBIA EGYirr % Persia
ARABIA
attiunk$

Libyan attacks
AFf.CA AFRICA^
f
^. EGYPT lH Empire
Persian
485"

92 BC
atta^ 525

Libyans and Bedouins Egypt and Nubia Egypt's greatest extent Egypt under Rameses II The Persian Invasion in 525BC. The Persians
invaded in the First during the Middle during Tuthmosis Ill's (l289-l224BC)was ruled Egypt until 404BC, and then again from
Intermediate Period. Kingdom. New Kingdom. weakened by invasions. 34I-332BC.

14
 C.3I00-2649BC
Tlip Archaic Period -
rjyridsties l-ll

c.2649-2l50BCTheOid
Kingdom - Dynasties lll-VI
C.2150-2040BC The First
Intermediate Period -
Dynasties Vll-X
Maat - goddess of justice and
C.2040-1640BC
truth. She represented harmony
The Middle Kingdom -
and balance in the Universe.
Dynasties XI-XIV

c.l640-l552BCThe
TEMPLES FARMING TRAVEL Second Intermediate
l^. nod -Dynasties XV-XVII
The Egyptians built huge Farming was entirely Most Egyptians lived l552-l069BCTheNew
temples as homes for their dependent on the Nile within easy reach of the Kingdom - Dynasties XVIII-
XX
many gods. Only priests River to provide water and Nile, so they used boats
and priestesses were make the land fertile. Every and ships to travel from c.l490-l436BCReignof
Tut hlTU ISIS III

allowed to go inside the spring, the Nile became place to place. The boats
i069-664BCTheThird
temples. Ordinary people swollen with rain water and ships were built from Intermediate Period -
went to the temple By luly, the river flooded, reeds and wood. Dynasties XXI-XXV

entrances to pray and bring spreading water and rich 664-332BC The Late
Period - Dynasties XXVI-
offerings for the gods. soil over the fields, which To go north, the Egyptians XXXI
helped the next year's allowed their boats to
525BC Egypt is conquered
Many gods were identified crops to grow. drift downstream toward liy Persia
with animals and are often the sea. The wind blew 332BC Egypt is conquered
shown with animal heads in had gone,
After the floods from north to south, so It; Alexander the Great
wall paintings. Each god's seeds were sown. Crops when they wanted to go 30BC Egypt becomes a

animal was kept in his or were watered through long south, they used sails to Roman province
her temple and was treated ditches, called irrigation move against the current.
with great respect by the channels, which brought Ships were steered with a
people. water from the Nile. large oar at the stern.
FIND OUT MORE
Egypt < 8

Amun was Irrigation A New

the King of channels Kingdom Persians ^ 16
the Cods in brought trading
the New water ship.
Kingdom. from the Religion 22
Nile to
the fields.
Writing ^ 13

THE PYRAMIDS
Egyptians believed in life after death and that to survive in the next
world, the body had to stay intact. To achieve this pharaohs and
rich noblemen built huge stone pyramids to house their bodies and
possessions when they died. Bodies were preserved by embalming
them (soaking them in oil) and wrapping them in cloth. These
bodies, called mummies, were then placed in decorated
coffins and entombed inside
the pyramid. The Great
Pyramid of King Cheops was pyramids were bullt from
stone and originally covered
built from over two million in white limestone.
stones.

The dead king was

Pyramids, though, buried in a tomb.
were often robbed by After burial, the
passages were
treasure-hunters. So sealed.
pharaohs in the later
New Kingdom were False tombs
buried in tombs cut might have been
secretly into the built to confuse
grave robbers.
sides of cliffs.
Tutenkhamun's tomb
was one of these.
 THE ANCIENT GREEKS
The first Greek civilizations were those of the M
and Mycenaeans. The Minoans lived in Crete
the Mycenaeans in mainland Greece. Successfu
both in warfare and trade, the early Greek
kings built rich palaces. Nearby were
farnns and craftsnnen's workshops.

THE GREEK CITY-STATES

Around lOOBC, some Greeks migrated from mainland
1

Greece to islands in the Aegean Sea and to the coast of Asia Minor.
For 300 years civilization declined and many skills were lost. The The Parthenon - the
temple on the
Greeks were no longer ruled by kings, but by small groups of nobles Acropolis in Athens,
called oligarchies, which ruled their own regions. builtaround 440BC.
It was dedicated to

the goddess Athene

From 800BC conditions improved. Coins were minted and writing was and had a huge
statue of her inside.
rediscovered. Communities became small states called city-states, which
A Greek soldier, had their own laws, armies, money and local gods, but shared the same
called a hoplite, from
the 6th century BC. language and religion. Also, colonists were sent out to found new cities.

EUROPE

ITADT
SPAIN

1 (' , Sft^rta
MEDITERRANEAN ( \
AFRICA MEDITERRANEAN SEA SEA »

By 550BC, the Greeks had colonized new cities around the edge of the The three most powerful city-states were Corinth, Sparta and Athens. A
Mediterranean. city-state consisted of the city and its surrounding countryside.

THE PERSIAN WARS

Around this time, the new power of Persia was growing in Asia.
The empire included the Greek cities of Asia Minor, called the
Ionian cities. In 498BC, Athens helped the Ionian cities in an
attempt to break free from Persia. They were soon defeated, but
the Persian Emperor Darius was determined to punish Athens. In
490BC he sent a fleet of ships to do battle. His forces landed at
Marathon, where the Athenians won a surprise victory. When
Darius died, his son Xerxes sent an even bigger fleet and a
huge army against Athens. The city was destroyed, but Persia
was beaten at Salamis in 480BC and at Plataea in 479BC. An oar-powered boat
"' called a trireme. The Greeks
The Ionian cities were then able to regain their freedom. and the Persians fought in these.

D Darius's Empire ^ EUROPE

m Original Persianlatid
Battle
. BLACK SEA
CASPIAN Sea Invasion 480BC
C GREECE SEA
ASIA
Ja|L «f ASIA Land Invasion 480BC
^^^fei-X- MINOR
" 7 PERSIAN EMPIRE
Plataea y \ Invasion 490BC

MEDITERRANEAN SEA Salamis iX>

GREECE
^-Jkrsia
AFRICA jI^ MEDITEkRANEAN SEA
The Persian Empire in '8580 at Darius's death. The Persians originally The Persian invasion routes and the major battle sites between
came from the area which is now part of modern day Iran. the Greeks and the Persians. The wars lasted from 490-449BC.

16
THE DELIAN LEAGUE Delian League

The Persians continued to threaten the Greeks, so c. 1 450BC Peak of the first
Greek civilization
Athens organized a union against them in 478BC, It was
C.I ODBC Dorian people
made up of the Ionian cities and the Aegean islands, I

from the northwest invade

known together as the Delian League. Over the years, it southern Greece and Crete,
causing many mainland
developed into an Athenian Empire. In 449BC Persia Greeks to migrate
and Athens agreed peace. 11 00-800BC The Dark Age.
when Greek culture
From 508BC a new system of government, called declined.

democracy, developed in Athens. Free male citizens C.850BC The Creeks begin
to colonize Asia Mmor and
were given a right to vote. Slaves, however, were used The Delian League, named after set up cities around the
more and more frequently in trade and farming. Delos, where its treasury was. Mediterranean coast

C.850-750BC The poet

Homer tells the traditional
ATHENS AGAINST SPARTA Allied to
Sparta
Allied to
Athens
story
Ic
about the Trojan War
IIOOBC)

Sparta was also powerful and had its own allies, known MACEDON 522-485BC Reign of the
Persian King Darius I

as the Peloponnesian League. In 43 BC, war broke out 1

THESSALY 498-449BC Persia is at war

between Athens and Sparta. Sparta was eventually the with .Athens
IONIA
victor, but only after abandoning the Ionian cities to
euboea C.460BC Democracy is
Persia. They did this in return for enough funds from established in Athens
Persia to finish the war against Athens. Athens 43 -404BC Athens
1
fights
pecoponKie;
ESE against Sparta in the
• Sparta Peloponnesian War
Sparta's attempts to be the leading city in all Greece
failed. Its arrogance and brutality quickly turned the 37l-362BCThebes
becomes the dominant
other cities against it. Athens then began to recover The two sides in the power in Greece
Peloponnesian War,
some of its former power. named after an area of 359-336BC Reign of Philip
southern Greece. ofMacedon
336BC Philip
ALEXANDER THE GREAT The Pharos lighthouse in assassinated
is

Alexandria, Alexander's
336-323BC Reign of
A new power soon arose in Greece - Macedon, an capital in Egypt.
Alexander the Great
almost barbaric state in the north of Greece. Its Round, third level. A 334BC Alexander sets out
cunning king, Philip, realized that the feuding Greek fire was lit here to to conquer his empire
guide sailors.
cities would be no match for his army. He soon 333BC Alexander defeats
Octagonal,
became the supreme power. Philip was later
second level.
Persian King Darius III.

assassinated, but his son Alexander took over. 330BC Death of King
Darius
He made sure that Greece would not rebel III

Square, 327BC .Mexander

against him by razing the city of Thebes to the reaches
first level.
India
ground. After this, no other city challenged him
The Pharos was built
323BC Alexander dies in

in the 3rd century BC, Babylon

In 334BC, Alexander set out for Persia. He during the reigns 323-28 BC Alexanders1

shattered the forces of Darius III and for the of Alexander's successors fight over
successors, it stood territory
next eleven years, he marched through Africa over 00m (300ft)
1

and Asia, founding many cities, some of which high and was one of 28 BC Three kingdoms
1

the ancient Seven emerge from Alexander's

were called Alexandria. Scientists and Wonders of the former empire - the
surveyors went with him, learning World. Kingdoms of Ptolemy.
Base .Antigonas and Seleucus
about geography, plants and
I47-I46BC Macedon and
animals. When Alexander died in Greece become Roman
Babylon in 323BC his empire was provinces

divided. Areas of it later became part

the Roman Empire.

EUROPE EUROPE ASIA FIND OUT MORE

EUROPE

MACEDONIAN
EMPIRE
^^LACKSEA CASPIAN

MACEDONIAN
A Greek
religion
MACEDON
EMPIRE
^m Roman

\. GREECE
AEGEAN
SEA
^^^£,__-S^
OREE^_ AEGEAN
SEA
.
ASIA
MINOR \
AFRICA
ARABIA
INDIAN
INDIA
I Empire

OCEAN
m: 1
J See ahov
above
for more
IVlacedon, the area in northern Philip of Macedon's Empire in 336BC The extent of Alexander the Great's information
Greece from which Philip originated. at the time of his assassination. Empire at his death in 323BC.

17
 THE ROMAN EMPIRE
In Latium, the central plain on Italy's west coast, a group
of villages grew up near an island in the Tiber River. It
was a convenient place to cross the Tiber and it was
here that Rome was built. According to legend, it was
Hannibal the Carthaginian founded In 753BC by Romulus after he killed his twin A glassvessel, from the
3rd century AD, made
used elephants In his army
against the Roman Empire. brother Remus. Romulus became Rome's first king. by Roman craftsmen.

THE REPUBLIC ROME EXPANDS

Rome was governed by kings until By 272BC, Rome controlled all of To attack Rome, a Carthaginian
510BC, when the people banished Italy. War then broke out with the general called Hannibal led an
them. It then became a republic, powerful Carthaginian Empire. army and a troop of elephants
governed by a group of citizens, The Romans pushed Carthage out from Spain across the Alps to Italy.
called the Senate. Rome was the of Sicily, Sardinia and Corsica, but There he won many battles against
dominant Latium, defended
city in Carthage managed to gain some the Roman army, but was never
by a city wall and a strong army. territory in Spain. able to attack Rome itself.

V \
.v. ~^
Z'
ITALY Rome •Rbi
Corsica
JTALY / Corsica "»7
CORSICA SPAIN
r Sardinia
Sardinia
Rome SPAIN /
LATIUM Sicily M£DIT£RRAN£AN Sicily
SEA
Carthage .Carthage
s^'^^r.
SARDINIA f-.,
-^ AFRICA Roman territory

MEDITERRANEAN SEA
'B Roman territory Carthaginian territory
'^AFRICA -»- Hannibal's route
II Carthaginian territory

By 338BC, Rome was the leading city in Latium. Roman and Carthaginian territory in 264BC, at The Roman and Carthaginian Empires at the start
It was built on seven hills and surrounded by a the outbreak of the first war between them, of the Second Punic War in 2 I8BC. Hannibal's
strong wall. called the First Punic War. route took him all the way across the Alps.

A Roman foot soldier,

called a legionary, of the s-s^ ^\-A^'^^^
1st century AD.
Built in AD 1 42

Tunic of
"Barbarian "
tribes in
wool or
linen.
central Europe raided
the empire's borders.

Pugio

Groin guard
made of
leather and
metal.

His weapons
Included a
throwing spear
(called a pilum),
a short, stabbing
sword la gladius)
and a dagger (a
pugio).

Heavy sandals
studded with nails.
 TIME CHART FIND OUT MORE
800BC LlrubLdiib lioiii 272BC l.iicMliiiii 202BC Ldrthage is AD98-I 17 iLi^.n r.

Asia Minor settle in Italy surrenders and Rome captured. emperor.

controls Italy
753BC The city of Rome 60BC The First ADI 17-138 Hadrian is

is tiiunded 24 BC Rome occupies

1 Triumvirate rules. emperor
Sicily Corsica and
510BC Kingsare Sardinia 44BC lulius Caesar is ADI 38-161 Antoninus Religion 22
banished fronn Rome by murdered on March 1 5 -
l^ius IS emperor Rome's
the people 2 1 SBC Hannibal crosses the Ides of March power is at its peak
the Alps
282BC War breaks out 31BC-ADI4Augustus, ADI93 Throne auctioned
between Rome and 206BC Rome captures the first Roman to Didius lulianus. who is See above pages I
Tarentum Spam Emperor, rules later murdered for more
information

UNREST IN ROME JULIUS CAESAR

By lOOBC, the Roman Ennpire Back home, soldiers found their In 60BC, a group of three men
included Spain, southern Gaul, farms ruined. They had to take took control. One of them was
Greece, Africa (modern Tunisia) work in Rome
their families to find lulius Caesar - a great soldier. In
and Asia Minor. The Senate, where crime and unemployment 49BC, civil war erupted and Caesar
though, found the huge empire were high. People were unhappy gained power. The Senate voted
hard to run and there was unrest and soldiers were loyal to their him ruler for life, but soon after,
at home in Italy. generals, not the Senate. he was stabbed to death by rivals.

EUROPE IRELAND BRITAIN

EUROPE
L
-^lloiw^ '
-f
7
Caesars
EUROPE
ITAUY GREEifcE SPAIN advances
SPAIN GAUL
larthage ATLANTIC
OCEAN
AFRICA
AFRICA SPAIN
The Roman Empire at the outbreak of the Third The Roman Empire in 80BC. By this time the Caesar was best l<nown for the conquest of Gaul
Punic War in I49BC. Only Carthage was left of the Romans had begun to acquire territory in Asia (modern day Francel between 58 and 50BC. He
Carthaginian Empire and Rome destroyed it. Minor. also invaded Britain in both 33 and 34BC.

1 THE EMPIRE AT ITS PEAK

THE GROWTH OF THE ROMAN EMPIRE In 3 1 BC, Caesar's heir, Octavian became the
This map shows the Roman Empire by Roman Emperor, taking the name
first
ADI4 and at its largest extent in ADI 17 It Augustus in 27BC. He set up a military
was the biggest empire the world dictatorship thatwas to last for the next 500
had ever seen. The map uses the
years. The Romans made more conquests
Roman names for its colonies.
until the empire reached its largest extent in
ADI 7, during the rule of Emperor Trajan.
1

KEY
For some time, Rome was peaceful and
I
I Roman Empire MAD wealthy, although many citizens were poor
Territory acquired
and miserable. Also, tribes in central Europe
I
'
I

'
by I I 7AD were jealous of the empire and raided its
(BLACTC borders. Rome had to raise taxes to pay for
"
Fortifications
soldiers to defend it. The mighty Roman
% Major roads Empire then fell into a long, gradual decline.

OAT'PA'DOCI^

s.
;..M'E-5 0'P0TAMIA
.ueSS^ JlllljJ
The Colosseum in Rome. This
building was used to stage
fights and games for the
ka... Roman public to watch.
 ^^THE GREAT INVADERS
mm From the 3rd century AD, nomadic tribes
central Europe began to attack the frontier
Roman Empire. The Romans called th
uncivilized invaders "barbarians".
As well as barbarian attacks, civil wa
taxation, famine and disease all
weakened the empire.

f THE
II
EMPIRE DIVIDES
To safeguard the frontiers of the SCANDINAVIA
Roman Empire from barbarian
Western Empire
invasions, Emperor Diocletian decided
.r^"' Q Eastern Empire
to make the army bigger He also BRITAIN
decided to split the empire in two to EUROPE
make it easier to rule. Diocletian ruled
the eastern half, while his fellow
This clasp for
soldier, Maximian, ruled the west. Each
GAUL
clothing was made
by barbarians ruler called an Augustus, had a deputy Constantinople ASIA MINOR
around 500AD. called a Caesar
-J > Rome \^ .^

smiN
InAD305, Diocletian abdicated. Four rival leaders
emerged, one of whom was called Constantine. He MEDITERRANEAN SEA
marched from where he was stationed in Britain to
claim a share of the empire. Constantine>
believed that dividing the empire was AFRICA
wrong. He set about becoming the sole ruler'
and uniting east and west by fighting his The division of the Roman Empire around AD293. It was
rivals. He became sole Emperor in AD323. now split into east and west.

CONSTANTINE'S REIGN THE BARBARIANS INVADE

During his fight to become the Far away in central Asia, a
sole ruler of the empire, fearless, tough tribe of nomads
Constantine is said to have seen a called the Huns began to
vision of a cross. This happened conquer new land. As they did
before the Battle of Milvian Bridge so, they drove before them
in AD3 12, which he went on to other Asian tribes. These
win. Constantine believed that the barbarian tribes spread
vision was a sign from Christ and in all directions. They
from then on he encouraged invaded China,
Christianity in the empire. Persia and India,
However, he was not baptized a causing great
Christian until shortly before damage to the
his death. civilizations
there.
While waging his wars,
Constantine used up much of
the wealth of the west. So he In AD367, the barbarians
founded a new capital in the poured across the Rhine
still rich east, at Byzantium.
and the Danube into the
He renamed the city
Roman Empire,Many set
Constantinople after up their own kingdoms as
himself. After his death
Rome's power crumbled.
though, the empire Unable to get rid of
divided again.
them, Emperor
Theodosius made
peace. He offered to make
Gothic invaders from them part of the empire, as
the 4th century AD
ong as they provided workers
and soldiers.
THE NEW KINGDOMS TIME CHAR
in AD45 the Roman general Aetius won
, Britain was now in the hands of the
1
AD200 bdrbdridiib be^in to
the last great Roman victory when he lutes,Angles and Saxons who had dttack Britain

defeated Attila the Hun at Chalons in invaded from Denmark and Germany AD293 Diocletian divides
central France. In AD455, Rome was France was occupied by the Burgundians empire into eastern dnd
western halves.
sacked by Vandal pirates and by AD476, and the Franks, who were also from
AD300 Romans begm to
the western empire was finished. The Germany. Spain had been overrun by the on coasts of
build forts
last emperor of the west was deposed Vandals, who then settled in north southern England and
northern France to keep out
and Europe was now amuch changed Africa. Spain itself was later ruled by the invaders
place. In place of the Roman Empire Visigoths.A related tribe, called the AD306-37 Reign of
were smaller kingdoms, ruled by
lots of Ostrogoths, occupied southeast Europe Emperor Constantine. who
the barbarians. and Italy. reunites the empire

AD330 Constantinople
becomes new capital of the
Roman Empire,
Route ^-
Q Settlement area
I
"X^ EUROPE AD367 Barbarians cross
Rhine and Danube

AD39I Christianity
becomes the official

M£D(T£RR/»S3lN SM religion of the Roman

Empire.
^^i^:/ EUROPE AFRICA^-^r^
AD45I General Aetius
The lutes, Angles and The Franks invaded The Vandals rode The Goths came from The eastern Goths, or defeats Attila the Hun
Saxons invaded Caul (modern day from Asia into Europe. Asia. The western Ostrogoths, invaded AD527-65 Reign of
Britainfrom Denmark France) from their They eventually Goths, or Visigoths, southeastern Europe Byzantine Emperor
and north Germany. home in Germany. settled in Africa. settled in Spain. and settled in Italy.
lustinian

AD535-55 lustinian

THE BYZANTINE EMPIRE captures North Africa, Italy

The eastern half of the Roman Empire

survived to become a new power - the A 6th century mosaic

Byzantine Empire. Like the old empire,

from the Church of
San Vitale in
FIND OUT MORE
it had a strong military system, an orderly Ravenna, Italy,
showing Emperor A Bdrbaridns 26
government and it followed Christianity. lustinian. Ih
Gradually, it gained its own identity. Greek
1 Byzantine
became language and its eastern
its official '"
Empire 30
Orthodox Church developed from the western
Roman Catholic one. The literature of Ancient Greece ;, Roman
and Rome was preserved in its libraries, and art and i Empire < 18
learning also flourished.
']

InAD527, an emperor called lustinian came to the

Byzantine throne. He then set out to conquer the old See above
pages for
western Roman
provinces. He recaptured much of the more
old territories, but his victories cost the Byzantine information.

Empire much wealth. After Justinian died in AD565, his

reconquests were lost again within a century.

_<

rvT-- EUROPE
^. KINGDOM ^•< Mosaics like
OFTHE
^ - FRANKS f^'-^
BLACK SEA
this were
made from
^•—v-' ; tinypieces of
stone of
KINGDOM r'^'
OFTHE ^J Q ^^^^^\ byzantVe EMPIRE different
shades, set in
a cement.

^
SICILY »s.^

(^ MEDITERRANEAN SEA
^ Conquests by ADS65 i
«^ A
CI Byzantine Empire AD527 '
V- Mosaics were
^° common
throughout the
AFRICA \ Roman world.

Justinian's Byzantine Empire on his succession in AD527 and at his

death in AD565. He reconquered part of the old Roman Empire.
 WORLD RELIGIONS
developed their own religions.
All civilizations
Religions helped people to explain questions
about how the world was created, birth The Greel< god
and death, good and evil and why Artemis, known
as Diana to the
Figure of an ancient goddess. This
stone carving is 25,000 years old. life is like it is. Romans.

ANCIENT GODS GREEKS AND ROMANS

Many ancient religions ASIA MINOR Most ancient religions SCANDINAVIA
,:>n.
have now died out. Some did not spread far Greek
were based upon the ^T. and Roman religion,
worship of many gods however, spread over the EUROPE
and goddesses. The '^^ Greek world and the
Sumerians had hundreds
PERSIAN
Roman Empire. Greek .ROMAN EMPIRW,
of gods, who had to be EGYPT GULF gods were associated
obeyed and given gifts or ARABIA with life and nature. The
sacrifices. The Egyptians Romans then merged
believed that over 2,000 them with their own so AFRICA
gods and goddesses thatmany have two
governed every part of The Sumerian and Egyptian names, a Greek one and The Roman Empire, around the year
Empires around 3000BC. 27BC.
human life. a Roman one.

INDIA, CHINA AND JAPAN

Hinduism, one of the world's great religions, began
in India, around 2500BC. Its followers worship The Hindu ASIA
many gods, who are all believed to be different symbol - ,*^
theword<^ y7\
forms of one great being, called "Brahman", Om, ,
<¥Q)
Hinduism's most important gods are Brahma meaning
god
\^
the Creator, Vishnu the Preserver and Siva the , INDIA
,
Destroyer
\\ ^/
^
INDIAN
OCEAN
A second world Buddhism, also
religion.
f
Buddhism is based on the Origin of \ f
began in India.
teachings of a man called Siddhartha
Hinduism \^ SRI LANKA
Hinduism originated in India, where
Gautama, or the Buddha ("the enlightened itis still the major religion today.

one"), who lived in India in the 6th century

BC. It later spread from India into China
and Southeast Asia.
*
ir
• • • •
Today, Buddhism is still strong in China CHINA
and Southeast Asia, though it has nearly
INDIA
disappeared in India. It is the only major
INDIAN
world religion which does not focus on a \ OCEAN
god or several gods, but on the teachings Origin of
of a philosopher (great thinker). In Buddhism
China, two other religions are also Spread of Buddhism <'

based on the teachings of great Buddhism began in liulid jiid spread

philosophers. These religions are into China.

Taoism and Confucianism. "^"^r:

In lapan, an ancient religion called ASIA

Shintoism dates from before the 7th
Shinto
century BC. It was based on a desire
to be at one with nature and it
demanded obedience to the
emperor, who was believed to be a
'•r ...>

KOREA
r symbo

descendant of the sun goddess. Other

Krishna is
the most
celebrated of
the Hindu gods
important ideas in the Shinto religion are the
worship of traditional lapanese heroes and
people's family ancestors.
Origin af-'^'\^/r
^ShintoisAi
f
Shintoism. which is based solely in
japan, did not spread elsewhere.

22
JUDAISM CHRISTIANITY THE BIRTH OF ISLAM
Traditionally, In the Middle East, around In Mecca in Arabia in AD570, a
ludaism the is AD30, a new religion called man called Muhammad was born.
religion of the Christianity developed. A He preached that his fellow Arabs
lews - first known group of men called the apostles should stop the worship of idols
as the Israelites, who began to spread the teachings of a (false gods) and submit to the will
established themselves lew called lesus Christ. They of God, or Allah During his
in 1274BC in Canaan n preached that Christ had risen lifetime, Muhammad claimed that
in the Middle East. from the dead he received messages from Allah,
They conquered , .,„ .. .
following his which he wrote down word for
•'
T" A candlestick, called a ,

Canaan about menorah, used in levvlsh execution by the word.

religious ceremonies. Romans. They
lOOOBCand
made homeland, with
it their proclaimed Christ Allah's words, known as the
lerusalem as their capital. The to be the Son of Ko'ran, became the guiding
north of Canaan became known as God who had died principles of a new religion -
Israel, while the south was called to save his people. Islam. By Muhammad's death in
ludah. Their message spread AD632, Islam influenced most of
quickly. Arabia. It later spread to Africa
After defeat by the Babylonians in and Asia.
586BC, the Israelites began to During the time of
spread out over Europe and the lesus Christ, the Roman Empire
founder of
Mediterranean. They continued to Christianity.
there were periods
spread out during the time of the when Christianity
Roman Empire. The Israelites was banned. This was because
became known as the lews and the Romans wanted everyone
this movement of people is called to worship the emperor as a
the Diaspora. Although they were god. The Christians refused,
away from home, the jews kept believing that they should
their religion, based on their not worship any other god
belief of their special relationship but theirs.
with the one, true God.
Christians were often killed
The lewish holy scriptures, A tile

the Torah and the Talmud,

or persecuted. Christianity, from a
are written on scrolls. though, was later tolerated and mosque in
Istanbul,
then became the official religion decorated with
^.^^.^jf^MffH of the Roman Empire in AD391 verses from the Ko'ran.

EUROPE

AFRICA
/
V^

i»
-

•
As
"^/ symbol -the
/i\^^\ Star of Davie

1 •
•
•
•
lewish

•4
, -
EUROPE

'••:•. clq
•
:

••••'
ASIA
^ -• .-.' -

ARABIA
-
ASIA

Islamic
symbol - the
crescent

INDIA
AFRICA •. % thrjstian
AFRICA
ARABIA •, *. i symbol -
•
• • '. the cross INDIA INDIAN
OCEAN
Spread of Judaism
•

<
\ \^ H Islamic areas by AD7,56
• • • • Of Christianity / ^

Over the centuries, the lewish people spread out After Christianity was established in the Middle Islam originated in Arabia and by AD750, it had
in all directions from their homeland in Canaan. East it spread mainly into Africa and Europe. spread into Asia, north Africa and Spain.

TIME CHART FIND OUT MORE

2500BC Hinduism begins 6OOBC By this time, C.0-AD30 Life of lesus AD622 Muhammad and
in India Shintoism has been Christ, founder of his followers arrive in
Christianity 24
established Christianity Medina after being forces
2000BC According to out of Mecca This date
lewish tradition. God 586BC The lewish AD39I Emperor
marks the start of the
Roman Empire -^20
speaks to Abraham, the Diaspora begins. Theodosius makes
Islamic religion
father of ludaism Christianity the official
550-480BCLifeof
Siddhartha Gautama -
religion of the Roman AD750 Islam has spread
1274BC lews settle in Empire See above pages
the Buddha throughout Arabia and
Canaan for more
AD570-632Lifeof north Africa It also
55l-479BCLifeof information.
c.604-53IBCLifeofLao- Muhammad, founder of spread into Asia and int.
Confucius - founder of
Tse, founder of Taoism. Confucianism Islam Spain

23
 GREAT EMPIRES
As Europe recovered from the fall of Rome
great empires flourished in Asia, America
-••«

and Africa. In Asia, the T'ang Dynasty was a

The Chinese explored in
this one. called junks.
golden age for Chinese culture. In America, the
Maya were building great monuments, while in
ships lil<e
Africa, great trading empires developed.

T'ANG CHINA THE MAYA IN AMERICA

In AD618, China was united under The Maya, who lived in central America,
an imperial family called the T'ang entered their greatest period around
Dynasty. The Tang era became AD250. They believed that their kings were
one of the greatest periods of gods and the kings celebrated their own
Chinese history. It was a time of importance by building cities and monuments
inventions, such as printing, for themselves. Mayan cities had splendid
porcelain, the magnetic compass, palaces for the king, open plazas, and courts
paper money and gunpowder. for playing games with balls Temples stood
on top of stepped pyramids.
Then in 907, the T'ang Dynasty fell

to invaders and a troubled period Around the year 1200, power shifted to the
followed. China was later reunited north and Mayapan and Chichen Itza became
under the Sung Dynasty, until important. Mayapan was sacked in the 5th 1

nomads the north set up the

in century and its people disappeared, but no
Ch'in Empire. China eventually fell one knows why this happened.
to the Mongols by the end of the
I 3th century. The Maya made wonderful pottery
and stonework, and invented a
form of picture writing. They THE MAYA EMPIRE
believed that people should let
map shows the great Maya
y PACIFIC
OCEAN
blood to please the gods. People
let their own blood at births,
This
Empire in central America
and its most important
funeralsand religious occasions. cities.

The Maya were once believed to

be peaceful, but historians
now think that rival
The Tang Empire in China in the 8th century. kingdoms were
From here, the Chinese set out to explore Asia
often at war.

--' The Silk Road">;^K^*7

-MIDDLE
EAST
ARABIA

^M'EXICO
Tafen
'^z-
Much of the Yucatan 100 miles
Peninsula In IMexico was
rJ^^ covered

'Bona mp a ^
in rainforest.

6
df
Cop a n
AFRICAN EMPIRES TIME CHART
During Europe's Middle Ages, fabulously rich
CHINA
empires existed in Africa, Thiere were thiree great
empires which rose and fell during this period. AD6I8-907 Tang Dynast
rules Chind
Ghana was the first, beginning around the year
7th-8th century
AD700. It was then absorbed into the larger Mali Woodblock printing
Empire, which was in turn replaced by the Songhai invented

Empire, lasting until 1600 751 Chinese defeated by

Turks at Battle of Tares,

The African Empires were rich because of 9th century Gunpowder

.ented'

their supply of gold. Arab traders bought

907-960 Cliina is
salt from the Saharan salt mines, unsettled during the
then carried it to towns in the period of the Five
nasties
southern Sahara, where they
sold it for gold and slaves. 960 Sung Dynasty rules
1
hina.
Arab traders also
C.I04I Movable type for
converted many iinting is invented
Africans to Islam. 1 125 i.irthern China
i| red from the Sung b;,
jtu
>mads, who set up Chin
Trade on the east i
i'

mpire
coast of Africa also
1279 Sung Dynasty in
flourished. Gold, southern China is
iron and ivory were conquered by the Mongol

sent from the town AMERICA

of Zimbabwe in the C.AD200-850 Classical
interior to the ports Period of Maya civilization
in southern Yucatan
of Mombassa, Kilwa
750-1250 City of Mayapan
and Mogadishu. Timbuktu, in Mali, was one of the most Impressive flourishes
cities in Africa. It had busy markets, a great palace
and several mosques. It also had a university. c.800-1 100 Growth of
Post-Classical period of
I
Maya civilization in
northern Yucatan

AFRICA AFRICA AFRICA 900-IIOOTheToltecs

Ml lurish in Central
.America
buktu
C.I 460 Mayapan is sacked
Saleh liy unknown warriors

Lake' Lake c. 1550 The Yucatan is

Chad i-iinquered by the

Spaniards

AFRICA
C.AD700-I200 Kingdom of
ATLANTIC ATLANTIC ATLANTIC Ghana m West Africa,
OCEAN OCEAN OCEAN c.800-1800 Kingdom of
Kanem Bornu in West
Africa

The fabulous Empire of Ghana in The Mali Empire, which existed from Later, the Songhai Empire took over C.I 200- 500 Mali Empire
1

West Africa. It thrived from around around 200 to 500, took over from
1 1 from the Mali Empire. It existed thrives in West Africa
ADVOOto 1200. the Empire of Ghana. from around 350 to 1600.
1

c. 1270-1450 Zimbabwe I-

the capital of the Shona

F mpire in East Africa

/ AFRICA c.1350-1600 Songhai

/ mpire thrives In West
1

KANEM ^ ARABlAy ^ Africa

BORNU

zargurn'-j
u.1.J- u
Mbgadishuy-
/'' INDIAN FIND OUT MORE
Chad oc£^^
M^mb^'sa , -Walindi ...» America 40
ATLANTIC (
Zambezi River •.
OCEAN China < 48
ATLANTIC \ AFRICA (
r ,-'.>h<(Adagascar
OCEAN y t-
Mongols 34
u^' Zimbi
The Kingdom of Kanem Bornu Saharan trade routes. Traders bought Traders took gold, iron and ivory to
developed separately. It thrived salt from the Sahara Desert mines east African ports and shipped it to See above pages
from around 800 to 1800. and exchanged it for gold and slaves. the Middle East, India and China. for more
information.

-J

25
 EUROPE'S NEW AGE
During the Roman Empire, most citizens in Europe
were Christian. Between AD400 and 500, barbarian
invaders poured into Europe. These invaders were
pagans, who did not beheve in Christ. As they The 1 0th century
German Emperor
conquered Europe, they began to wipe out Christianity. Otto I.

RETURN TO CHRISTIANITY
a,TLAND
The Christian Church had been completely
A farmhouse shaken by the barbarian invasions. By the
LfiftiT^,.' -ENGLAND
from Viking 6th century, the wave of invasions settled
settlements of the
1 0th century. dou/n. The Church reorganized itself and set
about the long, difficult and dangerous task
of converting the barbarians to Christianity.
There were three strongholds of the Church
Missionary routes around Missionaries from the Irish,
in Ireland, Rome and Constantinople. Each Europe. The three different or Celtic, Church spread
stronghold sent out men called strongholds of Christianity Christianity in England and
sent out missionaries. Scotland.
missionaries, whose task it was to preach
Christianity and convert the pagans.
The lOth century
chapel, built for
Charlemagne's By the 8th century, the barbarians had
palace in Aachen. settled down own kingdoms and
into their
gradually they became Christians
Christianity was popular once more
d the Church had succeeded in
reserving the religion in Europe,
was also responsible for keeping
The Pope in Rome sent Missionaries from the
ive the learning and skills that Christian missionaries to Church in Constantinople
had been in danger of being lost spread Christianity spread Christianity in
throughout Europe. southeast Europe.
during the barbarian invasions.

CHARLEMAGNE'S EMPIRE
One of the greatest kings in Europe in
the 8th century was called Charles the
Great, or Charlemagne, who was King
S m
of the Franks, After inheriting much of
modern day France from his father, KINGDOM Territory inherited
OFTHE by Charles
Charles set about fighting the pagans. FRANKS between 768 and
Any captives that he took were forced 771. It included
much of what is
to convert to Christianity and he built now modern day
up the largest empire since the France.

Romans The Pope gave him the title

"Emperor of the Romans".

After Charles's death, his empire was _^ -nCINGDOM

eventually divided into three - the >,n OFTHE , Territory
FRANKS conquered by
Eastern, Middle and Western Frankish Charles from 771
Kingdoms. The Middle Frankish until his death in
814. His empire
Kingdom was eaten up by the others was the biggest in
but in later years, the Eastern Frankish I— I Ch^les's conque Europe since the
Romans.
Kingdom covered what became
modern day Germany, The Western
EASTERN
Frankish Kingdom, which later FRANKISH
developed into modern day France, KINGDOM
was ruled by Charles's family until 987
when Hugh Capet became king. Charles's empire by
843. It had now
A stained glass been split into
image of three - the Eastern.
Charlemagne - Middle and
Emperor of the Western Frankish
Romans ".
Kingdoms.

26
THE VIKING THREAT TIME C^A^^J
Around 790, western The Vikings were Some Vikings decided to 481-51 I 1 King
,l(.-of

Europe began to face a adventurous seafarers. stay in the areas they Clovis, who established
Prankish rule in France.
new pagan enemy - the They sailed across oceans raided and fought to
597 St Augustine, sent
Vikings. The Vikings came and up rivers, going as far conquer territory. Over by the Pope to convert
from Scandinavia. They as Constantinople on the many years, they blended pagans, arrives in Britain.

were fishermen, farmers edge of Europe and in with the local people. 719 The Pope sends St
and merchants. They Baghdad in the Middle In eastern Europe, the Boniface to convert
pagans in Germany
became rich, but their East. They sailed or native Slavs called the
768-8 4 The reign of
numbers grew, so there rowed their boats along Vikings "Rus". The land Charles the Great, or
1

was not enough land for rivers as far as possible. that the Rus settled in is Charlemagne
them all. Many took to Over land, the crew now called Russia. Other 772-804 Charles is at war
ith the Saxons
the seas as pirates and carried thern or roiled Vikings went farther
raided coastal towns in them on logs. The Vikings afield to Iceland and 773-74 Charles conquers
''
lie Lombards in n<
search of loot. These traded with people along Greenland in search of
1 '

i.ily.

raids were especially the way, exchanging iron, new homes. Some even 787 Charles fights the
successful after the furs,bone and ivory for reached North America, Moors in Spain.
breakdown of the goods such as silver, but settlements there 789 Charles fights the
spices and silks I Slavs eastern Europe.
Prankish Empire, failed to survive in

c.790 Viking raids begin.

ICELAND ./-•'
4^rTc%>ir^AvlA'^ i{^^-

^ SCANDINAVIA^
800
1
'

Diptror of the
ii.jrles is crowned
Romans
IRELAFldl I
the Pope.
!)•

^^SS^^
^^^V EUROPE ^^'^'^"^''r'^^Ruts.A
C.830 Viking raids on
i iritain and the Prankish

1 ii^RANCE ^
Normandy
EUROPE
WKiev
I mpire become frequent

860 Vikings set up the

ingdom of Novgorod in
I

I'ussia

^ SPAIN
OCEAN / ^tJ.**"
SPAIN 862 Vikings trade with

^C-=s^
Viking routes across the North Sea
and the sites of the Viking raids.
\ AFRICA
y
Viking trade and exploration routes
across Europe, Asia and to America
Settlements where the Vikings
merged with local people.
-
.-ighdad and
I

iinstantinople

874 Vikings
Iceland
settle on

884The Vikings sail to

^pain, but are beaten by
I'le Moors
FACING THE VIKINGS 936-73 The reign of Otto
1, the Great Otto became
Around this time, a number of events the first Holy Roman
mperor
occurred in Europe which changed
I

955 Otto crushes the

society. To combat the Vikings, I

!.-igyars in Hungary
European nobles began to employ
983-86 The Vikings
well-armed, mounted soldiers. Ionize Greenland
These soldiers could ride to the C.1002 The Vikings reach
scene of a Viking raid quickly to Ni Tth America

defend their territory. Riders c. I 1 00 Viking raids come

also began to use stirrups, whic ; 1 an end.

meant that they could withstanc

the shock of a charge without
Nobles
falling off their horses.
towns and built
fortified their
FIND OUT MORE ,

strongholds made of earth and

wood, where the local people Barbarians -t 20
could shelter in times of danger.
Feudal
About 1 100, Viking raids system 28
came to an end. By that
time, a way of life had The Church 30
developed where people
iH" ili^M
worked for the local lord in See above pages
return for fiis protection. for more
information.
Because of this, many people also
lost their freedom. This became the I
basis of the feudal system of the
The boat
Middle Ages. was made from
A Viking longship, which overlapping planks of
carried Vikings on their raids wood riveted together.
 DAL EUROPE
In Europe, the years between 1050 to
1450 are called the Middle Ages. During
the Middle Ages, society was organized
A monk and a nun of the
in a way which we call the feudal systenn. Middle Ages.

THE FEUDAL SYSTEM

n feudal society, the king was tine most SCOTLAND SWEDEN
powerful person. He owned the land, ^MARK
IRELAND
made the laws and led his army in battle ENGLAND •-POLAND
Nobles were given land and in return HOLY 1-^
.ROMAN .-^lih,
they obeyed and fought for him. FRANCE EMPIRE
Under the nobles served knights - HUNGARY
warriors who fought for them or t.. BULGiPlA
CASTli
the king in return for land. The GON I5ER6IA
owliest rank in society belonged PORiTUGAt NAPLES
to the peasants, who farmed the
and in return for protection. Europe in the Middle Ages, shown around the
year 1300.

Costume
styles of the
late 14th
century -
a king and A peasant,
The knight's equipment queen. or serf.
was decorated with his
own emblem, called a
coat of arms.

THE HUNDRED YEARS' WAR

This was the longest of Europe's 13 English 1 387 Margate .^^^fWyf- g English
,-l^H340
many wars in the Middle Ages. It ENGLAND D French
ENGLAND .gincour-t French
began in 339 because Edward
I III \.A.*<?Cailais
O Burgundy Q Burgundy
1-347
of England claimed he had a , r, .Y'
- -^ ) --''Crecy '.
=::^^ea battle Formigny 1413 c;^^'ea battle
better right to the French throne 1^ " 1346
than Philip of Valois. Despite great ^>, FRANCE ;./;;./ ^ Land battle
1450
ia,ort&iifii^---'"
•(^ Land battle

English victories and a couple of

"^*V ';
© Siege
LaRoc)?;slle '«t )
© Siege
'(^ Poitiers' 1372

^
truces, the war dragged on. V . FRANCE
iJSft
<2)Ga*stillon I453,.,>
^:!s
A second successful English
-^^
invasion was led by Henry V in ,.

1415. Thirty years later, the French

-1 ^
By 1360, the English controlled much of By 1429, the English controlled territory in
began pushing the English back southwest France. They won decisive battles at southwest and northern France. Soon after this,
until only Calais was left to them Poitiers and Crecy. they were pushed back.

THE CHURCH
In the Middle Ages, there were many monks and nuns, who devoted
their whole lives to God. They lived in monasteries and nunneries
where they prayed and worked. They gave to the poor, provided
shelter for visitors and cared for the sick. To train churchmen, they
also ran the first schools which later developed into the first
universities in Europe

Kings used priests in government because they

could read and write. Many members of the
Church became very powerful and the Church
itself became rich
Monks hand-decorated books with The first Christian universities and some great
cathedrals that were founded in the Middle Ages.
patterns like this.

28
TOWNS IN THE MIDDLE AGES The seal on
the charter
of Bruges -
TIM^^/VRT
a famous 1088 irst universi;
Trade increased the Middle Ages and as it
in
cloth-
;

urope opens in Bologii i

did so, towns grew up in Europe. Merchants producing i,,IV

town in
and craftsmen banded together to form groups Belgium. I 153 Henry II inherits
called guilds, which looked after their members Bruges is iiglish throne, creating
shown below Xngevin Empire in
and set standards of workmanship. I ngl^^nd and France

12 I ^ nglish barons limr

In some towns, the citizens became richer and power with
„ :
tins m
itjreement called the
wanted to be independent from their local lord. Magna Carta.
They paid him a sum of money for a charter,
282 Danish barons fore
which gave them some self-government. In
I

ng Eric V to sign a
Germany and Italy, some cities became totally iiarter

independent in this way. However, by and large, I 302 Craftsmen of Bruge

Ghent seize power
iiid
the rich still had all the power, which often led ;r>im the merchants
to revolts against them by the poor.
I 339 Edward 111 of
England invades France.
The Hundred Years' War
THE BLACK DEATH 5y^ begins
EUROPE
1347-53 The Black Death
In the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe became sweeps across Europe
Byz3{itJnE
more prosperous. Then, at the start of the 14th 0' -^-.•^^ .Erripire In 1347, the
I'T^XL 1358 French peasants
I

'
plague was
century, bad weather caused harvests to fail. affecting the
revolt in the laquerie
Iprising
More ill luck followed when in 347 a severe Byzantine Empire
'

1
and southern 360 England and France
case of the bubonic plague, called the Black Europe.
1

sign a truce that is broken

Death, arrived.
1381 The Peasants' Revolt
erupts in England.
The plague came to Europe with the crew of a 1396 England and France
Genoese merchant ship returning from the sign a second truce

Crimea in Russia. The crew were infested with Within a year, it

1407 First bank is founded
the disease. It was carried by the fleas of black had spread north
in Genoa
to cover the south
rats and it spread like wildfire across Europe. 1415 Henry V of England
and west of invades France and
Over the next six years, it killed a third of the Europe. restarts The Hundred
entire population, rich and poor alike. Years' War

SCANDINAVIA l453TheHundred Year-

\\'.--,r pnrK
BBJIAIN'

~
EUROPE By 1349, the
plague had FIND OUT MORE
^-^^^Si^f^ spread north
AFRICA. again into The Church -4 26
J3 Scandinavia.

SCANDINAVIA
Italy 37 1
Bp^'t5^lN.v;^
See above pages
for more
EUROPE information.

People called the Flagellant Brotherhood thought that the plague Soon, central
was sent by God to punish them for their sins. They tried to stop Europe and more
the disease by whipping their bodies to punish themselves. AFRVCA of Scandinavia
was affected.
So many people died that the fields were left
unfarmed, as there were not enough workers to SGik|4t>IN

tend the crops. Food prices were high and

BfWI^INl -
landowners kept wages low, which caused great
hardship among the poor ; EUROPE
By 1351, the
I /
plague spread
north again into
These hardships and other complaints against ^FR»CA... - the area around
their masters sometimes led peasants to rebel. the Baltic Sea.
In 358 there was the laquerie Uprising in
1
By 1353, most
France and in 381 the Peasants' Revolt took SCANDINAVIA areas in Europe
1

were affected.
place in England. BRITAIN

EUROPE A merchant
Although some groups of peasants managed to ship of the
gain some freedom from their local lord, most Middle Ages.
Rats from a
revolts were stopped savagely. In most ^^^4i<c;a<«4 ship like this
countries, the peasants still remained tied to brought the
plague to
their lord.
Europe.

29
 CLASH OF EMPIRES
After the western half of theRoman Empire collapsed, /7
the eastern half survived for centuries. It became \|;
known as the Byzantine Empire and the city of
Constantinople was its capital. An Ottoman soldier.

EAST MEETS WEST THE GREAT SCHISM EMPIRE IN TROUBLE

Gradually, after the fall of Rome, Relations between the By^zantines Little by the Byzantine
little,

the Byzantine Empire became and Europeans were

their fellow Empire shrank, as it was attacked

more Greek in culture Though
constantly attacked by enemies, it
was fabulously wealthy and held a
key position at the crossroads of
Europe and Asia. The reign
Basil II was a high point of
Byzantine expansion. Basil
managed to reconquer some of
the territory that had belonged to
the old Roman Empire,
not always friendly because of from all sides. Then, a new enemy
differences in their religious swept in from the east - the Seljuk
beliefs. In 1054, the Church Turks. In 1071,
divided into the Roman Catholic they won a
of and Orthodox Churches in a split great victory
called the Great Schism. In at Manzikert,
Constantinople, the Patriarchwas capturing muc
head of the Orthodox Church, territory.
while in Rome, the Pope was head
A Byzantine chalice
of the Catholic Church.

Seljuk First
-^^m^^ ,
EUROPE NORVyi^ ,'
advance Seljuk
Catholic province
BLACK SEA EUROPE CASPMN
D
Orthodox
SEA
ITALY
BRITVMK ,, -^ ^ >€ V Manzikert
'
n
Mixed ASIA
ASIA MINOR \ EUROPE MINOR
ASIA
PERSIAN
/V1£D/r£RRANE/»N SE/\ ASIA GULF
MINOR AFRICA
AFRICA RED
AFRICA
D Byzantine Empire 1025 SE4
Basil conquered the Georgians, Armenians,
II From the I above areas were
Ith century, the The Seljuk Turks occupied a large area of Asia
Bulgars and Arabs, bringing the empire to its mainly influenced by the Roman Catholic and the Minor in the 1th century and went on to rule
I

height by 1023. Creek Orthodox Churches. most of the Middle East.

A mosaic of the Virgin Mary from the r,

Byzantine church of Santa Sophia in

Constantinople. When the Ottomans CHANGING EMPIRES 'E'UXOT-L
took over Constantinople (now
Istanbul), the church became a •An:LP^1i^lC
Muslim mosque, as it This map shows the OC-LAOi
I'en ice ,
still is today. Byzantine and Ottoman
Empires. The Seliuk and )
Ottoman Turks nibbled V
away at the Byzantines
until only Constantinople
was left, Constantinople
fell in 1453 and the
Ottomans went on ( S
'7 (^
to capture a
yS huge em pi re
""
r^

lAtgien Tunis
 aHUt:aiMliM^:nkihl!n-

TIMECHART^.T FIND OUT MORE

'^ssmMm
976-1025 KL-it;nol 1301 Osman I sets up 1 389 Ottomans win the 15l2-20Ottomans 1534 Ottomans
Byzantine Emperor Battle of Kossova conquer Syria. conquer Persia Byzanliii
the Ottoman Empire
Basil II Arabia and Egypt,
1541 Hungary
1361 Byzantine Empire 1396 Bulgaria falls to
1520-66 Reign of
falls to the Mongols
1054 The Great Schism the Ottomans Ottomans.
is reduced only to the
Ottoman Sultan
1071 Seliuk Turks win city of Constantinople 1453 Constantinople Suleiman 1571 The Battle
I, the See above pages
the Battle of Manzikert by the Ottomans to the Ottomans
falls Magnificent ' it Leiianto for more
information.
1-
THE OTTOMANS SULEIMAN 1 BATTLE OF LEPANTO
In 3th century, groups of
the 1 The Byzantines were no Over the centuries, the Poles, the
nomads fled west from Asia, match for the Ottomans Venetians, the French and the
driven by hordes of warriors called In 1453 Constantinople Hapsburgs, all fought against
the Mongols. these Among was captured
its'elf the Ottomans, but to little
nomads was a group of Muslims, Ottoman territory advantage. Then in 1571 the
known as the Ottoman Turks, who grew and in 520' 1 combined fleet of the Holy
settled in Asia Minor from 243. 1 Sultan Suleiman League (Spain, Venice, Genoa
They carved out a province and in the Magnificent and the Papal States) crushed the
1301 their leader proclaimed
, came to the Ottomans in a sea battle at Lepanto.
himself Sultan Osman From I. throne. His reign This broke their domination of the
then on they advanced, saw the peak in Suleiman the Mediterranean and from then on
conquering a huge empire. Ottoman power. Magnificent the Ottoman Empire slowly declined.

BLACK SEA D Ottoman Empire 1 566 '^ 'W OTTOMAN EMPIRE

7
EUROPE
^"^ EUROPE CASPIAN
SEA
, AEGEAN,,

ASIA MINOR ASIA

Q Ottoman ; ,., MINOR ASIA
Lepanto'"'
province
'V--^"-^ Ottoman MEDITERkANEAN SEA
'•^-v
advance PERSIAN
MEDITERRANEAN SEA GULF
AFRICA RED
SEA
The Ottoman Turks originally came from around The Ottoman Empire reached Its greatest The Battle of Lepanto, between the Holy League
the region of Turkestan in west Asia. Their first extent by the death of Suleiman the and the Ottoman Turks took place off the coast of
province was In Asia Minor. Magnificent in 1566. Greece, in an inlet of the Mediterranean Sea.

'Uienna

'Sulfa The Battle of

Lepanto was the last
great battle to be fought
at sea using oar-powered galleys,
^ •'SeCgr adc like the one shown below.

This plan shows how the

fleets of the Holy League
V Xosj and the Ottoman Turks
lined up for battle at the
Battle of Lepanto.
Hlf Holy League
fleet
^ Ottoman fleet
;

ASIJi
^'E'DIT'E}(^-JlAi>i£Jij^i_(;£^ 'Damascus

'Bag H dad
J erusa Cem

Sile!(_andria •
Cairo*
 THE CRUSADES
Palestine, or the Holy Land, had been ruled by
Muslims since the 7th century. Christians had been
able to go on pilgrimages there to visit the area where
Christ lived, but in the Ith century Seljuk Turks
I

Pope Urban II, who

urged people of Europe
first
to
conquered the Holy Land and made it difficult and The Krak de Chevaliers -
a Crusader castle
go on a crusade. dangerous for Christians to enter. guarding the Holy Land.

THE CALL TO ARMS

In 1095, Pope Urban preached a sermon at
II

Saladin - the Muslim Clermont in France^ He urged people to go on a

leader who beat back the
Third Crusade. crusade, or holy war, to free the Holy Land from
the Turks. Urban said that if they died on the way,
their sins would be forgiven and they would go to
heaven. Ordinary people from all over Europe
swore to go, crying "God wills it!" Soon after this, a
disorganized band of peasants and adventurers
set out on the People's Crusade. However, they
were killed or died of disease
and hunger long before Europe and the Middle East at the time of the
Crusade in the late Ith century.
First I

they got there.

TO THE HOLY LAND

The First Crusade of noblemen and
soldiers set out in 1096. It took three years
for them to reach Jerusalem, but in an
all-out attack in 1099, they captured the
city. The area captured by the Crusaders
was called Outremer. Many Crusaders
returned to Europe, which left
Outremer short of soldiers to protect it
The Christians were now outnumbered,
and the Muslims united to drive them out.

The Muslims captured Edessa and a

Second Crusade failed. Then the Muslims
became even stronger under a leader
called Saladin, who recaptured lerusalem
A Third Crusade then set out led by the
English, German and French Kings. The
The Muslims, Crusaders won many battles, but not
alsoknown as
Saracens, rode lerusalem. A Fourth Crusade only got as
lightweight, fast
far as Constantinople, where its members
horses for a
Muslim fighters quick attack. sacked the city, stealing its treasures.
wore fabric- Many knights went on the Crusades to
covered chainmail
to protect them. become rich, as well as for religious
reasons.

5rn ANTIOCH YJ^j EUROPE .j^-l EUROPE EUROPE

.Pans .Regensburg
S CYPRUS
TRIPOLI
1
Paris / '

5
Constantinople
z Constantinople
5 JERUSALEM
z
MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Jerusalem • 5 •
Jerusalem Jerusalem
AFRICA AFRICA
AFRICA ^ AFRICA
The Crusade of 1096-
First The Crusader kingdoms, The Second Crusade of 147-I The Third Crusade of I 189- The Fourth Crusade of
99. Knights rode to the Holy known as Outremer, in the 49. From Constantinople, the 92, led by the English, 1202-04. The knights
Land via Constantinople. 12th century. Crusaders sailed to Acre. French and German kings. sacked Constantinople.

32
THE KNIGHTS MORE CRUSADES
During the Crusades, new In 1212, thousands of European 1071 ,'l|iik Turks defeat
religious orderswere founded. children followed a shepherd boy ihe Byzantines at the Battle
(if Manzikert
Members took the same vows on a crusade that became known
085- 492 The Reconq uest
as monks - poverty, chastity as the Children's Crusade. They
1 1

ol Spain by Christians
and obedience. That is, they The emblem of the believed that God would perform
Knights of St. lohn.
1095 Byzantine Emperor
agreed to give up their miracles so they could recapture appeals to Pope Urban I

possessions, never to marry lerusalem. Merchants at 1096 Pope Urban II

and to obey their superiors. Marseilles in France offered to launches First Crusade
Peter the Hermit sets oui
These men were also knights, take the children in their ships to on the Peoples Crusade
who promised to fight to the Holy Land. Instead, however,
1096-99 First Crusade.
defend the Holy Land. The they took them to Alexandria in
1099 Christians capture
leading orders were the Egypt and sold them as slaves. lerusalem
Knights Templars, the Knights ^***iw;j»iw»»^' 1 144 Muslims capture
of St. John and the Teutonic The emblem of the During the rest of the 3th 1 Edessa.
Knights Templar.
Knights. century, the Fifth, Sixth and 1 147-49 Second Crusade
Seventh Crusades all set out for 1 187 Saladin defeats
Even were driven
after they the Holy Land. Holy Roman Christians at Hattin and
captures lerusalem
out of the Holy Land by Emperor Frederick II managed to
Muslims, some orders of win back lerusalem by treaty, but 1189-92 Third Crusade

crusader knights survived. The this was only temporarily. The 1202-04 Fourth Crusade
Knights of St. lohn still Muslims continued to reconquer
occupied Rhodes until 1523, the Christian states and at last in
when they transferred to the The emblem of the 29 Acre, the last Christian
1
1 ,

island of Malta. Teutonic Knights. stronghold, fell.

CRUSADES OUTSIDE THE HOLY LAND

The idea of a crusade spread from the Holy The King of Engia
Richard I, the
Land to other areas. The Pope encouraged Lionheart. He
crusades against political enemies and was one of the
leaders of the
heretics. Among these was a group called Third Crusade
the Albigensians southern France,
in
The Albigensians were heretics, which
means that they disagreed with some of
the teachings of the Catholic Church,
French nobles wiped them out
in a religious war.

In Spain and Portugal,

Christians fought a crusade
against Muslims from North
Africa, called the Moors, who had
occupied nearly all of Spain and
Portugal since the 8th century. From
1085, Christians spread slowly south
during a period which is known as the
Reconquest. Eventually, in 1492, the
lastMoorish kingdom was captured by
King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella of
Spain. This kingdom, Granada, is still a
province of Spain today.

Dijon •

k FRANCE '
-i SPAIN J

/:.Toulouse
1^ Christian areas 1150^
D Reconquest by 1275
Reconquest by 1492
The crusade against the The Reconquest of Spain
Albigensians in France and Portugal from the
from 1209-29. Moors, 1085-1492.
 THE MONGOLS
The Mongols lived in the Steppes of Central
Asia - great grassy plains between Hungary
and Mongolia. They were nomads, who
herded horses and sheep for their living.
They were always on the move, in search of ^^*aSSEsB,
A large, decorated
Mongols were
new grazing land for their animals. They lived Mongol yurt.
fierce soldiers. Men were in movable, felt tents, called yurts.
trained to fight on horseback.

GENGHIS KHAN "<,\

Around 162, a boy called Temujin was born into a
1
. Karakoru m
noble Mongol family. Temujin meant "blacksmith".
MONGOLIA The Mongol
When he was nine, his father was murdered by rivals homeland,
4jtL<. JAPAN northwest of
and Temujin had to be very quick-witted to survive his ASIA China. In the I th
father's enemies. century, the
CHINA Mongols had not
PACIFIC
conquered any
When he grew up, Temujin made daring raids on other OCEAN territory farther
INDIA
tribes, and he began to attract many followers. Men afield.

from other tribes swore oaths to be his loyal

companion or noker.

Temujin became more and more successful and

gradually brought all the different Mongol tribes under
A-^^
EUROPE
.Kiev
ASIA

MONGOL
1 ^ flarakorum
The Mongol
his control. In 206, the tribes met together and made
1
EMPIRE Empire at the
death of Genghis
him the Supreme Ruler or "Genghis Khan". He was the Khanbalik
'^Iflr-
- Khan in 1227.
(Peking)
first to unite the Mongol tribes under one leader. As During his
CHINA lifetime. Genghis
leader, Genghis Khan controlled all the armies of the ARABIA INDIA had occupied
AFRICA parts of China and
other tribes.
most of Asia.

THE MAKING OF AN EMPIRE Batu's route

Batu, who was a

Genghis invaded northern China and also took grandson of

Khwarazm-Shah (modern Iran and Afghanistan). To Karakorum Genghis, swept

west through
rule his empire, he is said to have issued the Great Russia. He nearly
reached Vienna,
Yasa - laws for his subjects to obey. The Mongols but then the
had no alphabet, so he adopted that of the Uighur Great Khan
Turks. Genghis also set up a network of stage posts, Ogedei died and
the army was
so that relay riders could take messages swiftly called back to
Mongolia.
across the empire.

Genghis returned home to Mongolia

in 1223 and died four years later. The
empire he created survived. By 225,
1

the Mongols ruled most of Asia. In

their conquests, the Mongols gained Hulegu. another
grandson of
an evil reputation. They massacred Genghis.
Genghis Khan, the people and destroyed whole cities. If conquered Persia
first great Mongol and Syria in 253.
people submitted instantly, however, This territory
I

ruler.
the Mongols spared them. became known as
II Khanate.

KUBLAl KHAN'S EMPIRE

The empire continued to grow under Ghengis's sons
and grandsons In the west, the Mongols advanced
almost to Vienna In the east, the conquest of China The Mongols
captured Sung
was completed b^y Kublai Khan, Genghis's grandson, China in 279? The
I

when the Sung Empire fell in 1279. Kublai Khan empire was now at
its greatest extent.
settled in China with his capital in Peking (Beijing). It was split into
His court was magnificent, but after his death, the Khanates, ruled by
Kublai s deputies.
Chinese drove out the Mongols in 368. I

34
MARCO POLO TIME CHART
In the 3th century, trade routes in Asia were controlled
1 I \t2 itJIIIIJIIM [)( till Ml
'vlungolla
by the Mongols. In 1271 two Venetians, Nicolo and
,

Maffeo Polo, went on their second journey to Asia, 1 206 Temujin becomes
hengis Khan and attacks
tal<ing Nicolo's son Marco. They visited Kublai Khans lima
court, and stayed in Asia for 20 years. 1225 Genghis Khan
iidsters most of Asia.

Marco later told the story of his travels around Kublai 1227 Genghis Khan
^-^^1^^ dies,

Khan's empire. The story was written down and became 235 Mongols begin
1 to
The Polos meeting Kublai Khan.
one of the most popular of the Middle Ages. They presented him with gifts.
invade Russia and
listern Europe
I

1241 Mongols withdraw

m%a ra^o rum iiMiTi Western Europe

S fianjj hu 1260-94 Kublai Khan is

'D'ES'EVT *'Kihanbalik
1 I he Mongol Emperor
1260 Mongols advance
intoMiddle East Halted
liy Battle of Ain lalut
'*':$('£ hi ail
1271-95 Marco Polo
travels in Asia

MARCO POLO'S TRAVELS 1274 Mongols fail to

invade lapan.
Tins iiidp shciws the Mtint;( A jAOilA'BISA 279 Conquest
1 of China
I 111 pi re in the time of r~^^ completed
i'libiai Khan and the JVia
1281 Second Mongol
invasion of lapan fails

1297 Marco Polo is

nptured and imprisoned
KEY i

li\ the Genoese He

liegins to tell the story of
The Polos' route out Ins travels, which is
written down by a fellow
The Polos' route back prisoner

Mongol Empire 1369-1405 Tamerlane is

JJiVji ---,„,^_ ^. ,
in power

1398 Tamerlane attacks

Delhi in India

TAMERLANE EUROPE The extent of the I

1504-30 Babur founds
he Mogul Empire
Mongol Empire
ASIA
After Kublai Khan died, the at the death of
BLACK SEA Samarkand Tamerlane in
empire fell apart. Then in 1360,
a descendant of his, known as
Tamerlane, conquered a new MEDITERRANEAN
PBaghdad MONGOL
EMPIRE
1405. Tamerlane
was the last
great Mongol
Emperor.
FIND OUT MORE
Mongol Empire. He took land iddleAges •< 28
in Persia, Russia and India. \
INDIA
1

However, after he died in 1405, AFRICA

ARABIA PERSIAN China ^24
GULf
his empire did not last long.

Russia
THE MOGUL EMPIRE *m. Delfil
In the late 15th century, part of ASIA
MOGli^^ tt20»^9f£i,U£flk.T^:Af^V.:/^- :

the Mongol Empire was taken

over by the Turks. A Mongol
I EMPIRE See above pages
for more
Bombay information
prince called Babur was forced INDIA^
to flee from the Turks to
INDIAN
OCEAN
/
Afghanistan.

Babur soon began to conquer

new territory and by 504, he I
The Mogul
Empire in
was in control of Kabul. He the early
then captured Delhi in 1526. He 18th century.

and his descendants, known as

the Moguls, created a fabulous
The Taj
empire in India. It survived until Mahal,
the 18th century, when conflicts completed in
1654, was
between the Muslim Moguls built by Shah
and their Hindu subjects |ahan,a ^ Qo caEa raEaenncniicsicaciDCiitainncacaarac
Mogul 23? E3 n3 ED CUD [13 ca Ea cn EI3
helped the empire to collapse. Emperor.
H^i« li^'il 1:H1

35
 .

THE RENAISSANCE
InEurope, in the late 14th to 16th centuries,
there was a revival of interest in the art, pauUntnn pnibiiecum
architecture and learning of Ancient Greece iuinehiUtmelUnries
and Rome. This movement is known as the
Renaissance, which means "rebirth".

THE RENAISSANCE BEGINS

In the Middle Ages, art and literature were intended to
make people think about God. In Italy in the 14th
century, these ideas began to change. The rebirth of
Gutenberg's
press was interest in Ancient Greece and Ronne changed the way
adapted from people saw the world. Religion continued to be vital,
a cheese or
wine press. It but artists and thinkers now began to base their work
Part of a page from
could print up on human life and the events around them. A new spirit Gutenberg's printed
to 300 sheets
a day. of learning and questioning was born. Bible.
Decorated patterns
were painted on by
PRINTING hand.

In 1453, a German goldsmith, lohannes Gutenberg, EUROPE BRITAIN .EUROPE

BRITAIN
invented the printing press. Until then, all books • O .:: o • ;
•.m
were painstakingly hand-copied, so they were rare
and expensive. Now, using movable metal letters to Mainz •Z
••>
make blocks of type, printers produced hundreds of FRANCE Z
¥hAN<X- <-..
identical copies quickly and cheaply. Paper was ITALY
fywBf
becoming cheaper too, and so the price of books fell.
SPAIN SPAlSl
ITALY
At most books were printed in Latin, and many
first,
MEDITERRANEAN MEDITERRANEAN
were on religious subjects. But soon many books on SEA SEA
other topics were printed as well. Printed materials
carried the ideas of the Reformation Print shops in 1471. The first press By 500 there were 226 presses
1

quickly throughout Europe. was set up in Mainz in Germany. throughout Europe.

SCULPTURE SCIENCE
Studying the statues of Greece and People became curious about the world. Scientists
Rome, sculptors studied the human studied medicine, physics, chemistry and biology.
body. They carved religious subjects, Astronomers Copernicus and Galileo challenged the
scenes from stories and the famous belief that the Earth was at the heart of the universe,
men and women of their day. and showed that the Earth revolves around the Sun.

These two sculptures show the change ARCHITECTURE

in art during the Renaissance.
Architects also copied the style of Ancient Greece
Medieval carvings were often
full of character and charm,
and Rome. They designed churches, public buildings,
palaces and houses with columns, rounded arches
but they lacked the realism
of later works, like the
and central domes. Two important architects of the
time were Andrea Palladio and Donato Bramante.
Pietfl by Michelangelo. ^SJUl^^K^ Medieval carving
(above) of a
crusader PAINTING
and his wife.
During the Renaissance, artists studied the human
body and how it moved, as well as the use of
The Pieta, or
"Devotion",
perspective. They began to paint life-like people in
shows Mar>' realistic backgrounds They painted pictures of recent
cradling the
body of her
events, scenes from the legends of Ancient Greece
son, jesus. and Rome, and portraits of rich people.

LITERATURE
Scholars studied Greek and Roman literature and
used classical ideas when writing in their own
anguages. There was a flowering of poetry and
drama. In England, people flocked to see
Shakespeare's plays at the new Globe Theatre.
RENAISSANCE MEN AND WOMEN TIME CHART
During the Renaissance, men from rich famiNes received a magnificent education 1418 Bn;i,i'i:' .
n-, in.-

(Ii.ime of Florence Cddiedrdl-

in the arts and sciences. They had to be well-mannered and brave, and
they were expected to be good swordsmen, riders, poets and 1453 Cutenburg invents the
first printing press in Mainz,
musicians. Unsurprisingly, not many men could live up Germany
to this ideal. Rich women, like Queen Elizabeth I of 1 467-1 536 Life of Erasmus,

England and Marguerite of Navarre, sister of the greatest scholar of the

Renaissance
French king, received a good education too.
1 468-92 Lorenzo de Medici.
(iriifon of the arts, rules
Popes, kings and men and women of the I hir.-tite

nobility were interested in the new arts. 1 503-07 Leonardo da VIncI

They became patrons, winning fame and [)aints the Mona Lisa

glory by paying for work by great artists 1475-1564 Life of

Michelangelo Buonarroti
and scholars. The Medici family of
1 509 Venice suffers defeat by
Florence, for instance, paid for a great
the French and Genoese
library, chapels and
5 9-56 Reign of Holy Roman
palaces, as we
1
helangelo
iigned this Fmperor Charles V
paintings and graceful dome 1 543 Copernicus publishes his
sculptures by to tower over
theories of the unlverse.
Rome's
Michelangelo skyline. 1564-1642 Life of astronomer
and many other Galileo Galilei

artists. 1564-1616 Life of playwright

William Shakespeare.
I
In 1506 Pope lulius II

commissioned St.
Peters cathedral FIND OUT MORE
in Rome.

Middle Ages < 28

An engraving
of Copernicus's theory Reformation 42
of the universe. The Sun is in the middle.
The Church disapproved of scientists like
Copernicus who questioned its teachings.
See above pages
It tried to stop him publishing his ideas.
for more
information.

ITALY AND THE HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE

The Pope, the powerful During the Renaissance, In 1519, Charles V was Some cities had grown

head of the Catholic Italy was a place of great elected Holy Roman rich through trade and
Church, ruled the Papal turmoil, it was split up Emperor. He was a became independent
States in Italy. The into several kingdoms member of the Hapsburg states. Strong cities,
Popes and the Holy and many smaller family,which dominated such as Venice,
Roman Emperors had independent states. Part Europe. swallowed up weaker
often clashed over of northern Italy also ones around them.
power. This sometimes belonged to the Holy Charles had inherited
led to war. Roman Empire. the throne of Spain, As a result these cities,
already immensely known as city-states,
The power of the Popes Rulers struggled wealthy because of its often fought over
was weakened during ruthlessly for power. New World colonies. territory. Vicious

the Renaissance by the Machiavelli's famous Under his rule, the Holy mercenary soldiers,
new religious ideas of book, The Prince, tells of Roman Empire became called condotUeri. fought
the Reformation. the politics of the day. united and powerful. for whoever paid them.

BologiSa-.....,, ....\ ADRIATIC SEA EUROPE Q Venetian

Ravenna territory
. . •

.: REPUBLIC •Urbino
OF
\" FLORENCE
THE PAPAL •^*s'%
REPUBUC
OF
STATES ^
_^^^B itALY OtTOiwi
SIENAr di^HH^
if
'"^i
• Rome^l^l MEDITERRANEAN SEA

The Papal States around the year the year 500. By then, the
Italy in 1 Charles V ruled both the Holy Roman Venetian territory around 500. Its I

1500. The Pope's capital was Rome. Renaissance was well under way. Empire and the Spanish Empire. empire had spread as far as Crete.

37
I
 EXPLORING THE WORLD
From very early times, people had always
explored new places to find homes, to meet
people for trading purposes, or simply out of
curiosity for the unknown. From the 1450s,
European sailors set out on the first great
voyages to India and also to America. Over the
Ibn Battuta. coming centuries, these journeys were to Cook's chronometer - an important
the 14th aid to navigation. It was the first
century Arab
lead to explorations of clock that could keep going for the
time of an around-the-world voyage.
explorer.
the whole world.

EARLY EXPLORERS
The Polynesians explored around the Pacific Ocean, ;OPE.
ASIA
colonizing many of the islands there by the 1th century AD.
By the 15th century, Arab traders had explored the east
1

^^V'
coast of Africa and had journeyed to India and China. Ibn
Battuta was the most famous Arab explorer, undertaking 7 ° ^Oz
''
INDIAN '-^..
several journeys across Asia. The Chinese also explored and
tt'V ' -'1 OCEAN
had been sailing to Africa since the 9th century.
C
Hsuan Tsaftg^ .
In the Middle East, European traders bought luxury goods
, ,

Fa Hsien /» i,
/f .
which originally came from the East, such as silks and Ibn Battuta's travels in the The journeys of Chinese
spices. However, this trade became increasingly difficult 14th century. Ibn Battuta explorers Fa Hsien (4th century
was born in Tangiers, ADI and Hsuan Tsang (7th
because of the hostility of the Turks. By the 5th century, 1
Africa, but spent most of century ADI.They improved
Europeans were wondering if it was possible to reach the his life on his travels or Chinese knowledge of India
living in distant places. and Asia.
east by sea and they began to try to find a route.

HENRY THE NAVIGATOR Sagrejs

rtuRdPi
L^^VCT <^ ASIA
In the early 5th century, Prince
1

o r ^ '^
Henry of Portugal, known as '
Cape Bojador AFRICA ^f^«'* AFRICA l^lf
IN
J
"Henry the Navigator" was sure
INDIAN
that ships could sail around Africa AFRICA ATLANTIC) OCEAN
to reach Asia. So, he set up a ATLANTIC > '
OCEAN I

community in Sagres to build EQUATOR OCEAN \ "i

.
,^
'
better shipsand make better maps L
v yap^ of Good
Vi-^' Hope ^J
and navigation equipment.
At first sailors would not go In 1487, Bartholomeu Dias led In 1497, another Portuguese
around Cape Bojador in Africa. an expedition from Portugal captain, called Vasco da
Henry's captains sailed from They thought that at the to sail around the southern tip Gama, set off around Africa.
Equator, the Sun was so close of Africa. By luck they He sailed up the East African
Sagres along the African coast, to the Earth that the sea managed it and on their coast, where he stopped to
going farther and farther south boiled and the land was on return, the King of Portugal pick up supplies. He then
fire. Gil Eannes was the first to named it the Cape of Good sailed across the Indian Ocean
each time. sail around It in 434. 1 Hope. to India.

THE WAY WEST B

Cartier (France)
Frobisher (England)
Some people believed that the ID »•
world was flat, but others thought
differently.One of them,
Christopher Columbus, believed
that the world was round and that it
'm
i\ NORTH
would be quicker to reach the east ATLANTIC
El,

by sailing west across the Atlantic. OCEAN

He did not realize that America lay
in the way Other sailors kept trying
the eastern route. Then in 1492
King Ferdinand and Oueen Isabella
After two and a half months at
sea, Columbus landed in the
West Indies, off the coast of
America. He thought that he
had reached islands in the
Other nations took no notice of
The Spaniards and the
Portuguese became great the Treaty of Tordesillas, or the
rivals for new land. In 1494 the claims of Spain and Portugal.
Pope fixed a treaty line The Dutch, English and French
between them - the Treaty of all claimed land for

of Spain agreed to pay for
Columbus to try his plan.
out to prove his theory.
Indian Ocean and that is why Tordesillas. The Portuguese themselves. Ships from both
they became known as the were to own land discovered France and England sailed
He set Indies. He did not know he east of the line and the west also to find a passage to
had discovered America. Spaniards to the west of the east.
it.

38
 INTO THE UNKNOWN
Sailing into unknown seas was dangerous
Sailors risked death from shipwreck or
illness, caused by poor food and appa
conditions. As well as believing that t
boiled near the Equator, people
imagined that huge monsters lurked
beneath the waves and that the
people in lands far away would look
like strange freaks. People drew
pictures of the natives and monsters
they imagined lived in foreign lands.

AROUND THE WORLD

Exploring America (known as the
New World) soon led to the first trip SOUTH
AMERICA ATLANTIC
all the way around the world, or OCEAN
circumnavigation. This was
achieved by a Portuguese captain,
called Ferdinand Magellan, who
was in the service of the King of TIERRA
DEL
Spain. He believed that he could PACIFIC
FMEGO
OCEAN
reach the east by sailing around the - Magellan Strait
tip of South America. In 5 9 he set 1 1
At the tip of South America, At the tip of South America, in 577, Francis Drake was
1

out to prove it. Magellan found a passage to Magellan's crew had sighted sent out by the Elizabeth of I

the Pacific Ocean, now called
the Straits of Magellan. His
The second circumnavigation was party sailed around the world
not achieved until 58 years later by home to Spain, but Magellan
was killed in the Philippines.
the Englishman Francis Drake.
land which they called Tierra England to find out if Tierra del
del Fuego "land of fire "I.
( Fuego was a new continent.
They were not sure whether Drake proved that Tierra del
this was an island or the tip of Fuego was an island and then
a great southern continent. sailed on around the world.

THE SOUTHERN SEAS •- 2nd. _

voyage
3rd
voyage
ASIA NORTH
The Dutch were the first Europeans ,

AMERICA ^ NORTH
EUROPE *^'* PAOFIC AMERICA
to reach Australia. The first, Willem PACIFIC \ V ,
OCEAN .
'
OCEAN V)
lantszoon, reached the north coast '
' Sandwtch ..

in 1606. In 1642, another Dutchman, AFRICA Islands ,' "i_^

SOUTH
Abel Tasman, sighted the island
now known as Tasmania.
;,%,. auCt?a).ia1 ",

AUSTRAUa/
'T^v ;r,'--Trs
^AMEWPA
Wi 1
'
AUS-^m\U^
- Tasqjania^ '?- -'
y
-^NEW
tEALAND \

Interest in Australia then stopped.

Itwas another hundred years before Between 1642 and 1643, Abel Cook's first voyage took place On Cook's third voyage,
Tasman sighted Tasmania from 768 to 77 On board he became involved in
Englishman lames Cook made three (which he named Van Dieman's were
1

scientists
I I

and
.

artists to a dispute and was

great voyages to Australia and Land) and sailed on to New record his findings. He named killed by natives on
Zealand. He also stopped at his landing spot, on the east the Sandwich Islands
around the Pacific Ocean. the islands of Tonga and Fiji. coast of Australia, Botany Bay. (now Hawaiil.

TIME CHART
1304-77 Lifeof Ibn 1499-1 502 Amerigo 1580 Portugal is united
Bdttuta Vespucci, after whom with Spain Europe -i 36
America is named, sails
1419 Henry the Navigator 1642 Tasman sails around
around America
sets up a community in Australia, The Americas 40
Sagres. Portugal 1519-21 Cortes conquers
1768-71 Cooks first voyage
1434 Gil Eannes Aztec Empire in Central
sails past to Australia
Cape Bojador America
1770 Cook lands in Botany
1492 Columbus reaches 1519-22 Magellan leads
Bay. Australia See above pages
the West Ind es voyage around the
first
for more
world 772-75 Cook's second
1

1494 Treaty of Tordesi lias information.

voyage He reaches Easter
1531-34 PIzarro conquers Island - the farthest south
1497 Da Game sails from Inca Empire in South yet reached by a European
Portugal to India lohn
America
Cabot in the service of the 1776-79 Cook's third Columbus's ship was a
King of England reaches 1577-80 Drake sails voyage He is killed in Portuguese caravel called
Newfoundland around the world Hawaii the SflHdi Maria. The first
voyages of discovery were
made in caravels.

39
 5

THE NEW WORLD

Inthe 16th century, when Europeans first
ourneyed to the Americas, the lives of the
native Americans were soon to change
forever. Europeans were eager to make the
most of this new continent - the New World. A Spanish
conquistador.

THE AZTECS
III the 15th century, the Aztecs in Central
America expanded from their capital, CENTRAL GULF OF
Tenochtitlan. They created an empire by AMERICA MEXICO
conquering surrounding tribes. The Aztecs
built glorious cities with temples, open
squares or plazas, and courts where they
played a ritual ball game.

The Aztecs were continually war to find

at
victims for human sacrifice.They believed that
without this sacrifice, the sun god would die. The Aztec Empire, around 1519.
Tenochtitlan was founded in the
early 14th century.

THE INCAS
n the i^th century, the Incas in South America began to
expand from their capital of Cuzco. Believed by his people
The Aztec god Tonatiuh.
to be half-god, half-human, the ninth king Pachacuti
conquered a huge empire. Everyone in the empire had to
work in accordance with their rank and ability. In return, the
The Incas
did not
orphans, the sick and the elderly were cared for.
ATLANTIC
write, but OCEAN
tied l<nots
in strings,
The Incas built good roads across the rough land
difficult,
called of their empire. They were expert stonemasons, and also The inca Empire in 1525,
quipu, to during the reign of the god-
built impressive public buildings Most people earned their king Huayna Capac.
make
messages. living by farming.

THE ARRIVAL OF THE SPANIARDS

After the arrival of Columbus in America, the first
Europeans to explore were the Spaniards. The Spanish
conquerors, known as conquistadors, were greedy for the
immense riches of the Aztec and Inca Empires. Between
1519 and 1522, an expedition led by Hernan Cortes
conquered the Aztecs and killed their god-king
Montezuma 11. The Spaniards were helped by local tribes The gold
handle of a
who hated the Aztecs for their cruelty. Then in 533, 1

ceremonial
anish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro overthrew the knife from
^___^ called
,

the Andes.
a doubloon, made Incas too. Spain became the richest nation in Europe.
from South American gold. An Aztec chest ornament, made from turquoise,
in the shape of a serpent.

NORTH
AMERICA
/gulf of
f /MEXICO
AZTEC 'i SOUTH ^X
EUHIftE .'^ AMERICA )
Tenochtitlan

XENTRAL
AMERICA

Cortess route from the West Pizarro s route from the coast
Indies to the Aztec Empire, 1 to the Inca Empire, 1 532 to
to 1522. 1533.

40
NORTH AMERICA NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS TIME CHART
In North America, there were dozens of Indian Before Luropeans arrived, there 1437-7 I i'.-itti.3tiiii fvi.-n:i

tribes, living varied lifestyles. The Indians of were dozens of Indian tribes. the Inca Empire

the southwest were farnners, living

villages, or pueblos. Farther north there
in stone
too
Thismap shows the
main ones ¥ 1

rle
492 Columbus
West Indies
arrives in

were farmers, and people who hunted and 1497-98 An Italian, called
Cobot, reaches
gathered their food, and fishermen. Tribes Newfoundland In North
had their own languages and cultures, America on behalf of the
English,
and were often at war with
1502-20 Reign of Aztec
one another god-king Montezuma II

1519-21 Cortes conquers

Before Europeans the .Aztecs,

arrived, Indians did 1532-33 Pizarro conquers

the Incas
not ride horses.
Horses were brought 1540-41 New Mexico is
)'.
.1
colonized for the
to America by the Spaniards by Francisco
Spaniards. Vazquez de Coronado,

1542-45 Laws are

Indians from the introduced by the
Great Plains area of Spaniards to protect
North America, as ,American Indians
seen by a 19th
century artist.
1584 Roanoke in Virginia
becomes the first English
colony to beset up in
North America It fails

1603 First French governor

arrives in Canada,

1604 Acadia, the first

French colony, is set up

1607 lamestown. the first

permanent British
settlement, is set up

1616 The Dutch set up a

colony called New
Netherlands,

1620 A group called the

Pilgrims from England

THE COLONIES land at Plymouth Rock in

Massachusetts,

1625 New Amsterdam

In the late 16th century, Europeans arrived Some Indians resisted the new settlers founded by the Dutch
is

in North America. They settled in colonies and Europeans offered rewards in return
1632 English Catholics
and fought each other to gain territory. for killing them. At other times, both the seeking religious freedom
Soon there were Spanish, English, French French and the English used Indians to set up the colony of
Maryland
and Dutch colonies. fight their wars against each other.
1667 The Dutch lose their
W 7^
Ife^HISPANIOLA
colonies to the English
NEWFOIJItfbLA^ New Amsterdam becomes
RIDA V^ New York

CARIBBEAN SEA% 1680 Spanish farmers are

NORTH massacred by Pueblo
- . ^-" \ ^:P*iERICA
ATLANTIC l,"i:lians in New Mexico
HISPANIOLA CMracao
CARIBBEAN SEA OCEAN 1682 The French set up
' •-\ the Louisiana Territory
CENTRAL Englishman William Penn
TJyjamestown DUTCH
AMES SOUTH founds the city of
AMERICA GUIANA'-
Philadelphia and the
Quaker colony of
Spanish colonies around English colonies in America French colonies in America Dutch colonies in the
Pennsylvania,
the Caribbean in the 7th
1 inthe 17th century. Their in the 17th century. Their Americas in the 7th
I

century. first colony was lamestown. first settlement was Acadia. century.

FREEDOM IN AMERICA FIND OUT MORE

Not Europeans came to America to seek their fortunes.
all Explorers < 38
Many came to escape from the religious troubles that tore
Europe apart in the 16th and 17th centuries. Some of the first Religion 42
English settlers to arrive in America were a group of
Protestants called the Pilgrims. They arrived in Massachusetts USA 60
in 1620 aboard their ship The Mayflower. They came to America
so that they could worship freely and run their lives how they Wars in 44
wished. Europe
Members of the Pilgrims.
See above
pages for mort
information.
41
 THE REFORMATION
In early 16th century Europe, many people felt that
the Roman Catholic Church was in urgent need of
reform. Popes were criticized for their interest
in wealth, pleasure and power and many
priests were greedy and lazy. As a result,
Leo X who was Pope Martin Luther - his
during the start of the some people began to criticize the Church. criticisms led to a split in
Reformation. the Christian Church.

MARTIN LUTHER
In 1 51 7, a young monk named Martin ^^I^^F FINLAND

Luther pinned a document to a church

door in Wittenburg in Germany. Called SCOtTaND SWEDEN
the Ninety Five Theses, it called for a
discussion about the Church. Luther
IR^ND
^ DEMf*Aj?K r

particularly objected to the sale of

indulgences - certificates which 1 Protestant
ENGLAND
pardoned people's sins. The Pope _ >?
^^^^^fc POLAND
Luther ideas were
s
g Catholic/
^V^^^^^^^B^
made public when condemned Luther, but many Germans Protestant
HOLY ROMAN
he pinned them to a supported him. g Orthodox/ *^ EMPIRE
church door. Islam ^^^^Hr'
FRANCE
People whose beliefs went against D Catholic *^f
those of the Church were known as r'
M^\» * HUNGARY
4

heretics and could be burned at the

^
^*^ ^^ \ % Ov
stake. However Luther had powerful TUSCANY '
JT^
friends who protected him from the « PAPAL ^^'V
Pope and the Holy Roman Emperor,
SPAIN STATES \\
Charles V. The followers of Luther and NAPLES
other reformers became known as ':m^
MEDITERRANEAN SEA "'m^
Luther's ideas spread Protestants. This movement is called ^18
quickly, helped by
the Reformation because of people's
new printing presses By 1570, Protestantism had spread across Europe and soon separated
like the one above. desire to reform the Catholic Church.
Spain and Italy remained Catholic strongholds.
into different branches.

THE CHURCH IN ENGLAND

In 1 Henry Vill of England decided to ask the Pope
528, King
for a divorce from his wife, Catherine of Aragon, Henry
The Holy Roman
wanted a new wife because Catherine had only given him a Emperor Charles V
daughter and Henry believed that he needed a son to be (also Charles I of
Spainl. He was a
king after him The Pope refused to do this because he was Catholic and the
in an awkward position - a divorce would offend Catherine's nephew of Henry
Vllls wife Catherine
nephew, Holy Roman Emperor Charles V. In order to get his of Aragon.
divorce, Henry made himself head of the Church in England
and closed down the monasteries. The Church of England
later became fully Protestant in the reign of Henry's son.

Here, Charles

CATHOLICS FIGHT BACK is

his
dressed
imperial
in

regalia as the
in 534, a powerful religious order, called the Society of
1 Holy Roman
Emperor
jesus, or the lesuits, was set up to convert people in
America and Asia to Christianity and to win Protestants
back to the Catholic Church Then in 545, the Catholic1

Church, realizing that it was still under attack from

Protestantism, called the Council of Trent to establish
its beliefs and find ways to reconvert Protestants. This
revival of Catholicism is called the Counter
Reformation.

Both Protestants and Catholics were fully prepared to

persecute, torture and execute each other in the name
of their religion.

42
 TIME CHART
RELIGIOUS WARS 1478 The Spdniardb
the Inquisition to persecute
revive

In Europe in the 16th century, people believed lews and Muslims who
pretended to be Christians
passionately that they would only go to heaven if for safety, but secrectly

they followed what they believed was the true faith followed their own religions

As a result, for over 50 years Europe was torn apa

1 1483-1546 Life of fvlartin
Luther, Protestant reformer
by religious wars. Political alliances tended to be
made between countries that followed the same 1517 Luther issues his
Minety Five Theses,
religion (though not always) and differences in protesting against the
nglish playing
religious belief was often the major cause of wars,
(
fdilingsof the Church
I7th century, telling the story of the
including civil wars. English defeat of the Spanish fleet. 15 9-56 Reign of Charles V
Holy Roman Emperor

1 522-25 A series of
FRANCE THE NETHERLANDS DEFEAT FOR SPAIN Protestant rebellions takes
place in the Holy Roman
Empire
France had a large In the 16th century, the Though he once thought
1534 Henry becomes
number of Protestants Netherlands were part of of marrying Protestant
Supreme Head
VIII
of the
known as the Huguenots, the Spanish Empire. Elizabeth of Engand,
i English Church
among whom were many Philip 11 of Spain tried to Philip of Spain came to
II 1 545-63 The Council of
of France's nobility. From impose absolute rule over see her as one of his Trent defines the doctrines
of the Catholic Church, in
1562 to 1598, bitter civil the Dutch and he greatest enemies. So, in response to the rise in
wars were fought and in persecuted Protestants. i 588, he tried to invade Protestantism

1572, 20,000 Huguenots In 1566 the Dutch rebelled England. He sent a fleet 1555 Emperor Charles V
gives tolerance to Lutherans
were killed by Catholics at and two years later, war of ships, called the in the Religious Peace of
the Massacre of St. broke out. It seemed an Armada, to carry his Augsburg, which allows
them to follow their own
Bartholomew's Eve. The impossible task - a few soldiers from the religion.
civil wars ended when the tiny provinces against Netherlands to England.
1556-98 Reign of Philip II.

Huguenot Henry IV of Spain, the mightiest However, Philip's plan King of Spain.
Navarre became King of nation in Europe. failedwhen the skill of the 1558-1603 Reign of
France. Henry was However in 1648, seven English navy and bad Elizabeth I. Queen of
England
converted to Catholicism provinces did gain weather combined to
1562-98 A series of
but he granted Huguenots independence and they wreck the fleet. Many of wars takes place in
civil
France
the freedom of worship. became known as the the ships sank in British
1568- 1648 Dutch War of
This was later withdrawn. United Provinces. waters. Independence against Spain

1572 Massacre of
• Paris Huguenots on St.
Bartholomews Eve.
M

^
Huguenot
areas 1588 England's navy defeats
UNITED the Spanish Armada
FRANCE PROVJJSJCES
1598 Henry IV of France
ATLANTld^M SPANISH
grants tolerance to the
Huguenots in the Edict of

^ —^HF**
OCEAN fJ^M

SPAIN '^'
NETHERMVNCis: >

FRANCE
Nantes

1618-48 The Thirty Years-

War ravages Germany
1685 Toleration for
Areas under Huguenot control in In 1648. part of the Netherlands The route of the Spanish Armada in
Huguenots in France is
France in the late 16th century. became independent from Spain 1588.
ended by Louis XIV

THE WORST WAR

The Thirty Years' 'War was the most vicious religious
war of the time. It began in 1618 when Bohemia, which
was part of the Holy Roman Empire, chose a
Protestant king instead of one from the Catholic
Hapsburg family. 'War broke out with Catholic
Spain and Austria on one side and German
Protestants, supported by Denmark, Sweden
and later France, on the other side.

The French were Catholic, but they backed the

Protestants because the Hapsburgs were their
enemies. For thirty years, foreign armies ravaged
Germany. The population fell dramatically as
people were driven away or killed. The war ended
in 648 with the Treaty of Westphalia, which
1

greatly reduced the Hapsburg Emperor's

control over the German princes.
 POWER IN EUROPE
During the 16th century, many bitter wars had
been caused by differences in religious belief.
Now inthe 17th century, countries waged wars to
increase their territory, for power and glory
and to win trade.

KING AND PARLIAMENT An English

War helmet.
Civil

In the early 7th century, a theory,

1

called the Divine Right of Kings,

stated that kings and queens In 1642, This map shows which
many Scots areas mainly supported
were appointed by God and were supported Parliament and which
answerable only to Him. Like Parliament.
supported the King, at
other monarchs, Charles of I
SCOTLATiT) the outbreak of the
England believed in this and Civil War in 1642. f
'

rl_
thought that no one should
criticize him or take over his
powers. However, some Tdinburgh • X> KEY
members of the English iSunbar
Parliament began to
In 1651, the Scots
helped Charles II to
^ Battle sites
A Civil War pikeman in Under control
Cromwell s New Model Army. demand a greater say invade England but
n^
.
of Parliament
were defeated.
The soldiers all wore red coats. in government.
Under control
LyijAl

r^-^ of the King

I
K3UM1
This clash of ideas led to the l%T.LA<Ji'D
Civil War. Thanks to the !Adu)atton
leadership of Oliver Cromwell 'Moor X ^
and "New Model
his efficient 'Drogheda
^ X, 'M.arston
Army", Parliament won and
Charles was beheaded.
^ Ihibtin ,
'Preston

Cromwell took the title Lord Uprisings Ireland in

in
'L'JiQLAIi'D
Protector and set up a republic. support of the King were -^
. savagely stopped by .^
Vn
j

Cromwell. / ;>{?
^9\(ase6y
The English people,
'Worcester 'EdgehUl
though, began to dislike
the new regime. On >~ ^^^^^
Cromwell's death, they %ord
invited Charles's son to
become Charles II. From
)
X
'Hpundioay
^9iew6unj
.
,
London 2
then on, the power of 2)^^
100 200 km XangfortV.
Parliament increased.
100 miles
^s/Lostmtf
tkieC

THE RISE OF THE GERMAN PRINCES 'X.J

At this time, there were more than

SWEDEN ->' ~»w-:
/A
300 separate states in Germany
Some were ruled by princes and ^t^^
^'v^
others by Catholic bishops. :t
All the states formed the
Holy Roman Empire, but the
Emperor had little real contro
After the Thirty Years' War,
hS
many princes controlled ^HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
own states. Some
their By 1740, Brandenburg-Prussia,
became much stronger, now known as Prussia, was an
important state. It dominated
especially Prussia. Its Germany In the 18th century.
ruler was crowned King
of Prussia in 1701 and it Prussian Giant
became a European Grenadiers. To be a
Giant Grenadier", men
power. had to be enormously tall.
 THE SUN KING
France, the reign of King Louis XIV was a
In 1642-48 English Civil Wdr
glorious period. His court was glamorous 1643-1715 Reign of Louis
XIV of France
and he was known as the Sun King. He had
total authority and during his long reign l649Cfiarles I of England
IS executed.
the French parliament, called the Estates
1649-60 England is a
General, did not meet at all. To help him republic, called the
govern, Louis employed ministers who were Commonwealth.
talented, loyal and efficient. They were often from 660 Charles II becomes
1

King of England
the middle classes. France became rich, and
Louis XIV loved
ballet. Here, he French style and fashions were copied 1652-74 Britain fights
three wars against Holland
is dressed in a throughout Europe (the United Provinces)
ballet costume
as the Rising 1672- 702 William of
1

Sun. Louis saw himself as Europe's leader. He Orange reigns in the Dutch
United Provinces
wanted to gain military glory and to
extend his eastern frontiers. Louis's 1 672-78 War between the
French and the Dutch
ambitions caused several wars.
1 684 Louis XIV occupies

Luxembourg
V •
In one war with Holland (the
1688-97 The Nine Years
United Provinces), Louis War. during which France
\ ..;_^ was defeated by its King, invades Germany
/t •"j^
"
William of Orange. William 1689-1702 William of
Orange reigns in England,
ordered canal dams to be opened, in iointly with his wife Mary II

order to flood the flat Dutch land. This until her death in 1694. and
then alone
prevented the French from capturing it.
170l-l3The Warofthe
Eventually several European powers Spanish Succession
banded together to stop Louis in the Nine
1713 The Peace of Utrecht
Years' War of Augsburg. treatyends the War of the
Spanish Succession

SCOTLAND i SWEDEN
League of
Augsburg

French
IRELAND L England < 42
territory
ENGLAND f~
HOLtAND
French
SPANISH Netherlands ^ 43
pTHERLANDS
attacks HOLY
ROMAN Spain < 43
EMPIRE
SAVOY Thirty Years'
SPAIN War < 43
j'—%^
A drummer in Nine Years' War of Augsburg, Catholic and Protestant states
Louis XlVs army against France to thwart Louis's ambitions.

WAR OF THFSPANISH SUCCESSION

In 1701, the sickly Charles II of
Spain died. He had no son or tEAT TS^ -
r
'^-—t
J* ^
United Austrian
NetherlanJ
HOLY
ROMAN
^VdBJAIN,/^-
[TAIN, '^ FRANCE
brothers, but there were several ^9
^^^,
/,^ HOLY
ROMAN
EMPIRE

candidates for the throne. Even r^ EMPIRE ,...,J

FRANCE 'S-
though Louis XIV's Spanish wife
had given up her right to the
"

) / PAPAL
STATES
!N
Spanish throne, Louis claimed it for SPAIN -.^ Cy^
fl NAPLES
his grandson, Philip of Anjou. MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Minoi^ca |Sicily
Gibraltar '=3
Other European nations declared 1.
After the Peace of Utrecht, Austriawon the Spanish Savoy, a principality between
war, forming a Grand Alliance Britain gained Gibraltar Netherlands, plus Milan, Sardinia France and Italy, gained the
against France. Eventually France and Minorca from Spain and Naples from island of Sicily

was exhausted and a treaty was

drawn up, called the Peace of A 7th century
I

naval battle.
Utrecht. Philip of Anjou became England, France,
King of Spain, but the Spanish Spain and
Holland all had
Empire was broken up. strong navies.
 THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE
Inthe 14th century, nnuch of Russia was ruled by a
group of Mongols called the Tartars. The Russian
princes were forced to pay a tribute to the Tartars so
that they would not attack Russia. Soon, though, a new
Russian Empire was to ennerge under the
III, the Great - Tsar of
leadership of the Moscow princes. Ivan IV, the Terrible -
Ivan
Russia from 1462-1505. Tsar from 1533-84,

RUSSIAN INDEPENDENCE
In 328. the Tartars gave the ruler of
1

Moscow, Ivan I, the job of collecting the

tribute from the other Russian princes.
This earned him the title "Moneybags".
,
\

~
^J^
CM
aNovgorod
^ RUSSIA
Moscow's importance now began to grow. •Moscow •Moscow c ^Moscow
Then, during the rule of Ivan III, the Great, X Kulikovo 4.*

the city itself began to grow. He married a TARTARS

TARTARS
Byzantine princess from Constantinople
\.- !
and declared that Moscow was to be the Moscow territory in 1389. Moscow territory in 1462 at Moscow territory in I 505 at
third Rome (after Romeand itself From I 300 to the second the start of Ivan the Great's the end of Ivan the Greats
half of the century, the reign. By this time, it had reign. Ivan conquered
Constantinople). He then conquered the IVloscow princes expanded expanded again. In 1480, Novgorod in 1478 and
territory of Novgorod and refused to pay their territory. In 1380, they Ivan stopped paying the extended his control in all
won a spectacular victory Tartars their tribute and other directions. In 500, he
his tribute to the Tartars. Russia was now
1

over the Tartars at the now Russia was fully began attacking and taking
at last independent. Battle of Kulikovo. independent. territory from Lithuania.

IVAN IV ARCTIC OCEAN

^f
*W'
Russia continued to
expand during the reign
of Ivan IV, the Terrible. He
RUSSIA > SIBERIA
came to the throne in [is

1533 at age three and •Novgorod Q

BERING

Ivan IVs crown,

grew into a ruthless,
clever man. He reformed EUROPE
•Moscow £
?
Z
A SEA

made in the
the government to make ^^v.zv-^wa.'-V
Byzantine style.
himself absolute ruler Russian territory in 1581 . It was in this year that Ivan the Terrible ordered the exploration
He also ordered the of Siberia to the east.

conquest of Siberia - the

ARCTIC OCEAN
great area of forest and ^^-
frozen land stretching to
the east.
7^
Ivan also issued a law
! ^ SIBERIA (
The Russian RUSSIA
emblem - the
3
which took rights away •Novgorod
double-headed 2
eagle. from peasants. They •Moscow 5 BERING
became serfs - people
who could not leave their
EUROPE 2
'-, f SEA.

master's land. Ivan

S!!^^ '^'i^^^ /^lJ^H^B ^H
Russian territory in 1618. The Russians had now advanced from the Ural Mountains as far
destroyed everyone as the Yenisey River.
t*|p' who opposed him.
ARCTIC OCEAN
-»^

C
St. Basils
Cathedral in
1> SIBERIA
Moscow, built by RUSSIA 2
Ivan the Terrible
in 1552.
• Novgorod c
• Moscow 5
r >
EUROPE

Russian territory in1689, By the start of Peter the Great's reign in this year, Russia had
expanded across Siberia.

46
 THE RUSSIAN PEOPLE
From early in its history, all the land in Russia 1328 Htddot \u<.a[
was owned by noble families. Between the ( .irthodox Church moves to
ivUiSCOW
0th and the 12th centuries, a group of
1328-40 Ivan nicknamed
noblemen emerged called the Boyars. These VKineybags. rules
I.

Moscow
were important men who owned very large
1 380 Moscow princes win
estates. They had a great deal of victory over Tartars at
ndependence, and this often brought Kulikovo

them into conflict with the Tsars. 1462-1505 Reign of Ivan

III, the Great

Russian peasants were tied to the 1478 Ivan the Great

umquers Novgorod
land and had to work for their local
480 Ivan refuses to pay
gave them a
1

lord. In return, their lord tribute to Tartars

certain amount of protection, but
1533-84 Reign of Ivan IV
their lives were very hard. the Terrible

1 558-82 Russia and Poland

One group Russians who were
of dfe rit war

ndependent from the noblemen were the 1581 Ivan the Terrible
orders first explorations of
Cossacks. The Cossacks lived in military Siberia
communities on the frontiers of Russia,
1613-45 Reign ol Michael
around the rivers Don and Dnieper. They Romanov - the first of the
were splendid horsemen and the Moscow Romanov Tsars
princes used them to protect their 1689-1725 Reign of Peter
the Great
frontiers against invaders such as the
Tartars, Turks and Poles. 1700-1721 The Great
Northern War

1703 Peter the Great

In Russia used
later years, the Tsars of founds St Petersburg
the Cossacks to help them explore and 1721 Treaty of Nystadt
colonize Siberia i;i\es Baltic States and part
•M Finland to Russia

PETER THE GREAT

In 1689, Peter the Great became Tsar (or
Emperor) at age 17. He was determined to
modernize Russia and began a system of
reforms. Although these reforms had an
enormous effect, many were unpopular.

In order to learn as much as possible, Peter

went to Europe, training in navigation and
shipbuilding. He brought foreign craftsmen
to modernize Russia, and built ports and
canals. He also founded a new capital, St.
Petersburg, on the Baltic coast. To do this,
he had to advance into Swedish territory.
The Winter Palace In St. Petersburg,
built by Peter's daughter Elizabeth.

THE GREAT NORTHERN WAR

Peter's expansion led to a war with
Sweden's King Charles Xll This war, called
The Great Northern War, began in 1700.

Although the Swedes started well, in 70Q 1

they were heavily defeated at Poltava.

Their army was eventually forced to flee to
the Ottoman Empire. Russia then invaded
Sweden itself in 1719. In 1721 the war
Charles Xll of Sweden As a result of the war,
ended with a treaty called the Peace of advanced into Russia in Peter gained more
Nystadt. Peter the Great kept his newly 1709. He was defeated at territory around the Baltic
the Battle of Poltava. from Sweden.
acquired territory in the Baltic.
 CHINA - THE MIDDLE KINGDOM
For many centuries, China enjoyed a brilliant and
highly developed culture, although at times it
was politically very unstable. For much of this
time, the Chinese had little or nothing at all to do
with foreigners, believing that there was nothing
that they could gain from them. They called their A Chinese printing block
and inks. The Chinese
land the Middle Kingdom. invented printing.

THE MING DYNASTY

In 1

a revolt in
monk called Chu Yuan-chang led
368, a Buddhist
China against the Mongols, who ruled in
China at that time. His revolt succeeded and Chu
Yuan-chang founded a new family of Chinese rulers
ASIA
m
W^ JAPAN
called the Ming Dynasty.

The early Ming rulers extended the Great Wall of

China, which had originally been built to keep the
#" EMPIRE
Mongols out. They also brought the province of / PACIflC
Yunnan under their control and forced Korea to pay a -^ OCEAN
tribute to China. Soon, though, the Chinese decided
One of the marble statues which The Ming Empire in the 5th
to withdraw from foreign contacts altogether. They
I

guards the entrance to the tombs
of the Ming Emperors.
century. The Ming took control over
were self-sufficient and did not want anything from the whole of China, including the
southwest, which was not
abroad. They regarded foreigners as barbarians - traditionally part of China.
uncivilized people,

MING CULTURE
Under the Ming Dynasty, China enjoyed 50 years of
I

peace. During this time, the Chinese made many ASIA >-\

discoveries in medicine and craftsmen CHINA \

PiRStAh
produced wonderful porcelain. They . GULP
^ir«(DIA INDOCHINA
planted beautiful gardens and the
Ming emperors were buried in AFRIC^
1 INDONESIA
magnificent tombs, guarded by huge
(NDMN
statues. They were also great explorers. OCEAN
;

The most famous explorer was Admiral

AUSTRALIA
Cheng Ho, who made seven great voyages.
^
/' -- Cheng Hos voyages ^ ^

Eventually the state started to fall apart.
There were many rebellions and one million
people died in one rebellion alone. Bandits
occupied the capital Peking (Beijing) and
the Ming government collapsed.
The voyages of Admiral Cheng Ho
between 1405 and 1433. Among
other places, he sailed to
Indochina, Indonesia, the Persian
Gulf, Arabia and the east coast of
Africa.

THE MANCHU DYNASTY

To the northeast of China lay the province of
Manchuria, which was dependent on China ASIA
for protection. Its people were nomads but
around the year 1600, the tribes united, in
the mid 1640s, the Chinese invited Manchu
warriors into China to help them deal with Great Wallj\0^^
the bandits. The Manchus soon established
themselves as the new rulers, in control of of China KOREA
the army. CHINA
Manchu homeland
Marriage between Chinese and Manchus
was forbidden and they lived in separate Manchuria, the Manchus
homeland, northeast of China
areas of the cities. Chinese men had to wear around IbOO, the
itself. Until

their hair in pigtails to identify them. Manchus were tribes of nomads.

They went on to conquer China.

48
 THE EMPIRE EXPANDS! TIM^HART
The Manchu Empire grew as China ^ 1368-1644 Ming Dynasty
prospered. Taiwan, MongoHa, Tibet and
1 405-33 Voyages of
Turkestan all came under its rule. Trade liiiiral Cheng Ho
increased, especially in tea, and the 1 5 1 7 The Portuguese
Chinese style became very fashionable become the first
Europeans to trade in
in 18th century Europe. China

1 557 The Portuguese are

By the late 18th century, however, given Macao on the
dislike of foreigners was steadily Chinese coast as a tradint
settlement
rowing again. The Chinese prevented
1581 lesuit missionaries
Christian missionaries from arrive in China.
preaching in China. Attempts by
Europeans to increase trade were
/ /l^\^ 1644-1912 Manchu
Dynasty
J-
soundly snubbed. 1834-1908 Life of Tzu-
ASIA Dowager Empress of
hsi,
Chma
When the British diplomat Lord Peking. KOREA
1839-42 The first
McCartney visited Peking on a Opium War betweei
trading mission in 793, he was 1
MANCHU Britam and China

told very firmly by Chinese officials EMPIRE 1842 Treaty of Nankiiit;

that there was nothing at all that gives Hong Kong and fiv

other ports as trading

China needed to buy from settlements to Britain
barbarians like him. 1850-64 The Taiping
Rebellion -a civil war
during which millions
An 18th century European The Manchu Empire at its greatest
died
ornament, made in the Chinese extent around the year 760. Korea
I

style. Europeans copied Chinese art had at one time been under 1856-60 The second
styles in furniture, ornaments and China's protection but was by now Opium War
wall hangings. Independent.
1860 Treaty of Peking
givesmore trading
powers to Britain
THE OPIUM WARS 1866-1935 Life of Sun
Yat-sen
In the 19th century, Europeans were anxious to buy tea KOREA C.1870 Dislike of
from China, but the Chinese did not want European JAPAN foreigners grows in China

goods. Europeans had to pay for tea in silver. There was 1894-95 Sino-lapanese
• Shanghai
one thing, however, that the Chinese merchants did War - china and lapan
CHINA * Ningpo fight over control of •
/
want - a drug from India called opium. Korea China loses
EAST
1899-1900 The Boxer
At this time, the British ruled India and supplied opium Foochow. ^^^'^ Rebellion

to China although it was banned there. The Chinese '''"'"'•

TAIWAN
t
government was very angry about this and two wars Canton
broke out between Britain and China. China was — - Hong Kong .^i&^r
defeated twice. As a result of the wars, called the Opium
Wars, Hong Kong plus five other ports were given to The six British Treaty
Ports of 1842. Other
Britain for trading purposes. Other European nations European nations also
were also able to use trading ports. The Manchus were had influence over
different areas of
humiliated by this and the Europeans' influence China, which they used
weakened their rule. for trade purposes.

THE BOXER REBELLION

In the late 19th century, China was dominated by a very
powerful woman called Tz'u-hsi. When the Emperor died in
1862, her baby, the Emperor's only son, came to the throne.
She ruled for him and then held on to power when he died.
She was determined not to accept any change in China.

In 1899 a secret society, known as the Boxers, rebelled

against foreigners in Peking. Christians were attacked
and for nearly two months, foreign embassies were
put under siege, supported by Tz'u-hsi. Concern in
Europe led to an international force being sent to
rescue the foreign traders. They defeated the Tz'u-hsi, the

Boxers and from then on foreigners were able wh^ruied ainT

to enter China much more freely. from 1862-1908.

49
 THE SLAVE TRADE
slavery had been part of life since very early times.
A slave Between the 7th to the 19th centuries a massive
1

driver, A female
whose job it trade existed between Africa and the Americas, as slavewho
was to make may have
slaves work millions of Africans were sent to work in worked on a
hard.
the New World. plantation.

THE AFRICAN SLAVE TRADE BEGINS

When Europeans began to arrive in the •
. .. -<i^

S1300 Americas, they opened mines and large

farms, called plantations, for producing
LOUISIANA
TO goods to send back to Europe. The
^'"-^J

mo niuiis! Europeans forced the native Americans to

work for them, but many died due to the
%.
II
harsh working conditions and European
diseases. slavery areas
tm tari Bin ^, mwrr M* lUrlr f^
I

NEW <^,
French territory ittANADA ^"
As a result, the plantations and mines were \^
short of workers. To solve this problem, a B Spanish territory
^' BRAZIL^

JUilMlTiM. «|:|.t- a,
WM.
ln«&
F. TAI.BOTT.
regular trade was set up to transport
Africans to the Americas so that they could
n British territory

Portuguese territory
>.ERU ^
work for the Europeans there. Over past Dutch territory
This American poster of 1853 offers up
to $ ,250 for a group of African slaves.
1
centuries, Mediterranean people had used
The slave trade was a big business. European colonies in the Americas, where
Africans as slaves. However, this new slave African slaves worked.
trade was bigger than any earlier ones.

SLAVE TRIANGLE
In the mid-18th century, at THE SLAVE TRIANGLE
^ 1. From Europe,
ships sailed to gfr
,^^^^
Africa with ianc^f
the peak of the trade, slave This map shows the triangular trade and goods, such
cloth and ^^
aa^ ^
M^ &
ships left Europe with the goods exchanged between the three
continents, A separate slave trade in
guns, cloth and goods,
East Africa supplied the ,Arah world
such as beads and mirrors.
These were produced \^^F^'EU%.0<P'E
cheaply in Europe.
3. Inthe Americas,
The ships sailed to West slaves were sold for
cash or exchanged for
Africa or Madagascar,
metals and
where the goods were sold foodstuffs
to local chiefs in exchange
for slaves. Some were
criminals or prisoners of
war, but others were simply
kidnapped from their
and sold.
villages

"-^^&%:L-<^Uin^-~:: -.U^^ZiX
 THE SLAVES' FATE TIME CHART
NORTH AMERICA^ [lllll(U>

Most African slaves landed in c. I 450 /\U\c,in sirivcs

ATLANTIC ' be taken to
South America or the Caribbean OCEAN EUROPE
'
>

and the rest went to North _0.S million C.I 520 African slaves
America. the early years, as
In Ijegin to be taken to
/
many as a quarter of the slaves »riWff-mMU-
America by Europeans,
AFRICA
died during the two month 't-5"mmran- 1522 The first slave
rebellion takes place in
voyage. Conditions were ,V ./", llispaniola
cramped, unhealthy and hot, ttfti X. — -

Mttt 0.5 million C.I 750 The slave trade is

and the people were chained. at its peak
0.5 million".'.-.v.-.-. ,

PACC \ "'"« 1772 Slavery is declared

In later years, some captains OCEAN -\ 3.5 million
illegal in England

gave slaves exercise, washed out SOUTH AMERICA 1792 Slavery is banned in
Danish colonies,
their quarters and gave them African slaves were sent mainly to the
better food and care. They did Caribbean islands, but also to Europe, North 1 794 Slavery is banned in
America and South America. I rench colonies,
this to keep more slaves alive in
1804 A slave rebellion
order to make more money. succeeds in Haiti,

1807 Wilberforces law

Slaves who survived the voyage bans British ships from
were sold at auctions, if they fdking part in slavery

were lucky, they might be 1 808 The US government

lidns slaves from being
bought by someone who would Ijrought into the country
treat them kindly. Most, though,
1822 The USA founds
were forced to work hard in the Liberia in Africa as a
A diagram of a slave colony for freed slaves
ship, showing how
fields. In all, it is thought that
A slave branding iron. Slaves were burned, or
people were packed between 10 and 12 million branded, with a hot iron like this one, showing C.1830 Spanish colonies
in tightly together. their new owner's gam mdependence and
Africans were enslaved like this. initials.
slavery starts to die out

1 833 Slavery is abolished

in the British Empire
REBELLIONS AND ESCAPES c.1850-61 The
Underground Railroad in
Some slaves rebelled. Most North America helps
rebellions were stopped savagely,
slave states
CANADA
y slaves to freedom

but one succeeded brilliantly. In 1861-65 The American

Civil War The northern
1804, the slaves of Haiti, led by states are victorious
Toussaint L'Ouverture, fought the 1863 Lincoln declares all
French and won Haiti's freedom. <;laves in the United
UNITED STAT States of America free

1888 Slavery is abolished

Other slaves ran away. In North
America, there was an organized > . AMERICA in Brazil

escape route to Canada, where J^'

sy
slaves would be free, nicknamed
Toussaint the Underground Railroad. One
FIND OUT MORE
LOuverture was PACIFIC ) 't'f^.,
of the bravest to help escapers .'Xmericdn
made Governor-
OCEAN V -7 \
Ji CARIB^EAN^
General of Haiti for was an ex-slave named Harriet i;| Civil War 6!
life,but was later
betrayed and died
Tubman. In all, she helped 19 The United States of America. Slavery was legal
Africa -4 25
in a French prison. groups of people to freedom. in the southern states.

New
THE ANTI-SLAVERY CAMPAIGN World
'..IvU -^hii See above
In 1807, a politician called William Wilberforce pages for more
information.
persuaded the British government to pass a law
which banned British ships from taking part in
slavery. In 1823, he helped to found the Anti-
Slavery Society, which tried to abolish slavery in
the British Empire. In 1833, this happened at last.
The Wedgwood
Medallion - a
In 1808 a laW was passed banning the import of popular symbol
of the Anti-
slaves to the United States. However, it was still Slavery Society.
legal for people to own slaves. In the northern
states, many people wanted slavery abolished,
but people in southern states relied upon slaves
to work. This difference in opinion was one of the
causes of the American Civil War.

51
 THE RISE OF JAPAN
Japan is a chain of mountainous islands off the
eastern coast of Asia. The Japanese are an ancient
people, who developed their own traditions and
religion over the centuries. Though Japan's culture
was greatly influenced by China, until the 19th
century it had little contact with the
^OXX^I'DO
rest of the world.
The Temple of the Golden Pavilion
near Kyoto, built in the 14th century.
arumae

JAPAN IN ANCIENT TIMES flsu ^1

lapan was, and still is, a place with many natural hazards. The Nowadays, the
Ainu people live
Islands are very prone to earthquakes, which can be followed by In areas created
terrible firesand tsunami - giant waves in the sea caused by /Specially for
them in
earthquakes. Nevertheless, people kept migrating to the islands Hokkaido.
from southeast Asia over a very long period of time. As more
and more people arrived, they began to dominate lapan's Northern The climate of
original inhabitants, who were called the Ainu. The Ainu came Honshu has north lapan is
always been cool, like the
to hold a very low position in lapanese society after their defeat a major rice European
in their great uprising in 81 2AD. growing climate.
area.
50 km
-II
V
JAPANESE CULTURE 50 miles

lapan became heavily influenced by China,

mostly due to a 7th century prince, called THE ISLANDS OF JAPAN
Prince Shotuku. In 604, he introduced the lapan is made up of 4,223
Chinese calendar, civil service and the separate islands. The four
Chinese government to japan.
style of largest islands, Hokkaido,

He in Chinese artists and

also brought Honshu, Shikoku
and Kyushu make
craftsmen and encouraged Buddhism up nearly all of
(which had come to China from India). lapan's territory
However, Shintoism, the Japanese religion,
remained strong.

The south of lapan is

warm and almost
tropical.

W 9^0 unt
Laie T
(Biwa

9iiros'fiima
\y

EMPERORS AND SHOGUNS

'^^^ /_*^ '^0 unt
TiiliJ 1 u llnzen According to legend, the first Emperor was limmu
Tenno, who came to the throne around 660BC. The
lapanese believed that emperors were gods and that
they were all-powerful.

In the 9th century, a family called Fujiwara gained

Sal^uTaJima control over the court. Other families challenged
them, causing years of feuding. In 192, 1

A I7'h Minamoto Yoritomo won and took the title

centUi '
shogun Shogun. This was a military title, but the holder
drawn in ran the government too. From then on, the
the
lapanes Emperor had little power, although he was still
style.
a god to his people.

52
THE MONGOL INVASIONS
Due to Japan's strong island position, it was very safe from
invasions by other nations. However in both 1274 and i28i
the Mongol rulers of China attempted to invade japan. On
both occasions, the Mongols failed when they were forced
^ back by violent winds that wrecked and scattered the

Mongol fleet, in lapan, these winds are known as

*•
^^mifeaze or "divine winds".

^
SAMURAI WARRIORS
By the 2th century, a group of warriors, called the
1

samurai, had emerged during lapan's many wars. The

samurai were highly skilled and had a strict code of
conduct.

From 339 to 573, called the Ashikaga Period, the

1 1

shoguns gradually lost control over the landowners

who were known as the daimyos. The daimyos were
very powerful and continually fought each other.
They employed huge armies of samurai and built
massive castles. By the 16th century, the title of
samurai was handed down from father to son.
Only samurai were allowed to carry weapons.

After the Ashikaga Period, rival leaders fought for

control of lapan. Following a great victory at the
battle of Sekigahara in 1600, an important daimyo
called Tokugawa leyasu became Shogun. He
limited the powers of the other daimyos and his
descendants kept the title until 1868. lapan was
peaceful and prosperous under their reign.

TRADE WITH JAPAN

The lapanese were suspicious of
foreigners and in 1639, all foreign
traders were banned, except for a few
Dutch and Chinese, who were only
allowed to trade in Nagasaki.

However, in 1853, an American officer,

called Commodore Perry, arrived in
lapan on a trade mission. By this time,
lapan was facing economic problems A samurai warrior
of the 16th century
and Perry was able to force japan to allow
in traditional
Europeans and Americans to trade there. costume.

JAPAN MODERNIZES
The arrival of foreigners caused a lot of MANCHURIA,^
Kwangtung
confusion in japan. In 1868, the emperor Peninsi^
^
'
p
A^^
^y
FIND OUT MORE
took advantage of this and grabbed '2
vi^^-mREA
power back for himself in a surprise
KOREA
J^^ China < 48
move. He then began to modernize the
country and took control of the CHIt4A
EAST PACIFIC
governmerit. CHINA OCEAN
SEA TAIWAN
(
Tokyo became the capital and the
In 1894, Japanese troops China lost the war in 1895.
lapanese quickly adopted western landed in Korea, which was Itwas forced to give Korea
science and technology. As a result of a separate state, but independence and hand
protected by China. They over Taiwan and the
this modernization effort, lapan soon then advanced further north Kwangtung Peninsula to
became the dominant power in Asia. into Manuchuria. Japan.

53
 INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
During the 18th and 19th centuries, Britain was
transformed from a nation of farmers to an industrial
giant - "the wori<shop of the world". From Britain, the
Industrial Revolution spread across Europe stephensons
Locomotion steam engine - the
and the world. first to pull a passenger train.

AGRICULTURAL CHANGE STEAM POWER

in 1 much of Britain was still farmed in medieva
700, Late the 17th century, lames
in
styleopen fields. But in the 18th century, scientific Watt patented the steam
first
developments helped farmers to improve their so engine. At first many
with natural and chemical fertilizers. The late 18th ndustrialists were wary, but soon
century saw improvements too in breeding farm they saw that steam could free
animals. Farmers produced plenty of food to keep them from the seasonal changes
pace with the growing population. of water power Factories could
also be built at more convenient
To from the new farming methods
profit places. Steam soon overtook
richlandowners ended the open field water as a key energy source.
system and did away with the
common land. They enclosed ate 18th century, steam-
their land into large private driven machinery was
farms, ignoring opposition powering mine shaft
from small landowners. pumps, iron foundries,
This picture shows a homeless cotton mills. Later, it also
farmer and his family. Many small powered the trains and
farmers could not survive In the
new system. Some found work on ships which carried all the
rich landowners' farms. Many went
new manufactured goods.
to the cities to work in factories.

THE INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION

The 18th and 19th centuries in Britain ""/SCOTLAND
A Light
saw dramatic changes in the way people industry
worked and where they lived.
Manufacturing shifted rapidly from small ENGLAND NORTH
SEA
CLOTH
cottage industries to huge mills and
Towns and cities grew up
factories. New inventions like the Flying
around factories to house the workers. Shuttle and the Spinning lenny,
produced woven cloth far more
New machines were invented to do the A rjL
quickly and cheaply than by hand.
jobs of spinners, weavers and other
skilled workers. Fewer people could now As the technology developed, larger
ENGLISH
produce more goods. Some machines CHANNEL and larger machines were driven by
worked so simply that children could in 700, areas of light industry were
I
huge water wheels and then by
mind them - for much lower rates of pay. scattered all over Britain. At this time, steam power Great mills were built
three quarters of the population
worked on the land. deep in river valleys to house the
Skilled workers now received vastly power looms. Crowded towns and
reduced wages, or were put out of work cities grew up quickly alongside so
altogether. Many could no longer afford that the thousands of factory
to feed their families. Whole families workers could live nearby. Children
were forced to work longer and longer worked the same long hours as
hours, often in dark, dirty and adults, and orphans and homeless
sometimes dangerous conditions. children were often apprenticed as
cheap workers.
Angry and violent protests broke out
The Spinning lenny, invented by
regularly over the early decades of the lames Hargreaves in1 764. One
19th century One
group, called the operator could
spin
Luddites, protested against the situation ENGLISH several
by breaking up the new machinery CHANNEL threads
at once.
responsible for taking their jobs. Revolts By 1851, giant industrial cities had
such as these were crushed harshly by sprung up around the mills, factories
and coalfields. Millions came to the
the authorities. cities to find work.

54
 TIME CHART
1733 Kay invents the Flying 1812 The first gas light 1851 The Great Exhibition 1871 Trade unions become
Shuttle weaving machine company established in displays to the world legal in Britain.

1761 The Bridgewater Canal London Britain's technological

1876 Alexander Graham
opens achievements
1825 The first passenger Bell invents the telephone.
1782 lames Watt patents his opens in the USA.
railway service 1870s Regular crossings of
rotary steam engine. between Stocl^ton and the Atlantic, and other long 1885 First internal
1811-12 Luddite rebels Darlington in northeast distance routes by steam combustion engine is
break industrial machinery England ship, begin invented in Germany

COAL, IRON AND STEEL EFFECTS OF THE REVOLUTION

In 1709 Abraham Darby discovered By the 1870s, Britain was responsible for
a new, cheap way to use coal to producing one third of the world's industria
smelt top-quality iron. Iron output. Some people became fantastically
foundries sprang up near the rich from the profits. But for many more
coalfields. "King Coal", as it was people, the changes brought misery. The
called, powered the new iron age, new cities were overcrowded, dirty and full
with a bewildering The miners' of disease. Men, women and children
goods
variety of iron safety lamp worked up to 16 hours a day for low wages
reduced the
from knives and forks risk of and in dangerous conditions.
to machines, bridges explosions.

and steam ships. Workers who tried to form trade unions to

Cheap steel came protect their rights were severely punished.
much later Unions had become legal only in 1871. Slowly
Parliament began to pass laws to force
The iron and stee] industries
employers to improve conditions in factories.
flourished making weapons
for the many wars of the age.
New laws also made sure These young women,
all children went to matchmakers at Bryant
steam trains brought .<,' ' and May, won safer
, T,

fresh food into the c\\:\&s.'M"l/}/yi}jj//Ji'i^

school, and improved working conditions
and up-to-date news and public health and housing after a strike in 1888.
goods to the remote
lountryside.
Metal goods, like
became
scissors,
a major export. THE SPREAD OF THE REVOLUTION
Soon other European nations, led by
BRHAIN I
Belgium, Germany, France and
Switzerland, as well as the United States,
49
TRANSPORT HTLANTI&\ -"
'
f
began to challenge Britain's lead in i
^m^^
Until the
century
mid-18th
in Britain,
°f^J EUROPE. industrialization. These other countries
developed steel and electrical industries,
in which Britain never achieved the same
It.
»*"""'
^M^
horse-drawn travel on
poor roads was slow The
MEDITERRANEAN SEA]

first railways, built

supremacy. Iw
Alexander Graham Bell
and expensive, in 1761 by 1840. in the USA, the modern world began to invented the telephone
in 1876. It went on to
the first canal halved take shape with inventions like the revolutionize
the cost of carrying typewriter, telephone, the electric lamp communications around
the world.
coal into Manchester bulb and the sewing machine. Germany
pioneered the car industry with the internal
George Stephenson combustion engine in 1885.
opened the first
passenger steam
railway in the world in
1825, and "Railway
Mania" set in soon
afterwards.

Within 35 years over

16,000km (10,000
miles) of track were
built, carrying nearly 80
million passengers AUSTRALIlT
each year. Freight MEDITERRANEAN SEA
trains transported Railways by 1880. A vast Iron steamships started to cross the Atlantic regularly from the. 1870s. Railways and
manufactured goods new network of railway steamships carried manufactured goods around the world, transforming world trade and
lines now covered much bringing industrial expansion to the United States of America, Canada, South America,
across the nation. of Europe. Siberia (in Russia) and Australia.

55
 - ,

THE AGE OF REVOLUTIONS

In Europe in the 18th century, new ideas began to spring
up about governnnent and the rights of all people.
People becanne more self-conhdent, especially the
prosperous middle classes. They began to believe in
freedom of thought and became more tolerant of
different religions. For this reason, this time was known
as the Age of Reason or "The Enlightenment".

THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTS

Many 18th century monarchs had absolute power. Sonne did not rule
very well or care about their subjects. Other nnonarchs, called the
Enlightened Despots, were different. They were still "despots" (in
that they had absolute power), but they worked hard to improve their
countries. Maria Theresa of Austria, Frederick the Great of Prussia
and Catherine the Great of Russia were all Enlightened Despots.

A French
THE FRENCH REVOLUTION revolutionary.

In 789 a revolution broke out in France. It began simply as a

I

movement which wanted to introduce a constitutional monarchy

one in which the king or queen is guided by a government elected
by the people. Soon however, the lower classes were swept along
The victim lay on
the bench. His or with this movement, which became a full-scale revolution
her head was
against the nobility. The king and queen were executed, Although badiy armed
severed by a blade
"'^
from above and along with many other nobles, during a period of a few fevljUaionrrles
dumped in the
months known as the Reign of Terror. succeeded by sheer numbers
basltet.

NAPOLEON'S EMPIRE THE FALL OF NAPOLEON

After the Revolution, France
dominated by Napoleon Bonaparte.
In 789 he was a poor, young officer
1 fleeing Russians burned Moscow and destroyed
but he rose to command the
French army and then joined the
government. He later took it over
completely and made himself
Emperor in 1804.
In a series of brilliant campaigns.
Napoleon conquered most of Europe.
He appeared to be unbeatable. Then,
in 1805 the French navy was beaten at
sea by the British under the command
of Lord Nelson at the Battle of
Trafalgar.From then on Britain ruled
the seas, although the French army
was still dominant on land
became In 1812, Napoleon made a great mistake. He invaded
Russia and advanced all the way to Moscow. The
supplies. In the middle of the severe Russian winter,
French troops had to retreat from the city, without
enough provisions or equipment. Of the 610,000
men who invaded Russia, only 30,000 returned.
Napoleon
Bonaparte
Prussia and Austria joined the fight with Britain
against Napoleon, who was forced to abdicate in
1814. He was exiled to the island of Elba in the
Mediterranean Sea. In 1815, however, he escaped to
lead France once more, though he was finally beaten
at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon was exiled again
to the island of St. Helena, where he died in 1821
Following the collapse of the French Empire, the
Congress of Vienna restored to the throne the
monarchs who had been deposed by Napoleon.

\ J."^?l—'-"*' GRAND

I J
'^
SPAIN ^ Battle BRITAIN /v^,j„^;^j^. ,^ DUCHY OF Moscow
ITUGAL
''J/VJestpHalia
WARSAW lorodlno\^ ^
"^ WatM-Mo Underdirect
confederation 13 French control
Optrto
>p4rtc .^Salamanca pFTHE RHINE RUSSIA
Battle of \ ^p<**-- ^Ciudad Rod/lgo \
PRANCE O
Ruled by ^^
-<y
Trafalgar
^)^ <VK1.
Tal iNen
. I IALT.^uflrv.-
Napolea(P*(
re\at\viis

ATLANTIC f ^*tai^.^
SPAIN ^ n Satellite
OCEAN AFRICA SPAIN
'!T'\^
The Battle of Trafalgar in The Peninsular War of 1808- Europe in 1812 at the height of Napoleon's power in Napoleon's invasion of
1805. It took place off the 14. Britain fought France in Europe. Some areas were controlled directly by his Russia in 1812. The French
coasts of southern Spain Spain and Portugal. The government in Paris. Some states were satellites of France - army reached Moscow but
and north Africa. The French army began to lose that is they were heavily influenced by it. Others were ruled had to retreat when the
British were victorious. its dominance. by members of Napoleon's family. Russians set it on fire.

56
 INDEPENDENCE FOR TIME CHART

846-48
SOUTH AMERICA 1740-80 Reign of Maria
1
Theresa of Austria, an
Mexico is at Inthe 18th century, South Annerica was tnligtitened Despot.
war with the OT SlO^'EJilCA
^ ' still in the hands of Spain and Portugal 740-86 Reign of
USA. 1

StTXAS who had set up colonies there in the Fredericl< tlie Great of
Prussia, an Enligfitened
16th century. Despot

1762-96 Reign of
1836 Texas
Now, the revolutionary spirit which had Catherine the Great of
Russia, an Enlightened
Mexican border *. becomes swept Europe was affecting the people Despot.
i848 After the wa'r. independent from
with the USA, in South and Central America too. They
Mexico. It joins the 1768-1821 Life of
Mexico loses USA in 1848. began to want independence. Little Napoleon Bonaparte
40% of its
by little, each country in South
territory. CWB!^ 1789-92 The French
and Central Annerica gained Revolution
^.=-^. .. independence. An 1 793-94 The Reign of
/, .

Terror during which

O i '/BtilTISJi unhappy time many of the French
1811 Venezuela followed, though, nobility are executed
becomes independent. -
with many civil wars
Simon Bolivar becomes, 1800-15 The Napoleonic
and also conflicts Wars, during which
?iicajicA.guPi dictator in 1813.
Napoleon builds his
between the newly empire and is finally
1838 Guatemala, Honduras, defeated
ElSalvador, Nicaragua and
COSTi^ XICSl created states.
Costa Rica become ^A!>i.^M}l V'EH.'E-Zll'ELA 5 1804 Napoleon beconnes
independent. Panama .»;
5 s Emperor of France
remains part of Colombia p ; o;
U3>
until 1903. 1830 New Granada gains : a s 1805 The British win the
• K.- y> Battle of Trafalgar
independence. From 1861 .«o
it is called Colombia.

COLOO^'BIA ...|. • SI •••-IS

mi
\ against the French

1808-14 The Peninsular

1830 Ecuador gains War
independence.
1809 Arthur Wellesley
(later Duke of

A NEW SOUTH AMERICA •ECUADOX Wellington)

takes control
aataz/x of the British
This map shows central and South
America in the mid 19th century
^ army in the
Peninsular
By this time, all nations had War
gained their independence 1810-30 South
1822 Brazil gains American
from Spain and Portugal.
independence.
TEXU nations become
independent from
Spain and
1821 s^ .•BOLIVIA Portugal
^-,\
Peru gains ^.
BRAZIL independence. 82?
1812 France invades
865 Paraguay is at war i Russia
Bolivia gains 1

In 1822, Brazil gained independence from independence. with Brazil, Argentina

1813 From Spain,
Portugal. It was the only nation to achieve and Uraguay. 70% of its
Britain invades

independence without armed conflict. It just

separated from Portugal and became an
population dies
or leaves. ^ southern France
Peninsular War
in the

independent empire under King Pedro

The empire lasted until 1889 when, having
I.
1810
Paraguay
declares
\ 1814 Napoleon
to the island of Elba.
is exiled

independence. 1815 Napoleon escapes

abolished slavery, Pedro II was deposed by and leads the French in
plantation owners and a republic was set up. / the Battle of Waterloo
1816 He is finally defeated
Argentina gains %. and exiled to the island
MEXICO ,
independence.
V
(-1828
/Uruguay gains
independence.
of St Helena

In 1821, Mexico declared independence

from Spain and became a republic two A!K,g •EH.I'I OiA FIND OUT MORE
years later. Its leader, General Santa Ana,
defeated a Spanish invasion in 1829. In r- The Americas -^40
1855 Santa Ana was overthrown and
Mexico came under control of a man it' Europe < 44
called Benito luarez.
r France A 45
Civil war followed from 1858-61. France,
Britain and Spain became involved and in Russia ^ 46
)
1863, France made Prince Maximillian of
AustriaEmperor of Mexico. Maximillian, '";
H?
though, lost power once French troops S^^ See above pages
for more
were withdrawn and he was shot on the •-i^C information.
orders of luarez.
'?^'

57
 THE RIGHT TO VOTE
/During the 19th century, there was a growing
call in Europe for greater democracy - the
right to vote (or the franchise). People
demanded free elections to choose their Women throughout society
governments. For others the priority was to called for the vote. This
badge Is from the Actresses'
unite and form their own nation. Franchise League in Britain.

REVOLTS AND REPRESSION

Monarchs and emperors with absolute power were reluctant to give it up. Some
tried to divert their people by improving living conditions. But revolts erupted
throughout this period against regimes which allowed little real change.

Many revolts were crushed fiercely. In response, some people turned to

violence as a way of achieving their goals. In Russia, for instance, terrorists
assassinated the Tsar in 88 Only at the end of the 9th century did the
1 1 . 1

right to vote become widespread for men in Europe.

SCANDINAVIA
^:<^ ALASKA
RUSSIA

\
Russian Empire

Austrian Empire

Ottoman Empire

OCEAN
AFRICA

Most of 19th century Europe was ruled by these three great empires. Britain and France were wary of
Russia's desire to expand, and tried to shore up the Ottoman Empire to keep the balance of power.

MOVEMENTS FOR CHANGE

Two new movements were developing in the 19th
century Workers' organizations, like the Chartists in
1840s Britain, paved the way for socialism and the
international trade union movement. Socialism
called for a just distribution of wealth, with equal
rights and decent working conditions for all.

The aims ofcommunism were also to achieve social

justice, butby means of revolution. The state would
take over running all factories and farms on behalf
of the people. In 1848 the Communist Manifesto
proclaimed "Workers of the world, unite!"
K iWll«l,"f'&««ltlf IftJP
The British blacksmiths union protected all members rights.
9th century Europe, nationalism Its motto was "By hammer and hand all arts do stand".

became a great force. Nationalism is

the feeling shared by people of one REVOLTS IN FRANCE
area that they are bound together
by a common language, religion, After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, France was
culture and history. People wished far from stable. The Bourbon King Louis

to govern themselves, especially if
they were under foreign rule. This
posed a great threat to each empire.
This medal celebrates the elevation of
the Prussian King to German Emperor in
1 849 with the nationalist words, "For
freedom, truth and German glory".
XVIll had been restored to the throne but
revolutions followed in 1830 and again in
1848, at the same time as nationalist
rebellions right across Europe. A Prussian
victory in 1870 caused the collapse of
Napoleon 111 and the Second Empire. France
faced a period of turmoil once more.

58
UNIFICATION OF ITALY TIME CHART
Italy consisted of several kingdoms 1815 1
'III'. ...', ii;. I!-

and states under different rulers. A lurbon king, is re'-.i h'l

''

1' the French thronn .ilit-i

movement
'

called 1/ Risorgimenlo called ilii- M i|)oleonic Wars.

for unification - the joining together 1830 Revolution in

of separate states. In 1861 Giuseppe I rdnce Louis PhiHppe of
'
)rleans becomes l<ing,
Garibaldi led his red-shirted
In 1859 Italy was made By 186! Italy was a
volunteers in a revolt against the 1830 Belgium becomes
up of many states. single nation. Venetia
independent of Dutch rule
Austrian Empire. Italy was born. France supported her and the Papal States
quest for unification. joined by 1870. 1832 Greece becomes
independent of Turkish
Ottoman rule

POLAND AND HUNGARY RUSSIA d^^ 1832 Great Reform Act

v.... extends voting rights to
Poland revolted several times against AUSTRIAN more men in Britain.
ay EMPIRH
its Russian rulers, who crushed the 1846-49 Rebellions in
HUNGARY France, Poland, Germany,
rebellions, and tried to stamp out
Italy and Hungary
Polish culture and nationalist POLAND
1861 Italy is unified The
feelings. In 1867 the Austrian Empire I

I'npe stillrules the Vatictn

_i=_
defeated Hungary's revolt too, but at Strategically vital, Hungary did not
'!-, an independent state

least her people were still free to Poland was the achieve independence 1871 Germany achieves
westernmost point of from Austria until after unification
follow their own culture and language. the Russian Empire. World War One.
1881 Tsar Alexander II is
I assassinated

THE BALKANS AUSTRIAN

EMPIRE
t,

-j^\^
>
1893 Women
Zealand are the first to
in New
.^^" achieve the right to vote
The great Ottoman Empire was in ^Nr; OTTOMAN \ C »•"

decline. -Christians in the Balkans

N EMPIRE ^ 1906 First Labour
members of Parliament
wanted to break free, and Russia ; OTTOMAN 'lected in Britain
EMpilfE -«
supported them, to undermine the C|tlE<iE
"" '

1917 RusMan Revlutior

Ottomans. In1832 Greece achieved .b.'
'A
self-rule, but other regions like Serbia,
Bosnia, Romania and Bulgaria had to
Only Greece managed
to break away from
Many Balkan nations
faced a long struggle
FIND OUT MORE
wait until 1878 for indepedence. Ottoman rule early in for self rule. Conflict
the 19th century. still dogs this region. Ottoman
Empire
GERMANY BALTIC
SEA :
'
' BALTIC
SEA Russian
impire
In 1815, Germany consisted of 39
RUSSIA Balkan crisis 65
states.The Prussian Chancellor, GERMANY
Bismarck, encouraged the nationalists' r '•'..J''"
desire to join these states together. AUSTRIAN
EMPIRE IkUSTRIAN
Already trade links were being fostered. ..

"'EMPIRE See above

Prussia won victories over Denmark, Prussia dominated the By 1871, Germany was
pages for
more
Austria and France. In 1871 William I many small states on united.Her military information.
its borders
in central power was to
became Kaiser of the united Germany. Europe after 1815. overshadow Europe.

RUSSIAN REVOLUTION VOTES FOR WOMEN

One of the most dramatic revolutions Only late in the 19th century were
against the state was in Russia. By women's calls for the vote considered.
1917 the people were weary of their Even the French Revolution, with its cry
involvement in World War One. Sheer excluded
"Liberty, Equality, Fraternity",
hunger led to strikes, and troops sent women from its demands.
to quell the unrest mutinied instead.
Tsar Nicholas abdicated. New Zealand women were the first to achieve
the vote in 1893, followed in 1907 by Norway
The Bolshevik revolutionaries were led and by Denmark, Luxembourg and the
later
by Lenin, a follower of Karl Marx. They Netherlands. In Britain and the USA, the
had wide support, promising peace, Suffragette movement campaigned for
land and bread. In just five days in women's right to vote. Their struggle was
November 1917, they seized St blocked until 1921. Then at last most
Petersburg and set up a communist women over the age Women organized
government. The new regime had to of 30 were granted protests and got
themselves arrested
grant independence to Poland, Finland the right to vote, in
to draw public
and the Baltic states, but it crushed the return for women's •^.
attention to their
cause.
nationalists in Armenia and Ukraine. work during the war.
59
 — 3

THE BIRTH OF THE USA

By the start of the 8th century, many people were
1

Afurtrapper. leavipg Europe to settle in colonies in North America.

Jmo''ng^'he*fir?t
The BHtish, French and Spaniards all owned colonies
in^the^ast. Much territory was still occupied by the
native North American Indians.

An American Indian chief.

Indians gradually lost their
land to European settlers.
THE ROAD TO INDEPENDENCE
The British colonists on the east coast of North NOtRTH '^
America were surrounded by French, Spanish and ;- AMERICA / %^
a'
American Indian territories. Britain gradually
gained more territory by treaties, as wars were
fought both in America and in Europe. Although
OCEAN
British victories helped their colonists gain wealth
and territory, many of them began to want
Territories
independence from Britain.
D Indian
French
The colonists resented the fact that Britain controlled their iO Spanish
trade. They also felt bitter because they had no say in the ^$ritish
British parliament, yet they still had to pay taxes. The British European colonies in North
Fur trappers were
America by 1713. Britain had
also known as government was not interested in exploring further west than
1

colonies on the east coast of North

"mountain men".
the Appalachian Mountains. This disappointed the colonists, America. By 763 Britain was also
1
They went west of
in control of Canada, which it had
the Appalachian
as many of them were eager to expand their territory. won from France.
mountains to
make their
fortunes.

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

The first armed clash between British troops and American XT'

colonists came at Lexington in April 1 775. The War of a Battles

George Washington
(1732-991 became the Independence had now begun. In July 1776, the 13 colonies TH.British colonies

first President of the made their Declaration of Independence and became known
United States. Here he
is shown in his uniform
as the United States.
as Colonel of the ew York
Virginia Militia.
The colonists, led by George Washington, lacked trained
men, money and weapons. In contrast, the British army NORTH y> ':.

AMERICA ^
included mercenary soldiers and American Indians. The
ATLANTIC
colonists, though, had an advantage, because they knew OCEAN
the countryside, which the British did not. The British _il
also had problems with supplying men, arms and Battles between British troops and
American colonists in the American
provisions, because they were so far from home. At last, the War of Independence, 1775-83. All
colonists were victorious and American independence was of the fighting took place in the
former British colonies. The first
recognized at the Peace of Paris in 1783. battle was at Lexington.

THE USA GROWS

The United States soon began to grow. The
population increased as more people arrived
from Europe. People settled farther and farther
west and these new territories were
incorporated into the United States.

1803 Louisiana was bought from France

In
and
in 1819, Florida was bought from Spain.
After a war with Mexico, the United States
gained California, Texas and the Southwest
Territories in 1848. Alaska was bought from
Russia in 1867 and another war, this time with The United States of America in
1867. By this time it had acquired
Spain, led to the United States gaining the more territory - Louisiana from
islands of Puerto Rico and Guam in 1898. France, Texas from Mexico, Florida
from Spain and Alaska from
Hawaii also came under US control. Russia. Canada was British.

60
THE GOLD RUSH TIME CHART ^ a

At first, only trappers, hunters and CANADA I 730 A track to the west
explorers ventured west of the !
'
lied up through the
.[ il.ichian Mountains
Mississippi. Then in 1848 gold was |.

S^n-Epantisco Philade lp;-a 755-63 French-Indian

discovered in California, and a manic 1

War Britain gains

hunt for gold began. Canada and land west of

Settlers journeyed ^^--^usV- I the Mississippi

Gold miners set out to travel over west in covered wagons, 1775-83 American War
like this one. 1 Independence
3,000km (2,000 miles) of wilderness.
I

MEXICO'
1776 Declaration of
They faced great danger with lack of food and water, ..'1 )uly
Independence.
deserts, mountains and attacks by Indians. The gold rush Trails leading west to new
territories. Thousands followed 1803 France sells
soon died down, but farmers and their families now came these trails throughout the 19th Louisiana to the United
in search of land. century in search of land on which States
to settle and farm.
1804 Lewis and Clarke
set out to explore west ul
the Mississippi River

THE VANISHING INDIANS 1819 Spain

to the United States
sells Florida

The native American Indians of the great grassy areas of NORTH \

846-48 Mexican-
1

American War
the West, known as the Great Plains, depended on DAKOTA I

l848Calilornian Cold
hunting buffalo for their livelihood. As the settlers spread
Rush
across the West, they killed off the buffalo and began to SOUTH DAKOTA ^

Great Sioux 1861-65 The American

fence off the Indians' land. Not surprisingly the Indians Livil War
Reser i^ation
fought to keep their land, but the settlers were protected ^ Wounded~ ^ 1863 Abraham Lincoln
by the US Army. Knee I leclares all slaves in the
rebel southern states to
I

The Indians were few and poorly armed compared with

\ l)e free

NEBRASKA 1865 Lincoln is

the US Army and in the long run they could not win the issassinated
war for their homeland. Many died in battles with the
^ Battle
1867 Russia sells Alaskci
army and also of hunger and disease. Survivors were The Battle of Wounded Knee In to the United States
1890. This was the last battle
made to live in enclosed areas, called reservations. The between US forces and the 1898 Hawaii is annexetl
Indians. Many Indians were killed,
last Indian battle was fought at Wounded Knee in South l)y the United States
including women and children.
?
Dakota in 1890.

THE CIVIL WAR FIND OUT MORE

In the mid- 19th century, tension arose between the states
Colonizing
of the North and the South. One of the many issues that
CANADA America A 40
divided them was slavery, which the North
disagreed with but which the South relied upon.
American
The South decided to leave the Union and form UNION
STATES Indians < 41
the Confederate States of America.

Slavery < 50
Under President Abraham Lincoln, the North CONFEDERATr'
resisted this move and war broke out in 1861 STATES
The four-year Civil War that followed divided
families and inflicted terrible casualties. In
MEyxx.
See above pages
1865, the North was victorious. The South The United States for more
of America in information.
had lost all its wealth and was now 1861 at the
A Union soldier
(from the northern ruined and resentful. The slaves were outbreak of the
war between
states in the Civil
I
freed and the Union was preserved. North and South.
War.

THE END OF THE 19TH CENTURY

Although bitterness deepened between the
North and the South, the second half of the 19th
A 19th century
century was prosperous for the United States. railroad engine.
Railroads were
The huge rrea of the West was settled and built across
immigrants from Europe swelled the population America, helping
the population to
from 31.3 million to 91 .9 million. Fortunes were
spread across
made banking, manufacturing, railways,
in the West.
mining and steel, so that many individuals
became very rich. The United States entered the
20th century as a major industrial power

61
 COLONIAL FEVER
Following the great voyages of the late 5th and 1

16th centuries, European nations had set up

colonies in the Americas, in Africa and Asia,
they had been content just to set up trading
British officers
Colonists introduced their
money and stamps.
own
this
posts on the coasts. In later centuries, they in 18th century India.
Iil<e India was Britain's most
British one from South Africa. extended their control over the interiors. valuable territory.

AUSTRALIA
Early in the 18th century,
Europeans could not see any
value in owning colonies abroad.
This attitude was shown by the
British government, which used
Australia as a place to send its
criminals. Between 1788 and 1868,
167,000 convicts were sent to
Australia, After this, a change in
policy brought other settlers •=',£] ....
,
)

seeking their fortunes and a better

^TLiAJillC OCEA^ <v ^(paiQ.cco ... ^~^ 7*"—-"^ AWll'Ag
life in a new land.

XI O £>% O'K.C fEgypT

J'EJL'JiC'H
EMPIRES ABROAD 'WEST
'A7XICA
As the 18th century progressed, gXViCB :l
Europeans realized that having pXi^'EHi
colonies around the globe was an
S'
advantage. Colonies could act as
•"-fti*-\
^
bases for navies and they could
^^wmi
also supply Europe with goods
and the raw materials that it
needed for manufacturing in the \9igOLA'-

new factories in Europe. sownH

People explored the unknown
9ij% '
^'
V-
and also
•

interiors of Africa
I \IO\OJ
Australia. By the 19th century, a so inn
scramble began to capture
^'
colonies abroad. Soldiers, sailors
and administrators all became
involved in conquering and
running huge empires.

European-style buildings were set up

in the African and Asian colonies. This
is a Dutch colonial house in the West
Indies
SETTLERS AND NATIVES
After the Industrial Revolution, Europe's population
increased rapidly. Some people made huge fortunes
but most were very poor. Going to the colonies
was one way that the poor could make a new
life. Cheap or free land was available in Africa,

Australia,New Zealand and Canada, which

umil had small native populations.

Some natives resented the new arrivals.

This led to wars, such as the Zulu Wars
in Africa in 1879. Europeans often tried
A Zulu
to change the natives' customs and shield. The
convert them to Christianity, leading to Zulus defeated
the British
outbreaks of violence such as the Indian 879, in
Mutiny in 18=57-^8, southeast Africa.

62
 These British officers
are attended by Indian 1788 llie liiotgiuuiJwl
servants and ride British convicts is sent to
importantly on the
- ,dnev Australia
backs of elephants.
1831 Founding of the
French Foreign Legion - a
People rode on regiment of foreign
elephants in soldiers set up to protect
baskets, called French colonies in Africa

howdahs.
1 840 The
British annex
Zealand as part of
.ev.

their empire abroad

1 853-56 The Crimean

1 857-58 The Indian

'J<^ us SI .'5 ;\ '£ CVi-p I X£ Mutiny East India
..--.
Company is abolished
/y
.

COLONIAL POWERS and a Viceroy is

appointed to govern India
This map shows the world in for the British.

1914, Most of Africa and Asia

I 859-79 Russia conquers
r A were European colonies By this
1

the Cducasus and

time, the Americas expands in central Asia
C9il'?iA had become 1 867 The British Queen
independent Victoria is proclaimed
of Europe Empress of India

^ ,
TACrjIC
J I8b9 firth of
^;,j;i,iJion of
nationalism.
Gandhi
Indian

^^MIMk Belgian
1879TheZulu Warin
East .Africa,

1881 Outbreak of the first

British
c;>:ier War
1914 European colonies
H Dutch

Ottoman
ere at their height.
Outbreak of World War
One
French

n Russian

German
FIND OUT MORE
«
Spanish Industrial
",

Revolution A 54

JlZlST'Jl^^Lril
u Portuguese

Italian
500 1000 km New
Independent Nations 72
300 600 miles L nations

\f: _
World War
One 66
w it
9i'E'W Zt'iMA'Ji'D
H rJ/' See above pages
for more
information.

ITALY AND GERMANY THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE ABROAD

In the mid- 19th century, Italy and Germany were both In the 19th century, Russia extended its

made up of lots of separate states. Then in 1861 the ,

territory too.It did not gain colonies

Italian states united together to become one country, overseas, but pushed forward its
in 1871 the German states united too. By this time, existing borders. It expanded
the other European nations had acquired much south into the Khanates - regions
territory abroad. Germany and Italy, however, had controlled by Muslim Turks.
fallen behind in the race to gain colonies and wealth.
Russia also wanted influence in Christian
Both and Germany very much resented the fact
Italy lands within the Turkish Empire. This
that they had fallen behind. This created tension in resulted in the outbreak of the Crimean
Europe, especially between Germany and its two War of 1854-56. The British and the
main rivals, Britain and France. The major European French fought as allies of the Turks
powers became very competitive and this led to an against the Russians, who lost.
arms race between them. This was one of the causes A nurse In the Crimean War - one of the first
which led to the outbreak of World War One in 1914. wars in which women officially served as nurses.

63
 THE EARLY 1900s
At the turn of the century, European powers were
^y
still colonizing the world and were conripeting with

each other for wealth and territory. Their rivalry

led to tensions, both abroad in the colonies and
in Europe. At this time, both the United States &
and Japan were keen to gain territory and
lapanese soldiers of
the Russo-lapanese influence with other nations.
War of 1904-05.

^ THE BOER WAR JAPAN EXPANDS

^
K'Cr-.

In the early years of the 20th In 1904, a war broke out between
century, Cape Colony and Natal Russia and lapan called the
in southern Africa were British
colonies. Many Europeans lived
there. Annong them were the
Russo-lapanese War. lapan won,
which was the first time in
centuries that an Asian power
wm^
t
Boers, descendants of Dutch had beaten a European one.
colonists, who were fiercely Encouraged by its success, lapan
independent. In 1899 a war had then invaded China.
'broken out between the Boers
and the British, who had The Chinese could do little to stop
expanded into Boer territory. lapanese expansion. China itself
was in turmoil. The government
The Queen's South
Africa Medal.
was very weak and warlords
The Emperor
awarded to British commanded their own territories.
China, Pu
last
Yi, who was
of
soldiers who fought
in the Boer War.
To stabilize China, rebels wanted deposed in 1911.

to get rid of the Manchu Emperor

Pu Yi, whose family had ruled for
In 1902, after brutal fighting, RUSSIAN
centuries. He was only six years TERRITORY
Britain declared victory. A new old and his government was near i
statewas created called the to collapse. In 191 Pu Yi was
1
,
MANCHURIA
Union of South Africa, which deposed and China became a
aimed to reconcile the British republic, led by
, CAPE
COLONY NAmL and the Boers. Dr. Sun Yat Sen. u. KOREA '^
JAPAN
t^gpeJb.
Boer farmers who
Cape Colony and Natal in fought the British in Russian territory in
1830. Europeans settled 1899-1902. This 1904. The Russians
here when they first picture shows three occupied parts of
arrived to colonize generations of Manchuria in China and
southern Africa. the same also, briefly. Korea.
family.

MANCHURIA
AFRICA
T^RANSVAAL
-'i£^
•PortfArthur,//

INA
The Boers created In the Russo-Japanese
Transvaal and the Orange War, lapan took Port
Free State in the 1850s. Arthur and south
The British later expanded Sakhalin, and gained
into these areas. influence over Korea.

MANCHURf/C X

•^•AN
OHINAy
PACIFIC
OCEAN
'SapeTaWii '/mFORMOSA
f FORh
The Union of South lapanese territory
Africa. This newstate in 910. By this time
1

was created after lapan was in control of

peace was declared in Korea and Formosa
1902. (now Taiwan I.

64
THE USA ^ STAfES^OF .
DOMINICAN TIME CHART
Like other world powers, the USA also had ambitions to AMERICA- -»
,
.REPUBLIC

influence world affairs. In 1903, the USA encouraged

Panama to rebel against its rulers, Colombia, It invested
i^fSi^'^y ^^ " 1899-1902 The Boer Wd

903 The USA signs an

I

<^" s^rT
I

^7 " 'verldsting lease for the

money in Panama to buy land and help build the „/— -V
^ i)
,iic i>( the Panama Canjl
Panama Canal, The USA hoped to benefit from the extra
trade that the canal would bring to the region. c ^jJnIcaragua
N;:^:. ,
1
":
1904-05 The Russo-

1
.ip.iiiese War
904- 4 The building
1 o(

The rest of Central America was unstable too. By S " PAISteMk

SOUTH
'he Panama Canal,

promising economic and military support, the USA r AMERICA 1905 Widespread
ns against the Tsar
managed to bring Nicaragua, Cuba, the Dominican
'

Areas of US political influence in idl.L |jldce in Russia,

Republic and Haiti under its influence. Central America and the Caribbean Kaiser Wilhelm II of
in the early 1900s. Germany protests against I
French control of
I Morocco
EUROPE IN TURMOIL "r--
1906 Nations debate the
Morocco problem at a
(" AUSTRO-
In 1904, France and Germany had a dispute This '
inference in Algegiras,
HUNGARIAN
'

Spain
arose because Britain and France had agreed that .^. EMPIRE
France should have control over the African country
ROMANIA 1908 Army officers revolt
111 the Ottoman Empire
of Morocco. The German Kaiser Wilhelm was II
SERBIA^-— ^.^^^^ The Austro-Hungarian
l.mpire takes Bosnia from
furious that he had not been consulted and ONTENeGBOj) ....
I
he Ottomans,
demanded a conference on the subject. At the 1 9 10 The Union of South
conference, other nations supported France. Germany Alrica becomes a British
began to feel that Europe was against it. Europe was • liiminion

becoming dangerously unstable when more trouble 1911 French forces take
The Balkan countries at the outbreak the city of Fez in Morocci
followed in the Balkan Wars of 1912-13. of the Balkan Wars in 1912. Germans send a gun boat
to Morocco to threaten
the French Emperor Pu Y
During the Balkan Wars, Serbia, Greece, Bulgaria and of China is deposed and a
Montenegro banded together to push the weak • AUSTRO-
republic is setup there
Ottoman Empire out of Europe. However, the victors HUNGARIAN 1912 The Italians take
EMPIRE Libya from the Ottomans
then fought over the control of their new territory.
The First Balkan War
Bulgaria lost and Serbia gained more territory. Serbia
1913 The Second Balkan
became a strong power, which made Austria and War
Germany nervous. Meanwhile, France promised to NONTENEGR
1913-14 European
back Russia, Serbia's ally, against any German ALBANl nations build up their
nrmed forrps
aggression. European powers split into two camps
"ALY
and the stage was set for war
The new borders of the

THE ARMS RACE Balkan countries on the eve

of World War One in 1914.

Germany and Britain were great rivals. Both had

strong industries and Britain wanted to maintain
its position as a dominant world power After the
Morocco crisis, Germany decided to build a great
navy and Britain began to modernize its fleet. They
tried to outdo each other by building bigger and
better ships.

The result was a race in which both nations built

up their navies and arms supplies. They were
deeply suspicious of one another This arms race
was one of the causes of World War One.

The Dreadnought was

heavily built with a double
bottom to withstand
attacks from torpedoes.

WEXSOi'
 WORLD WAR ONE
In 1914, tensions were high between the dominant
European nations of Gernnany, France, Britain
and Russia. At this time, Serbia wanted
independence for Serb people who were
George V. King of England
part of the Austria-Hungary Empire, but
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
during World War One. He Austria would not allow it. was George Vs first cousin. He
reigned from 1910-36. reigned from 1888-1918.

HOW THE WAR BEGAN

On lune 28, 1914, the Archduke Franz Ferdinand, heir
to the Austrian Empire,
Sarajevo in Bosnia. A Serbian terrorist gang was
waiting for him and as he drove through the streets,
the Archduke was suddenly shot dead. Austria, with
Germany's backing, ordered Serbia to bring the
murderers to justice. Serbia refused to agree with all
of Austria's demands, so on July 28, Austria declared
war on Serbia. Serbia, however, had a powerful friend
to support it - Russia.
Next, Russia moved its troops towards Austria.
was on a royal visit to Germany then saw its chance to declare war on
Russia and also on Russia's ally, France. The German
army's first move in the war was to invade France.
Their route took them into Belgium, which outraged
the British, who had promised to defend Belgian
neutrality.So Britain declared war on Germany.
Europe was now divided: Britain, France and Russia,
called the Allies, against Germany and Austria, called
the Central Powers.

ITALY ,

AUSTRIA-
., BELGIUM "^M I,

GERMANY HUNGARY GREAT

AUSTRIA- C\.-^....... BRITAIN, RUSSIAN
HUNGARY FRANCE /^B
\ BOSNIA-' T dERMANY EMPIRE
HERZEGOVINA i <•'"-'-'

Sarajevo •
'-•.
,.-
i/i

5
$ fixe^"^^ ;^
™ FRANCE -v- AUSTRIA
VMUNGABY
'''
'bosni*.' •'•'••..
-..,.
7i
}
HE(^EGOV(NA i/i ..
-. m
V^^
.:

ITALY MONTENtGRd g :
10 MON.TENEGRO
5 \ ^ 4
' .

"^
ADRIATIC . <..

SEA '^/ Frontline Invasion B Central Powers -^ D Allies

Austria had recently annexed Sarajevo was the capital of Bosnia Germany took the opportunity to Europe was now split in two camps
Bosnia and Herzegovina. This and Herzegovina. It was here that invade old enemy, France. The
its - Austriaand Germany, the Central
infuriated the Serbians in Bosnia, the heir to the throne of Austria- invasion route took German forces Powers, versus Britain, France and
who wanted to be independent. Hungary was shot in 1914. through neutral Belgium. Russia - the Allies.

FIGHTING AT THE FRONTS

The area of fighting in France and Belgium was called Germany's plan was to defeat France quickly and
the Western Front. Both sides expected a quick then the Russian army after that. This plan
fight
victory, but the German attack was stopped at the failed and Germany could not crack French resistance
Marne River, and the Allies were stopped at Ypres. to their attack. So it was now forced to fight Russia in
Soldiers on both sides dug trenches for protection the east at the same time as France in the west. The
against bombardment from heavy guns and machine area where fighting between the Germans and the
gun fire. They attacked by charging across muddy Russians took place is called the Eastern Front. The
open ground, through barbed wire entanglements German attack was stopped in 1915, creating another
Poison gas was also used as a weapon hopeless stalemate.

BRITAIN
AUSTRIA- FRANCE FINLAND
^P^"^
HUNGARY BALTIC SEA
:
BELGIUM SWITZERLAND • Arras

:' * \
* "«">»,
GERMANY ^^oLAND
*}.: •'^e TERRITOinr ^
FRANCE
ITALY
LUX^MBOukc Amiens • v..-'

ADRIATIC
;{: Battle
GERMANY SEA
Allied attacks \
-- Frontline at start of battl^> ^ ^ Battle AUSTRIA-
Aa/ Frontline ;}c Battle '
-
' Frontline at end of battle AA/ Frontline HUNGARY
The Western Front in 1915. Heavy In May 1915, Italy joined the Allies. In 1916, the Allies attacked across The Eastern Front in 1915. Troops
fighting took place along the However, fighting near the border the Somme River. This battle raged fought along a line that stretched
French borders throughout the First between Italy and Austria-Hungary for six months, but ended with the from the Baltic Sea in the north to
World War developed into another stalemate. Allies gaining little ground. the Ukraine in the south.

66
THE WAR SPREADS
During the war, other nations
decided to join either the
Allies or the Central Powers,
British territory

German
territory
BRITISH
EAST
D Ottoman

TURKEY
territory
^TCASPIAN
Iune28, 1914 Archduke
I

dead
rdnz Ferdinand
In Sarajevo
is shot

according to which side they AFRICA OTTOMAN SEJi July 28, 1914 Austria

2 EMPIRE declares war on Serbia

thought might benefit them. GERMAN
As well as Italy, japan joined : EAST INDIAN August 1914 Germany
AFRIC OCEAN -I declares war on Russia
the Allies, while Turkey z and France. Britain
MESOPOTAMIA declares war on Germany
joined the Central Powers. AFRICA IcHpan joins the Allies
The war involved more ARABIA
PEKSIMI
November 1914 The
nations than any war before. REO GULF OttiiMian Empire joins the
Fighting also spread outside MADAGASCAR SEJ)>
Centr,il Powers

Europe to German colonies Fighting tool< place in the European Allied troops fought the Turks in May 1915 I Idly joins the

in Africa and to the Turkish colonies of British and German East Palestine and Mesopotamia. The Allies
Africa. At the end of the war, Britain Arabs revolted against Ottoman rule
Empire. gained German East Africa. and also fought the Turks.
September 1915 Bulgaria
loins the Central Powers.

March 1916 Portugal

USA IN, RUSSIA OUT joins the Allies

August 1916 Romania

loins the Allies
Germany began
submarines, or U-Boats, to
torpedo supply ships in the
to use
? U-Boat sinkings
oSCANDINAVIA March 15,
Russian Tsar abdicates,
1917 The

NORTH EUROPE April 6, 1917 USA

Atlantic. American ships AMERICA:
were sunk, which angered
.

tV'GI'EAT ^ declares war on Germany

June 1917 Greece joins

the USA. It joined the Allies the Allies
g^^C?^ EUROPE
in 1917 Russia, however,
found that it could fight no
longer. A group called the
SOUTH
AMERICA
\ INDIAN
OCEAN b^
October 24-25, 1917
Bolsheviks seize power
the Russian Revolution.
in

Bolsheviks took power and March 3,1918 Russia and

AFRICA 0. ^^J^j Germany sign a peace
made peace with Germany. -, Supply route treaty of Brest-Litovsk.

Germany now had to crush British supply routes the Atlantic.

in Hundreds of U-Boats were also November 9, 1918 Kaiser
Britain and France before the German IJ-Boats torpedoed ships sunk around the coast of Britain VVilhelm II abdicates
to prevent Britain getting food and and northern France throughout
Americans arrived. supplies from other countries. the duration of the war. November 11, 1918
Armistice declared

THE FIGHTING STOPS

In 1918, the German army made another attack on the Western Front. However, now
they were fighting against fresh American troops and also against tanks - a new
weapon. A defeat at Amiens led to Germans calling for the war to end. On November Germany 68
9, the Kaiser abdicated and on November an end to the fighting,
I 1

or armistice, was agreed. At last, fighting stopped on Cause of war < 65

the Western Front. In all, 65 million
men fought, of whom Inside early tanks like this Serbia
one was an eight man crew -
were killed and 20 m the commander, four See above pages
injured. gunners, a driver and two for more
gearsmen, who helped information.
operate the tank.
A British Mark IV tank,
as used in World War As well as being used as
One. This was the first weapons, tanks also
war ever in which carried ammunition to the
tanks were used. front and brought the
wounded back to
Caterpillar tracks safety.
helped the tank
move across muddy
fields.
 ;

BETWEEN THE WARS

In 1919, a peace conference in Paris tried to
fornri a peace settlement after World War
One.took six months to make a treaty,
It

called the Treaty of Versailles. Germany had

to hand over territory and efforts were made
to make it pay for the damage caused.
The flag of the
communist Soviet Austria and Turkey both lost their empires.
Union. Northern Ireland
(or Ulster)
remained part of
THE LEAGUE OF NATIONS HITLER'S GERMANY Great Britain.

The US president, Woodrow Wilson, in 1929 the US stock market crashed,

HK.'EL
suggested that an international which meant that many people lost
organization should be set up to prevent money and businesses went
war. This organization was called the bankrupt. During the 1930s,
League of Nations. many people were poor and
lO£Sr of Re/^£
unemployment was high.
-^f V(_£S

The USA itself, however, did not join the The Irish Free State
This period was known as became independent ^^
League of Nations. This was because its the Great Depression. from Great Britain in
government did not want to be involved 1922.

in Europe's affairs. The Soviet Union did Germany was badly affected
not attend the conference in Paris and 500 km
by the Great Depression and
neither did it join the League at first. So, by the aftermath of World
two of the most important powers in the War One. Adolf Hitler, the 300 miles
world were not members, which made the head of the National
League of Nations weak. Socialist German Workers
Party, or Nazi Party,
From 1936-39, ^. SfPSilS
persuaded the German
COMMUNIST RUSSIA people that their troubles
Communists
fought Fascists
V9
O
for control of t^
After the Russian Revolution in 1917, An were caused by foreigners, Spain. The
^
^
the Bolsheviks took over the old Russian
unemployed
man from
USA. The
the
especially lews. As a result,
during the 1930s, German
Fascists won
under General *^ \
Empire. They set up a communist Franco. ^
unemployed lews were persecuted.
government, which was based on protested
providing equality and state control of about the lack Hitler's party won popular
of work.
people's everyday lives. support. He was a
persuasive speaker and soon
This new state was called the Soviet Union, he became a powerful
or USSR. When its leader Lenin died, losef politician.
Stalin took power. He wanted to make the
In 1933 the German
Soviet Union great and he did this by (^THor^enroth
building railways and factories. To do this,
,
: juiinia: President made Hitler
he took much land away from the peasants the Chancellor. He later
and many people died of starvation or were became the outright
leader, or Fijhrer Hitler
- --—.„. sent to harsh
work planned to dominate
camps. Europe and in 1938, his
troops marched into
Austria to achieve the
Anschluss - the joining
of Austria and Germany.

losef Stalin, the

became part of
Austria a
Soviet leader. He German Empire which
ruled from 1929
until his death in
became known as the
1953. Third Reich. Before long,
Germany's attempts to
extend this empire led to
World War Two.
A 1930s German propaganda
booklet, designed to persuade
people to follow Hitler. The
words on the cover mean
Children, what do you know
about your Fiihrer?"

68
 See above pages
for more
information.

FASCIST ITALY TENSIONS IN ASIA COiVWlUNIST CHINA

In the 1920s, a man called Benito In 1926 Emperor Hirohito came to Founded in 1921 the Chinese
,

Mussolini became powerful in the throne in lapan. After this Communist Party wanted to improve
Italy. He belonged to a political lapan became more aggressive to conditions and free China from
group called the Fascists which, other countries. The emperor took Japanese domination. After the war
like the Nazi Party and the advice from military leaders, with lapan, it grabbed power, causing
Communists, also believed in a including the Prime Minister, a civil war. The communists were
strong government. Mussolini General Tanaka, who wanted to eventually victorious and China
became a dictator, ruling Italy by build a Japanese Empire in Asia. became a
force and by his ideas alone. communist
In 1931, lapan invaded Manchuria state in
By the mid-1930s, his ideas in China and set up a new state 1949.
were clearly not working. called Manchukuo. Manchukuo
So, in a bid for popularity was controlled directly by japan.
with the Italian people, The League of Nations was
his army invaded against the invasion, but lapan
Ethiopia in Africa. The responded by leaving the League.
League of Nations
could do very little The It then signed a pact with Nazi Mao
Fascist Zedong,
to stop him. Its symbol - Germany and started a war with leader of
actions irritated the fasces China. This left lapan ruling part the Chinese
("bundle of Communist
Mussolini, rods"). It was of China Tensions grew
itself. Party from
bringing him originally an steadily and the world sank 1936 until
Ancient Roman 1976, when he
closer to Hitler. symbol of authority. deeper into a crisis. died.

69
 . .

ORLD WAR TWO

the 1930s, Hitler, the German Nazi leader,
In
wanted
to create one state for all Gernnan people.
Germany had forced Austria into a union, in an
German bombers, called event called the Anschluss. Now Germany and
Heinkel One-Elevens.
its allies, called the Axis Powers, set out to

'^ * create a German empire in Europe. Nazi salute.

THE INVASIONS BEGIN

*-c— '^P^SIA ^7 _^AST ;

was the Sudetenland - THE .

PRUSSIA
Hitler's first target NETHERLANDS
POLAND
an area of Czechoslovakia. Britain and 3ELCIUM jWHtdlwil i

France, anxious to avoid war, agreed that UNGART

swiTznu;am> CZECHOSLOVAKIA
this area should join with Germany. Soon /6BIMANV

though, the Nazis occupied the whole of YUGOSLAVIA.- ..'

SVVITZEf?V*WD HUNGARY j;:,ZECHosLdvAKiA v,

Czechoslovakia. Hitler then invaded "%. BUMbARIA

ITALY YUGOSLAVIA '

Poland on September 1939. This time,

1 ,

Before the war began, Germany had occupied the By September 28. 1939,
Britain and France had no choice but to Germany s were
allies Sudetenland by October Poland was beaten.
Bulgaria, Hungary and 1938. By March 1939, the German and Russian troops
declare war. On September 17 the Soviets,
Romania. Together they rest of Czechoslovakia was met in Poland on the line
allied with Hitler, invaded Poland too. were called the Axis Powers. under German occupation. agreed by their leaders.

E WAR IN EUROPE
n 1940, Germany occupied
Norway and Denmark, then
stormed across the
Netherlands, Belgium and
France, using a tactic called
Blitzkrieg ("lightning war").
France had to surrender but Norway and Denmark held The German army moved Vichy-France was run by a
Britainand the Allies (New important positions on the east and the British forces French government based
North Atlantic coast. In escaped by sea from at Vichy under orders from
Zealand, Australia, Canada, April 1940, both countries Dunkirk. In lune, France the Nazis. Northern France
and South Africa) fought on. were invaded by Germany. made peace with Germany. was occupied by Germany.

AIR AND SEA m

jMa.
Tt^ NITED
TkJ ^GDOM
. Allied bases'
Axis bases S
t] Belfast
"
'^Glasgow

f '^^^Sunderland
<msL«t
»Beriln
"f
Although Allied troops were j -
defeated in Europe, Hitler failed to J REPUBLtC
UNI'^D KINGDOM
S^
• nethcrlaMos ^
win supremacy in an air battle, IRELAND
W
.

y—^ . Bim>mglWm
•FnnMurt
\_^
i BELGIUM
'
-i;;iKCo,entr, GERMAN
called the Battle of Britain, which
,1^
', TERRITORY "^
y. MCardKf
t '
nj» W London
.S<unt>rt
took place over southern England. \ -y.

^A Hitler also tried to break Britain's

N ..
FRANCE
BrKtol
IPortwtiouth f
J

1
^^''
A" supply routes across the sea, but Allied fighter planes were Germany began to lose the Throughout the war
'^ Nhis submarines (or U-Boats) stationed all over southern Battle of Britain, so Hitler German cities were also
were eventually defeated in the Britain. Axis fighters were began to bomb British bombed by the Allies. The
stationed in northern cities, shown above, in an above cities were very
'
long Battle of the Atlantic. France. attack called the Blitz. severely damaged.

THE WAR SPREADS *'CO,tf,

laSS!«Vj£, '1^
y^k,_
In mid 1940, Italy's leader Vv *•<

Mussolini, joined the Axis ALGERIA^ ^ ,,

ALGERIA EGYPT EIA& h*m
LIBYA
Powers. Italy's first move was to LIBYA
EGYPT
invade Greece. It then attacked
the British in Egypt from its own
.^Allied atta^
^_^ Axis attack
i
colony of Libya. However, the
Axis att^k — tj.«s —» Axis attack ..^ Axis retreat
were pushed back and
talians
The Germans and their German troops landed in After an important battle at
German forces had to rescue Bulgarian allies staged a Libya in February 94 1 1 El Alamein, the Axis Powers
them by invading Greece, joint invasion ofYugoslavia They attacked toward the retreated to Tunis.
and Greece on April 6, British in Egypt who were Surrounded by the Allies,
Yugoslavia and North Africa. 1941. defending the Suez Canal. they surrendered in 1943.

70
 —-Frontline 1941
THE SOVIET UNION Er^NUkN Extent or
jCerman advance
LATVIA >
,

Although Germany and the LITHUANIA / floSCOW

Soviets had signed a pact, in SWEDEN USSR
1941 German troops made a .
> POLAND \ / ^^

surprise attack on the Soviet FINLAND

USSR HUNOARY (
Union They moved quickly
ROMANIA- _/
but the harsh winter was ESTONIA —)
> ..•
aiACKSU
beginning and Soviet On lune 22. 1941. In 1939. the Soviet Union By December 94 the 1 I ,

resistance was fierce. some Axis troops attacked had occupied territory in Germans had advanced
Germany many the Soviet Union from Finland. Now the Finns almost to Moscow. Soviet
-'
lost •' !r™°T»H
were equipped ^i^h
with Poland, Hungary. Romania fought back on Germany's resistance stopped them
men and morale was low. skis in the winter. and Prussia. side. from advancing any more.

PEARL HARBOR PACIFIC OCEAN CHINA y

T"
y^ lAPAN

Midway

In1940, tension between lapan and the

USA was high, due to lapan's recent BURMA '
i ^ \. VvPhilippio«

gains in the Pacific. Worse still,

territorial INDQ- J PACIFIC OCEAN
. --~\ ^ V^Cof^ Sm
lapan signed a pact with the Axis Powers.
AUSTRALIA| OCEAN
Suddenly in December 1941 , it made a
;- ^ Jir. DUTCH p^^lflC

devastating air attack on the US naval Japanese
base at Pearl Harbor in Hawaii. In
Many US warships were
outrage, the USA joined the Allies in the Pearl Harbor on the
war, but not before lapan had managed to Hawaiian Island of Oahu
when the Japanese
conquer a lot of territory in the Pacific. attacked on December
air attack ^' Naval battles/
in Japanese territory in luly The naval fleets of lapan
1942. By this time, lapan and the USA fought the
had occupied territory in above battles in the Pacific.
Burma, China, Indo-China By the end of 1942. lapan
7. and the Dutch East Indies. was losing.

THE WAR ENDS- 1945 ^J ENGLISH CHANNEL

Utah
iTAtr '
\ / Omaha
In 1943 and 1944, the Allies landed
YUGOSLAVIA Gold
troops in Italy and France. As they r/
S; Juno

advanced, the Soviets attacked Germany

from the east. Facing certain defeat. Hitler
^\h,V
^-^ Ji^ I ALBANIA
t -7 j
Swort
/

J Normandy
killed himself and Germany surrendered.
-Allied _
In the Pacific, though the Allies gradually mvasion FRANCE

won back lost territory, lapan did not The Allied invasion of Italy In France, Allied troops As the war drew to an end,
surrender until atomic bombs had been began in |uly 1943 and invaded Normandy. The five the Soviets and the Allies
Mussolini fell from power beaches where they landed closed in on Berlin. The
dropped on Nagasaki and Hiroshima, shortly after, in lune944, 1 were given the above Soviets reached the
causing terrible destruction and loss of life. the Allies entered Rome. codenames. German capital first.

THE HOLOCAUST '

" -I

GEIUUNV These buildings,

As the war ended, it became A A •A=r' like those in many
German cities,
clear that something evil had were almost
A A ^.
happened. Hitler had hated ^.-
destroyed
totally

'^^S^» HUNGARY by bombs.

lews, blaming them for
A lewish child
Germany's problems. He had surrenders to a ITALY rf ,
"I
^BULGARIA

set up concentration camps, German soldier. A (Joncefltration camfi

where millions of lews and other people
Concentration camps
classed as undesirable by the Nazis, were where mass murders -
This event is called the Holocaust,
killed. took place, were |
situated in the Jj
meaning a total destruction of life. above places in ,'Jf.,

central Europe.

TIME CHART
March l939Germanv May 1940 Allies evacuate June 6, 1944 Allied
gams control of 300.000 troops from Dunkirk invasion of Normandy,
Czechoslovakia in France codenamed D-Day

September 1, 1939 April 1941 Germany May 8, 1945 Germany

Germany invades Poland
Septembers, 1939
Britainand France
declare war on Germany
April-May 1940 Germany
stages invasions across
western Europe
occupies Greece and
Yugoslavia Fighting starts
in North Africa
lune 22, 1941 Germany
invades the Soviet Union
September 1943 Italy
"surrenders to the .Allies
surrenders
August 1945 Hiroshima
and Nagasaki are
devastated by atomic
bombs
August 14, 1945 lapan
surrenders ending the war

The symbol of the United
Nations - formed in 1945
tackle world problems.
NEW NATIONS
After World War Two, Europe was nearly
bankrupt and could no longer maintain its
colonial empires.The colonies wanted self-
government and a period began when many
The
to of them gained independence. - the first new nation
created after World War Two.

ISRAEL IS BORN LEBANON LEBANON

After the war, a new organization called the United medit£rranean sea MEDITERRANEAN SEA
Nations was set up to settle disagreements between
Tel-Aviv
nations and to prevent war breaking out again. One Tel-Aviv •; _^
'
Jerusalebt* Jerusati
of the first problems it had to tackle was a crisis in
Palestine in the Middle East. During the 20th
% ISRAELI
century, great numbers of lews had arrived in
EGYPT EGYPT \VTERRITOI
Palestine, which they saw as their traditional
)\
homeland. However, the Arab Palestinians resisted
the arrival of lews in the area that was their ARABIA
homeland too. In 1948, the United Nations came up RED RED
with a solution - the creation of a new lewish state of SEA

Israel in Palestine The Palestinians soon became a Israel in 1949, after a War of' War broke out in 1967 and Israel
nation without a home and years of violence between Independence with the surrounding gained more territory. It returned
Arab countries. the Sinai Peninsula to Egypt in 1982.
lews and Arabs followed.

INDIAN INDEPENDENCE A WAR IN INDOCHINA

w
Before World War Two, groups in India
political .^'^«*.^ During World War Two, French Indochina had
campaigned for independence from Britain A been occupied by lapan. A resistance group
group called Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi had been formed to fight them and now
was the main group. However, a second that the war was over, they were reluctant
group, called the Muslim League, wanted a to let the French govern. As demands for
separate state for Muslims. Another group, \N*" independence spread across Asia,
called the Sikhs, wanted a state too. i v resistance fighters began a guerilla
war against the French.
In 1947, the British made India
independent, but also created a By 1 954, it was all-out war After a bad
separate Muslim state - defeat at Dien Bien Phu, France
Pakistan. Thousands died in decided to pull out. Laos and
violence as Muslims moved Cambodia became independent, but
from Hindu areas and vice- Vietnam was temporarily split into two
versa. Among all this / zones. Communists dominated the
turmoil, no state was north, while a government friendly to
created for the Sikhs. the USA ran the south.

PAKISTAN

• Karachi
m
Delhi .
^^
^^_..ar-
6^^
„
y
BURMA
/

'
.

LAOS
. NORTH
VIETNAM
CHINA

•Hanoi'Cc^
Lj
BHUTAN
• Vientiane
EAST PAKISTAN
INDIA Dhaka
*
THAILAND

INDIAN J I ^( CAMBODIA i
',

INDIAN OCEAN OCEAN \ V- Phnom ^ SOUTH

V f •
4
.4
Penh .

• Saigon
VIETNAM

CfcYLON ?
KJ
ill.
"V
»
The Indian contineni m H East Pakistan becdmc
I i In1953-54. French Indochina split into Cambodia, Laos
Bangladesh in 1971 and Ceylon became Sri Lanka in 1972 and North and South Vietnam.

72
 NEW AFRICAN NATIONS INDEPENDENCE IN AFRICA TIME CHART
Thib nidpshows the newly
rican countries began to demand their freedonn too. 1947 lllfll.l licr.,!,.,--,

independent countries am le country after another becanne successful, including in. I' [.. ml-! I
I
,1 ,1 .mil
W'-' h, .lie
Nigeria, which was the richest colony. On
I I',, I. ill I
rr.iff.'ii
their new flags at the _
_
time of their independence, nnany new states joined the 1948 Israel becomes a
nation The first Arab-Israeli
ndependence British Comnnonwealth or the French war takes place Gandhi is
Connmunity - assassinated in India The
National Party comes to
\ associations of power in South Africa
states that were 1 949 The Dutchgive tjp
once British or ccmtrol of Indonesia

French colonies. 1954 Indochina wins

independence from France

1958-62 Algerian War of

Independence against
France takes place

1960 Nigeria becomes

independent

1960-64 Fighting takes

jilace in the Congo
1961 Angola rebels against
Portugal South Africa
leaves the British
Commonwealth.
Liberia
was never colonized. 1962 Mozambique rebels
it was created by the USA as a
igainst Poitugal

state for free slaves in 1 82 1

1964 Army mutinies take
l.ildce in Kenya and Uganda

KEY TO INDEPENDENCE DATES 1965 Rhodesia declares

independence
Algeria 1962 25. Malawi 1964
Angola 1975 26. Mali I960 1975 Angola and
Botswana 1966 27. Mauritania I960
Mozambique become
Burundi 1962 28. Morocco 1956
independent Civil war
Cameroon I960 29. Mozambique 1975
Central African Rep I960 30. Namibia 1990 Inllows
Chad I960 31. Niger I960
Congo I960 32. Nigeria I960 1980 Rhodesia becomes
Dahomey I960 33. Rhodesia 1965
Diibouti 1977 34. Rwanda 1962
Egypt- not colonized 35. Senegal I960
Equatorial Guinea 1968 36. SierraLeone 196
Ethiopia 1941 37. Somalia I960
Gabon I960 38. South Africa 196
Gambia 1965 39. Sudan 1956
Ghana 1957 40. Swaziland 1968
Guinea 1958 41. Tanzania 196
Guinea Bissau 1973 42. Togo I960
Ivory Coast I960 43. Tunisia 1956
Kenya 1963 44. Uganda 1962
Lesotho 1966 45. Upper Volta I960
Liberia - not colonized 46. Zaire I960
Libya 1951 47. Zambia 1964
Madai;,)',! .ir 19fi{)

South Africa was

/ part of the British
Commonwealth until
1961 when it became an
APARTHEID
i'
,

independent republic.

In 1948, the National Party came to

power South Africa. It set up a systenn which kept
in
advantages for white people, while nonwhite people had
few rights. This system was called apartheid. As more
African countries joined the British Commonwealth, they
put pressure on Britain to force South Africa to give
everyone the same rights. South Africa refused to change
and responded by leaving the Commonwealth in 1961.

NEW STATES IN TROUBLE

Tension between rival groups and lack of political experience
made some states unstable. In the Belgian Congo, anger over
former ill-treatment led to attacks against whites, in Angola
and Mozambique, independence led to civil wars. In Rhodesia
a white government refused to hand over power to the black
majority, which led to years of protest.
Finally in 1980, Rhodesia became During the dvii war in
'7 „,u u i Mozambique, this boy is
Zimbabwe -a new state -i-i.
with a
4-

being taught how to use a

black majority government. rocket launcher.

73
 ,

THE COLD WAR

After World War Two, the Soviet Union and the USA
were very suspicious of each other. Their relationship
became so bad that it developed into a cold war - a
Built in 1961, the Berlin wall war of economics and politics, rather than actual In 1989, the Berlin Wall was
split the city into communist taken down. Here, joyous
East and the free West. fighting. Both sides stockpiled nuclear weapons. Berliners help to dismantle it.

TAKING SIDES
World War Two, the USA and
After
the Soviet Union became known
NORWAY ^
as the superpowers, because they ICELAND
were the strongest countries in CANADA SOVIET UNION
EASTERN
the world. During the Cold War, EURORE AFGHANISTAN
USA WESTERN MONGOLIA
/
communist countries tended to EUROPE
be backed and influenced by the CHINA
ALBANIA^
Soviet Union Other countries, -nCUBA AND VIETNAM,
YUGOSLAVIA / LAOS AND
such as those in Western Europe, PAKISTAN
were backed by the USA. This
Aligned
with USA AFRICA
THAILAND
/ r.CAMBODIA
division caused great suspicion SOUTH
Communist, but AMERICA IRAN
between communist and non- not aligned with AND
communist countries. Soviet Union IRAQ
AUSTRALIA
China was an exception. Although
it had a communist government,

it was not friendly with either the

Soviet Union or the USA.

Aligned with
Soviet Union

/
During the Cold War, many countries of the world had treaties with either the
Thismap shows which parts of the world were allies of which superpower.
NEW ZEALAND
USA or the Soviet Union.

THE IRON CURTAIN

After the war, communist parties came to power in
Czechoslovakia, Hungary. Poland and other Eastern
European countries. To help Europe recover from
.EAST POLANI
jGERMANY J SOVIET
the war, the USA offered money in a scheme called rti UNION
(A

the Marshall Plan. However, while Western Europe tt\

f/4
71
accepted aid, the Soviet Union did not allow Z HUNGARY .«!.

Eastern Europe to do so. m

As the two halves of Europe grew apart, the ex-

Prime Minister of Britain, Winston Churchill,
C
3)
O
TJ
m
\V ROMANIA

BULGARIA

A German "Marshall Plan" poster.
\T
<» API'
described this separation as an "iron Curtain"
coming down to divide Europe. This phrase came to
describe the division between the two sides in the Eastern Europe in 949. By this time,
1

all nations in Eastern Europe were

This scheme gave US economic Cold War. Communist and most were influenced
help to Europe.
by the Soviet Union.

GERMANY DIVIDES
After the war, Germany had been divided into
four zones - Soviet, American, British and
French. The capital Berlin, in the middle of the
Soviet zone, was itself split into east and west.
By 1947, Germany was operating as two
countries. In October 1949, it officially became
two countries - East and West Germany.
People began to try to leave the East for the
West and the easiest route was between East
and West Berlin. This was embarrassing for the
Soviet Union, so in 1961 soldiers built a wall
almost overnight, dividing the city. The Berlin
Wall became a symbol of the Cold War. Germany after the war. Both it and its
capital Berlin were divided into four
One of the many observation towers zones. The Soviet zone later became
which guarded the Berlin Wall. East Germany.

74
CUBA Washington
,,J
USA TIM£,£HARi„
1947 The USA helps to
As the Cold War rebuild Europe with the
UNITED STATES Marshall Plan
progressed, each side OF AMERICA FLORIDA
March 1948 West Berlin is
began to build up their ( ut olf from East Berlin
weapons. In 1962, a Miami
April 1949 The western
serious threat to peace Miami
nnfnnnrf nations become allied by
I
Tniliiiiii^
setting up an organization
erupted over Cuba.
.-^CAfHaBEAN SEA >:^ . called NATO (the North
Cuba's leader, Fidel \

Atlantic Treaty
^o
Castro, was friendly with Organization!

the Soviet Union, which ATLANTIC

now announced that it
OCEAN .i-
US b ocUodo
l
Ma^ October 949 The
Ciimmunist Party comes
to power in China.
1

planned to use Cuba as a 1950-53 The Korean War

Cuba, a Caribbean island just off the The USA began a naval blockade of
base nuclear
for its coast of Florida, USA. When the Soviet Cuba, refusing to let Soviet ships 955 West Germany joins
1

missiles. This move Union wanted to base nuclear missiles approach it. For days the world was on NATO Eastern European
here in 962, the security of the USA
1 the brink of nuclear war, but eventually
greatly alarmed the USA, was threatened. the Soviet Union backed down.
nations set up an
organization called the
which felt threatened. Warsaw Pact
December 1958 Castro
KOREA AND VIETNAM comes to power in Cuba
August 1961 The Berlin
Tensions between Wall IS built

communist groups and

ASIA
HknoU October 1962 Cuban
their opponents caused CHINA Missile Crisis

many around the

conflicts
NORTH Jr^
1964-74 The Vietnam War
VIETMM
world during the Cold War. y% NOITTH KOREA 1 979-89 Soviet Union
These included two major SOUTHEAST ;
occupies Afghanistan
ASIA 1985 Gorbachev comes to
wars in East Asia. SOUtH power in the Soviet Union
VIETNAM
r^ 1990 US and Soviet troops
In the 1950s, the Korean fight on the same side
War erupted, which lasted .•Saigon
against Iraq in the Gulf
War
until 1953. It was followed JAPAN CULF OF
THAILAND
by the Vietnam War in the
1960s and 70s. This war, In1950, North Korean communists, In Vietnam, US troops supported the FIND OUT MORE
involving US soldiers, was backed by China, invaded the south. south against communists, called the
United Nations forces successfully Vietcong, in the north. A vicious war
a particularly long and defended the south, resulting in the resulted in defeat for the USA and
Communism-^ 68
bloody conflict. creation of North and South Korea. Vietnam became communist.
United
Nations < 72
COMMUNIST CHINA above pages
ISee for
Chairman Mao more
Inthe late 1960s the Chinese leader, Mao Zedong, Zedong in
information.

decided that China was no longer true to Communist the 1960s.

ideals. He encouraged young people to join a group

called the Red Guards. Often using violence, the Red
Guards forced their teachers and bosses to confess that
they were behaving wrongly. During this period, called
the Cultural Revolution, schools closed and work was
disrupted. Many people died or were imprisoned. In the
mid-1970s the Cultural Revolution stopped and when
Mao died in 1976, China began to recover.

THE COLD WAR ENDS

In the 1970s and 80s, the
superpowers continued to back
groups close to their own ideas.
The USA supported revolutions
in Chile and Nicaragua, while the
Soviets occupied Afghanistan.
However, by 1987 the Soviet Union
and Eastern Europe had economic
problems. Soviet President
Gorbachev wanted to end the Cold
War. In 1990, it finally seemed to
end when the two sides were allies
in the Gulf War.
 THE DEVELOPING WORLD
After gaining independence fronn European countries,
many of the ex-colonies in Asia and Africa were faced
economic and environmental problems. To
witii
improve the situation, African and Asian countries
The symbol of UNICEF.
which helps children in
began to develop their industry and farming. For this
developing countries. reason, they are known as developing countries.

AID AND WORLD TRADE 7.000

In the 1960s and 70s, the USA, the r
Soviet Union and Europe all gave
aid in the form of loans to GREENLAND rs~
jV
developing countries. Developing
countries had to pay the money
\/ ASIA
/
back and also pay interest - a {?\.''
EUROPE
borrovi/ing charge. By the end of
NORTH Ji...

AMERICA 6,000
the 1970s, it was clear that they
could not repay the massive loans. ATLANTIC CHIN
OCEAN INDIA
V AFRICA
This was partly due
developing countries were at a
to the fact that
N£: <
disadvantage over trade. They
/ SOUTH
.AMERICA ^i
were the main producers of raw
AUSTRALIA ^
materials, such as coffee beans or "

5,000
copper, but earned only small SOUTHERN
OCEAN l-
amounts of money from this. The
richer, industrial nations earned Very low earnings Medium earnings

more money by using the raw Low earnings High earnings

materials to manufacture goods,
such as instant coffee or copper Average earnings per person in each country. The poorest countries are
pipes. in Africa and Asia.
4.000

THE POPULATION EXPLOSION

During the 20th century, there has been This graph shows
how the population o
an enormous increase in world of the world has I3
population. In 900, there were 1,625
1
risen since the 14th a
century. It also
million people in the world. By the mid predicts how the
1990s, this figure had risen to around population might
3,000
keep growing in the
5,000 million people. The population is 21st century.
now growing faster than ever, which is a
strain on the world's resources.

Most of the population growth has taken

place in less developed countries. This is
because in the past people needed large 2,000
families to help earn a living. Many
children died, so people did not want to
limit the number of babies that they
had. in recent years, health care has
improved, so more babies survive,
though people are still having large InChina, couples are allowed to
families. This means that poorer have only one child. This is a
1,000
Chinese poster, which reminds
countries are having to support more them of this.
and more people. There is enough food
to keep the population growing, but not
enough to keep everyone healthy.

1300 1400 1500 1 600 I 700 1800 1900 2000

Date (year)
 WAR AND FAMINE
Newly-independent countries are often troubled by I 1961-91 Civil Wdi III

political problenns,which can end in war During a war, I t.thii>|)id

people may be forced to leave their homes in huge 1 967-70 The Bialran
'
iiiMk I in Nigeria
numbers. They flock into nearby regions, hoping to find
'

970s Intensive clearing

food and safety. People who have to leave their homes ul
1

the Amazon Forest i

in this way are called refugees. begins in Brazil.

1977-78 Ethiopia is at

To make matters worse, since the 1960s there have been wjr with Somalia

several droughts in Africa, when crops could not grow 1980 The Brandt Report
criticizes the
world trade
for lack of water This combined with the effects of wars system, in which richer
to create terrible famines, during which there was not countries benefit from
trade with poorer ones
enough for people or their farm animals to eat. In turn,
famines have created millions of refugees. In 1985, a 980s A series of wars
1

and droughts leads to

famine in Ethiopia was highlighted by a huge televized widespread famine in

pop concert called Live Aid. The concert raised over A schoolboy in Ethiopia receiving
East Africa

100,000,000 US dollars to help the starving. lessons In his local school. 1985 Civil war begins in
Sudan

AFRICA War ^ blrought

/^v7V Refugee camp'
July,
concert
1985 Live Aid

Europe and the USA to

is broadcast in

raise money for famine

.Kigali relief in East Africa
Lake
;..CHAD Knu 1991 Civil war begins
NIGERIA SUDAN i ft
ZAIRE RWANDA in
Somalia

iBIAFRA
#
Extent
of
Biafran
v^.

ZAIRE
••.••••' ••---.>

UGANDA rr
KENYA
fJT

AFRICA
Bukavu
BURUNDI
September, 1992 The Rio
Summit, a huge publicity
event to save the
environment, takes place
in Rio de laneiro. Brazil

August 994 Rwandan 1

advance INDIAN
L<ik6 Civil War Millions flee
during AFRICA
',
OCEAN Tongpn/kd from their homes
the war
In 1967 in Nigeria, the region of Biafra In the 1 980s, a series of wars and In 1994 in Rwanda in central Africa,
tried to become independent. Nigeria famines Somalia, Sudan and
in a civil war broke out. To escape the
was opposed to this and a civil war Ethiopia created millions of refugees. war, millions walked into nearby
broke out. The fighting led to a famine People from Zaire, Chad and Uganda Zaire, where there was no food or
and 300,000 people became refugees. also crowded into Ethiopia, which shelter for them. This created one of
Nigeria won the war in 970. 1 could not cope. the worst refugee problems ever.

ENVIRONMENT IN DANGER
In today's world there are many threats to the environment. In developing
countries, bad farming methods introduced by Europeans have led to the
ruin of land. In tropical countries, rainforest is being cut down by logging
companies and scientists think that this may harm the atmosphere. In
1992, a conference called the Rio Summit took place in Rio de laneiro,
Brazil, which caused governments to promise to help the environment.

/ •^. A bulldozer clearing

-"1
7 ASIA
space in the Amazon
rainforest. It is making
way for oil exploration.
AFRICA INDIA.

V, Tfx)
>Jr -' "- SOUTH
EASTASIA

MADAGASCAR AUSTRALIA
LJ Main areas
Rainforest
of rainforest

in severe danger
'
J j

Areas where rainforest

grows and where it is
being cut down.

Rainforest trees are

also cut down for
timber and to make
room for farming
and road
building.
 THE 20TH CENTURY ENDS
During the Cold War, communism was a major force The symbol of the Polish
trade union, Solidarity.
in Europe and the world. In the 1980s, communist
governments in Eastern Europe fell from power
breathtakingly quickly. Before long, the Soviet
Union had broken up as well. The closing years of
the 20th century began to see
great changes in the balance
of world power.

SOLIDARITY IN POLAND
The rise against communism began in Poland^ The Polish people were
not happy that the Soviet Union dominated their government. In 1980,
the non-communist trade union, called Solidarity, and the Catholic
Church made an alliance. They forced the government to give them more
rights, such as the right to free elections and freedom of speech.

The authorities tried to restore their power by introducing martial law

(when the armed forces took control) and by banning Solidarity.
Solidarity's campaign grew, however, and in 1989 the Polish people were
The statue of St. Wenceslas in Wenceslas
Square in Prague, where Czech reformers met. granted free elections. In 1990, the communists were voted out.

THE IRON CURTAIN DISSOLVES

POLAND
Events in Poland led other countries to change. In Hungary, Bulgaria
and Czechoslovakia, the communists allowed new political parties. Only r
BELGIUM
GERMANY i
in Romania did the old government try to cling to power, leading to a CZECR (
-"^
bloody struggle. Hungary then opened its borders to Austria in 1989. EPULBICr'""'-
-^
". 'SLOVAKtA
.C^
The Iron Curtain which had divided Europe for nearly 50 years had i^^'^)hungar¥
dissolved. The streets of Leipzig and Berlin in East Germany were filled SWjTZE^RL^ND
with people demanding change. In November 1989, East Germany's new
Border changes followed the revolts against
leader agreed that the Berlin Wall should be dismantled. Within seven communism. Germany was reunited and
months, Germany was reunited. Czechoslovakia separated into two.

THE END OF THE SOVIET UNION ESTONIA /\~v

DttVIA
RUSSIAN
in 1985, the Soviet President Gorbachev launched a series of reforms, ijT>A»ANIA
FEDERATION KAZAKHSTAN
called Pereslwika ("restructuring") They were intended to modernize the
<

Xelarj^
Soviet Union, but in the turmoil the ties between its individual republics
UKRAINE"
KYRGY2;STAN
became weak. By 1989, every republic had a new system of political MOLDOVA
parties. Eventually Gorbachev had to agree to break up the Soviet Union. UZBEKISTAN-,->C'\
AZERBAIJAN ,.->.." '^ "^
,

The communists were outraged and tried to take over. They

traditional TURKMENISTAf}
-v- '

failed, but Gorbachev lost power. On December 31, 99 the Soviet 1 1 ,

; TAJIKISTAN

Union was broken up. Fighting then broke out in many of the new states The former Soviet Republics, which are now
independent states. Lithuania. Latvia and
as rival groups struggled for power. Estonia were the first to declare independence.

YUGOSLAVIA SLdfVlENIA'

When the leader of Yugoslavia, Marshall Tito,

died in 1980, its states began to break away
from each other. In 99 Slovenia and Croatia
1
1 ,

declared independence. Serbia used armed

forces to try to stop them and civil war broke
ADRIATIC SEA
out. The war then spread to Bosnia and
Herzegovina. The war here grew much worse ALBANIA
and the United Nations failed to stop it.
The former Yugoslavia. Slovenia. Croatia and
A Serbian child learns how to use a gun Serbia are now separate. Serbs. Croats and
in the former Yugoslavia. Bosnians fight over Bosnia and Herzegovina.

78
 TIME CHART ^^ FIND OUT MORE
j
1980 hdhil.inly ,inu thf 1989 kt'lorms dre 1990 1 he Coniniunisl December 31, 1991
Cold War ^ 74
Cathohc Church win made in Bulgaria. Party is voted out in The Soviel Union is

^ new Poland
rights in Hungary and Poland F W de Klerk dissolved Its former
Tito of Yugoslavia dies Czechoslovakia, announces plans republics become
1 end apartheid in
to
independent Communism -^ 68
1981-83 Poland is September 1989 South Africa.
under martial law Crodtid dnd Slovenia
1994 South Africa

call lor independence 1990-91 The Gulf holds free elections Right to vote < 58
1 1985 Gorbachev begins and Mandela becomes
'

Pereslroika reforms the from Yugoslavia War

in President
Soviet Union
November 1989 The 1991 Civil war breaks 1995 South Africa is
j
1 April 1989 Students Berlin Wdll comes out in the former readmitted to the See above pages
1 protest in China down Yugoslavia British Commonwealth 1 for more

DEMOCRACY IN CHINA "

Calls for free elections also grew in China, the world's biggest
communist power. In April 1989, around 100,000 students marched
through the streets of the capital Beijing and occupied the main public
area, Tiananmen Square. The army, which was loyal to the government,
moved in to break up the crowd of protesters.

In the following confrontation, thousands were killed in Beijing itself

and also across China. The communist government ignored protests
from other countries and stood firm against those calling for greater students protest in Beijings Tiananmen Square,
gathering around a replica of the Statue of
democracy. Liberty.

ISLAM - A WORLD FORCE ASIA MINOR CASPIAN

SEA

In the early 1980s, an old force began to gain power - Islam. The dispute
between the Israelis and Palestinians in the Middle East was seen as a y SYRIA)
religious struggle. Enthusiasm for Islam in Arab countries grew. 'RAN
•
P*'^^'* IRAQ
\V)
4
The focus of this was Iran, where a revolution had taken place in 1979,
;f**~»>--.,..^
ISRAEL \ •V N^«\
The new leaders were religious officials called ayatoHahs, who insisted on
SAUDI
Islamic law. It became clear, though, that the Arab world was not united «|° ARABIA KUWAIT
u^,,VA/AI-l-
PERSIAN
GULF
when Iraq invaded Iran in 1980. A terrible war followed, and fighting did I

the Gulf War, United Nations forces included

In
not stop until 1988. In 1990, Iraq then invaded Kuwait, resulting in the
troops from the USA, the Soviet Union, Europe,
Gulf War An attack by the United Nations led to a swift defeat for Iraq. Saudi Arabia and other Arab nations.

SOUTH AFRICA
South Africa suffered great

VOreHERE VOUTAMOAW;
problems during the late 20th I
century. World opinion
denounced its system of
apartheid, which denied rights to
nonwhite people. Many nations
STEM mJ
refused to have contact with it.
By 1990, President FW. de
Klerk realized that the way South Africans wait to vote in the
1994 elections. The banner
forward was to end apartheid. inviting people to vote is written
in four languages - English,
Afrikaans, Sotho and Nguni.
Doing this was not easy. Some
whites reacted against this
change. Also the two main black
political parties, the African
National Congress and the
Zulu Inkatha Party, fought for
power. In 1994, however.
South Africa held free
elections. Nelson Mandela,
the leaderof the ANC,
became the country's first black
president.

79
 WORLD TIME CHART
This chart shows events in each continent from pre-history to the present day.

DATE
EARLY TIMES
AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE
>
Mobl b.Lientists think Aboriginal people 1

that humans first evolved settle in Australia

from apes around 2,5 Around 38.000 years I

million years ago in ago they either sailed

Africa,and spread from by canoe or walked
there around the world across from Malaysia,
9000BC C.9000BC C.9000-8000BC which was then a
Having crossed from Animal and crop bridge of land between
Asia to Alaska by land farming begins in the Asia and Australia No
bridges, hunters are Fertile Crescent recorded history
spreading south survives in this
C.8000BC lericho continent until later
through America
flourishes in the ages C.6500BC Farming
Middle East, begins in Greece

6000BC C.6000BC C.6000BC C.6000BC

Earliest rock paintings Farming begins in (^atal Huyukflourishes
in the Saharan Central America, inAsia Minor. C.5500BC Villages of
mountains. producing the first mudbrick homes built
known pottery and in Greece and Bulgaria.
cloth made of wool Painted pottery made.

5000BC C.5000BC cSOOOBC C.5000BC

Farming begins in People in Mesopotamia Aboriginal settlements
Egypt irrigate theircrops spread inland as sea
Bronze casting begins levels rise
in Asia Minor.
4000BC C.4000BC
Copper begins to be
used in Egypt

C.3500BC Sails are C.3500BC The wheel (s C.3500BC Stone

used on ships m Egypt. invented in tombs and circles are
Mesopotamia built in Brittany Spain
C.3200BC and Britain

Hieroglyphics appear
in Egypt Bronze is C.3250BC Wheeled
used vehicles spread to
C.3100BC Kmg Menes Europe from Asia.
unites Upper and
Lower Egypt

3000BC C.3000BC C.3000BC C.3000BC C.3000BC

Farming spreads to The first known pottery Major cities develop in Copper working
central Africa in America is made in Sumer. and pictograms spreads across Europe.
Colombia and are invented Bronze is
C.2590BC Cheops Equador, used in Thailand, C.3000-1500BC
builds the Great Forests cleared and
c 2550BC
Pyramid at Giza in land IS farmed in north
Civilizations grow in
Egypt, and west Europe.
the Indus Valley
Mining for flints
C.2500BC People from
central Asia tame and
use horses
2000BC C.2000BC C.2000BC C.2000BC C.2000BC
The Sahara becomes a The first metal working People sail from Greeks use sails on
desert as a result of in America begins in c.l600BCShang
Indonesia and begin to sea-going ships
climatic change Peru Bronze Age culture
settle on the Pacific
thrives in China. C.I600-1200BC
islands.
C.2000-I500BC Mycenean civilization
Pottery spreads among flourishes in Greece.
farmers in Peru C.1500BC Chinese
script is invented

C.I200BC Beginning of
C.II68BC Rameses ill. ludaism lews are sent
the last great Egyptian out of Egypt and settle
c.l I50BC The
pharaoh. dies in Palestine.
beginning of the Olmec
civilization in Mexico
c.llOOBC Phoenicians
spread into lands
c.lOOOBC Herders and surrounding the 776BC First recorded
early farmers spread Mediterranean Sea and Olympic Games are
south from Ethiopia develop an alphabetic held in Greece,
into central Kenya and script.
northern Tanzania 753BC Rome is

C.650BC Iron Age founded, according to

begins in China legend

500BC C.500BC C.500BC

Iron workmg spreads C.480BC Siddhartha Celtic art emerges in
through the south Gautama, founder of northern Europe
Sahara Buddhism, dies.
479-338BC Greek
Classical culture
flourishes

8
DATE AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE
300BC C.300BC C.300BC
Rise of Zapotec culture The stirrup is inventecfin 264-24 BCRonne and
1

inMexico. Decline of central Asia Figfiting on /\ijsLrdlid c.nni unit' U) Carthage fight in the
Olnnec civilisation horseback is easier thrive by skilled hunting First Punic War

202BC China is united and gathering, although

C.200BC-AD700 Rise by the Han Dynasty no records survive of
of Teotihudcan culture historical events A rich
2 18-20 BC Second
1

in Mexico c.ll2BCThe Silk Road artistic and spiritual

Punic War
opens between China culture develops,
and the Middle East known as the Dreaming

lOOBC clOOBC C.IOOBC ClOOBC

Camels brought to the Hohokam people in North India invaded by 73-71BCSpartacus, a
Sahara from the Middle North America irrigate Greeks and nomadic slave, leads an
East and north Africa fields with ditches and tribes including the unsuccessful slave
30BC Cleopatra, the dykes Kushans. revolt in Rome.
Egyptian queen, dies
and Egypt becomes a
Roman province
cO
Birth of lesus Christ.

C.AD30 lesus Christ,

C.AD50 Kingdom of founder of Christianity,
Axum (Ethiopia! begins ADI 17 Roman Empire
is crucified in
to expand. is at its greatest
lerusalem.
extent
C.AD70 Christianity C.AD105 Paper is
reaches Alexandria in
invented in China.
AD313 Christianity is

Egypt, and spreads tolerated in the

slowly south. AD 1 32 lews rebel Roman Empire.
c.AD250The Mayans
against the Romans
of central America
adopt hieroglyphic
and are forced to leave AD330 Constantinople
Palestine becomes the capital of
alphabet
the Roman Empire.
C.AD300 Hopewell AD320 Gupta Empire is

Indians in North founded in India AD4I0 Visigoths

America flourish The invade Italy and sack
C.AD400 Axum leaders AD400-500 First Rome
Maya flourish in central
have converted to Sanskrit writing in
America
Christianity. Cambodia, lava and AD486The Kingdom
c.AD500-l200Totonac Borneo of the Franks is
AD429 Vandals set up a
kingdom north Africa. culture m Mexico founded in modern
in C.AD520 A decimal
flourishes, building day France and
mathematics system is
stepped pyramids Germany.
invented in India

AD600 C.AD600
The Maya Empire is at c.AD610The Eastern
AD6I 1-14 Persians take
lerusalem from
its peak Astronomers AD624 Tang Dynasty Roman Empire
predict eclipses and begin to rule in China becomes influenced by
Byzantines
calculate the solar year Greek culture and
C.AD600- 1000 The becomes known as the
AD632 Muhammad, Byzantine Empire.
northwest coast of
founder of Islam, dies.
South America is
AD64I Arabs conquer populated by many
Egypt and begin their flourishing
conquest of north Africa independent states

AD70Q C.AD700-I200
Empire of Ghana
AD71 1 Muslims from
flourishes in west Africa.
The Kingdom of Axum in
C.AD730 Wooden block Africa, called the
AD750 Teotihuacan is
printing is invented in Moors, invade Spain
Ethiopia is in conflict destroyed Mayan
with the rising power of
China
civilization slowly
islam. declines C.AD790 Vikings make
the first raids on
Britain

AD800 C.AD800-I800 C.AD800 AD800

Kingdom of Kanem Ancestors of the Maoris Charlemagne. King of
Bornu thrives in west arriveon New Zealand the Franks, is crowned
Africa from other Pacific Emperor of the
islands Easter Island is Romans by the Pope
also settled at this time

AD850 The great AD850 Viking raids on

Nahua invasion from AD853 The first printed Europe are at a peak
north Mexico begins book is made in China
The Toltec tribe found
AD882 Kiev becomes
Tula
the capital of Russia

81
 WORLD TIME CHART

DATE AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE

t_ 900
AD969 1 .1 il'. li.uii
C.AD990 Ih.' 1 AD979 The Sung AD9II Vikings take
eastern luirth Atricd Empire In South Dynasty begin its rule in control of Normandy in
conquer Egypt and America grows China France
1
found Cairo

1000 clOOO clOOO

The first Iron age c. 1002 The VIkmgs C.1045 [finting with In New Zealand Maori
settlement Is founded colonize Greenland and movable type Is people liveby
at Zimbabwe in visit the North American invented in China cultivating crops such 1054 The Christian
soutfiern Africa mainland as sweet potato, and Church splits Into
1071 The Byzantine catch fish and birds By Orthodox and Catholic
1052 Almoravids attack Empire Is defeated by now they have built Churches In the Great
Ghana and go on to SeljukTurksat the settlements on rivers. Schism
rule a kingdom in north Battle of Manzikert bays and lagoons in
Africa and Spain Hawkes Bay and are 1066 Norman
1096 The First Crusade exploring the South Conquest of Britain -
leaves Europe for the Island French Duke William of
Middle East Normandy becomes
King of England

1100 C.I100 cIlOO c.llOO

Crowlh of the kingdom TheToltecs llourish in The first European
of Ife In Nigeria Mexico 1126 The Chin Dynasty universities are
conquer northern China founded

C.I 150 Islam Is 1 153 Henry II comes to

flourishing In north II75 The first Muslim the English throne.

Africa. Empire is founded in beginning the Angevin
India Empire in England and
France
1 188 Saladin destroys

the Crusader States In

the Middle East

1200 e.l200 C.I200

The IvlalJ Empire The Aztecs flourish in 1206 Genghis Khan
flourishes in west Mexico begins the Mongol
Africa. conquest of Asia 1233 Pope Gregory IX
establishes the
1234 Mongols destroy Inquisition to suppress
the Ch'in Empire in heresy
China
C.I250 Berber states in c.l250The Aztecs build 1239 The Mongols
north Africa become so their capital 1264 The Mongol ruler conquer Russia.
powerful that Europe Tenochtitlan Kublai Khan founds the
calls the area "the Yuan Dynasty In China.
Barbary Coast" C.1290 Spectacles are
invented In Italy
1300 C.1300 C.I 300
The Benin Empire Inca civilization is
emerges in west Africa emerging present-day
in 1368 The Ming Dynasty 1339-1453 France and
Peru Manco Capac. the isfounded in China Britain fight in the
Inca leader, founds Hundred Years' War
Cuzco as the capital city 1380 Mongol leader
Tamerlane is building
his empire in Asia

1400 C.I400
1415 The Portuguese C.I427 1421 Beijing becomes Climatic changes make 1429 loan of Arc leads
make the first European the capital of China life much harder for the French troops to victory
The Aztecs are growing
conquest In Africa at increasingly powerful
hunter-gatherers of against the English, but
Ceuta in tvlorocco. 1447 Provinces in India. Australasia "The Little Is burned at the stake
and aggressive Emperor
Persiaand Afghanistan Ice Age" forces Maoris In 1431
Itzcoatl forces other
C.I430 Great stone tribes to pay tributes win independence from on New Zealand to
buildings are erected at Tamerlane's empire become more nomadic 1453 Gutenberg
Zimbabwe. C.I440 A new aqueduct as their food supplies Invents first European
brings fresh water from
become less plentiful printing press
c.l450TheSonghai Chapultec spring into Exploring Inland Ottoman Turks take
Empire flourishes in
the city of Tenochtitlan. 1477 Provincial wars regions, they discover Constantinople, ending
west Africa erupt between daimyos. pounamu. a kind of jade the Byzantine Empire.
local barons in lapan which is harder than
147 1-82 The steel This improves 1478 Ivan III throws off
Portuguese conquer their tools and the Mongol rule In
and settle parts of technology Russia
north and east Africa.

1492 The Spaniards 1492 Columbus reaches 1492 Granada, the last
begin to conquer north the Caribbean, the first 1494 Babur, descendant Moorish stronghold in
Africa European to land in the of Genghis Khan, Spain, Is reconquered
Americas becomes Prince of by the Spanish A royal
Ferghana, central Asia. command forces lews
1494 The Spaniards
1 493 The Songhai to leave Spain as a
settle on Hispaniola
Empire in west Africa 1497 VascodaGama renewal of the
The Treaty of Tordesi lias
reaches Its peak becomes the first Inquisition
n^H divides the undiscovered
world between the European to sail to
^^H Spaniards and the
India and back

Portuguese

82
 WORLD TIME CHART

DATE AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE m

1500 1500 cISOO
1505 The Portuguese The Safavid Dynasty is Aboriginal and Maori The Italian Renaissance
set up trading posts in founded in Persia culture continues to is at its peak.
east Africa develop and thrive,
until tfie arrival of the 1517 Martin Luther
1517 Turks conquer 1519-22 Cortes Europeans. begins to protest
Egypt conquers the Aztecs 1520-66 Reign of against the CathoNc
Suleiman the Church, starting the
C.I 520 People from C.I 520 African slaves Magnificent The Reformation.
coastal regions of begin to be taken to Ottoman Empire
western Africa begin to An\erica reaches its peak C.I525 The potato is
be taken by force to the brought to Europe from
Americas to work on 1531-34 Pizarro 1526 Babur conquers South America
slave estates conquers the Incas. the Kingdom of Delhi
and founds the Mogul
1541 Indians revolt in Empire in India 1543 Nicholas
Mexico against the Copernicus publishes
Spanish. his theories on the
Solar System
1542 Charles V
abolishes Indian slavery 1 559 Tobacco is
in the Spanish colonies 1570 lapan opens brought to Europe from
1562 lohn Hawkins
makes the first British As a result, the use of Nagasaki to foreign North America
slave trade voyage. African slaves increases traders
taking slaves from west 1584 Walter Raleigh 1571 Ottoman power in
Africa to the Caribbean, founds an English 1581 Russians take the Mediterranean ends
colony in Virginia, which Siberia at the Battle of
does not survive Lepanto

1600 C.I600 C.I600

The Oyo Kingdom in 1607 The first The Shogun rulers are 1604 Peace between
central west Africa permanent English at the height of power Spain and England
reaches its peak settlement is founded in lapan after fighting since 1587
at lamestown, Virginia over religious
in North America differences and power
at sea.
1608 The French found 1614-36 Europeans
1616 The Dutch and Quebec in Canada begin to explore the 1618-48 The Thirty
French explore west 1619The Dutch found coast of Australia War ravages
Years'
Africa and set up 1625 The Dutch found their colony of Batavia Germany and Bohemia.
trading posts in New Amsterdam in Indonesia
Senegal and the Cold
Coast 1642-43 Dutchman
1630-42 Seeking 1644 The Manchu Tasman discovers
religious freedom. Dynasty begin their rule Tasmania, New Zealand
16.000 English Puritans in China. and Fiji He explores 1658 Swedish Empire
1652 The Dutch found Massachusetts
settle in the north and west is at its peak.
Cape Colony in Bay Colony on 1649 Russians reach coasts of Australia
southern Africa northeast coast of the Pacific Ocean
America
1659 The French found c.1660 The great period
a trading post in of French culture is at
1667 New Amsterdam
Senegal. its peak.
becomes British and is
renamed New York

1700 C.1700
The Asante Kingdom in 1715 China conquers 1703 Peter the Great
west Africa is at its peak Mongolia and East 1721-22 Dutchman founds a new Russian
1 728 Bering begins the
as the Yoruba Kingdom Turkestan Roggeveen finds capital - St Petersburg.
Russian exploration of
in the same area is in
Alaska Samoa, the Solomon
decline. The Bantu Islands, and Easter
Kingdom in east Africa
1759-60 Britain wins Island 1756- 791 Life of
1

is rising.
territory in Canada from 1761 The British gain Wolfgang Amadeus
the French. control of India from 1768-71 Englishman Mozart, Austrian
1750 The slave trade is the French Cook explores the composer
at its peak. Pacific Ocean

1770 Cook is the first C.1770 New ideas on

1775 The Masai expand 1 775-83 American War 1775-82 The British European to land in science and technology
in east Africa, reaching of Independence fight the Marathas Australia, known as startthe Industrial
the Ngong Hills princes in India New Holland He Revolution
1776 American claims it for Britain and
Declaration of 1782 Rama 1 is crowned renames it New South
Independence The King of Siam (later Wales
United States of Thailand), the only
America is founded Southeast Asian 1779 Cook is killed in
country to remain Hawaii after becoming C.I780 European
uncolonized. involved in a dispute campaign against
slavery gathers pace.
1787 Severe famine 1788 Convicts are
1798-99 Napoleon 1 789 George 1789-92 The French
and rice riots in Edo, transported from
invades Egypt He is Washington becomes lapan. Britain to Sydney - the Revolution
defeated by the British, the first President of the first permanent colony
but defeats the Turks in United States in Australia H^^H
'^^^
1
n
a separate battle

83
 J

WORLD TIME CHART

AMERICAS ASIA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE

HT DATE
1800
AFRICA

1808-28
central Ariienedii sijles
including Chile. Mexico
"reoir
Britain starts to import
opium into China,
leading eventually to
1804 HI
Tdsmanij. . :. _:..:-
1 804 Napoleon
Bonaparte becomes
Emperor of the French
and Brazil, gain the Opium Wars in C.1820 In Australia,
1815 Napoleon is
1818 The Zulu 1839 settlers begin to move
Kingdom is founded in independence from finally defeated at the
inland from coastal Battle of Waterloo and
southern Africa Spain and Portugal
towns is exiled to St Helena

1822 First photograph

1822 Liberia is founded
isproduced in France
as a colony for freed
slaves from America
1826 Settlers and 1825 First passenger
1826 President Monroe
warns Europeans not to Aborigines fight the railway is opened in
1830 The French Black War in Tasmania Britain
conquer Algiers and interfere with American

start to colonize politics

1833 The British East 1833Slavervis
Algeria
1830s American India Company trade abolished in the British
settlers move west, monopoly with India Empire
1835-37 The start of
ended.
and China is
the Great Trek of Boers
1836 Texas breaks free 1839 The six English
IDutch settlers in south 1839-42 Britain and
ofMexican rule It later Tolpuddle Martyrs are
Africa! from the Cape to
becomes an American China fight in the First sent to Australia as a
find new lands to settle
state.
Opium War 1840 Britain annexes punishment for forming
New Zealand as part of a trade union
1838-39 The Boers
1840-41 Upper and itsempire Maori chiefs
defeat the Zulus and extend
Lower Canada are 1843-49 British are forced to submit to
found the Republic of power in India to British rule
Natal united. Britain grants
the province self- include Sind and
government, though Punjab 1844-45 Stuart explores 1845-48 The Irish Great
1844 War between it

remains under the central Australia Famine leads to mass

France and Morocco
Crown emigration to USA
1844-48 Maori uprisings
1846-48 The USA and 1853 lapan is forced by against the British fail in 1848 A wave of
US gunboats to open New Zealand revolutions sweeps
1853 Scottish Mexico are at war
its ports after a long across Europe Marx
missionary David
1848 Gold is found in period of isolation. 1853-54 A gold rush publishes Communist
Livingstone begins to
California breaks out in Victoria, Manifesto
explore Africa
1857-58 The Indian Australia as gold mines
Mutiny against British are discovered 1853-56 Britain and
rule. Moguls deposed Russia fight in the
1859 Oil is discovered Crimean War
Pennsylvania. 1860 The Second 1860-61 Explorers Burke
1860 French begin in
Opium War ends and Wills cross Australia.
expansion in west
1861 Italy achieves
Africa.
1862-1908 Empress 1860-64 New Zealand unification Tsar
1861-65 American Civil Tz'u-hsi rules China. and Britain fight Maori Alexander II of Russia
War Slavery Wars gives greater freedom
1867 Diamonds is
1864 The Taiping
abolished and the to the serfs
discovered in Boer
South loses the war Rebellion in China 1863 Gold rush in New
territory
against the decaying Zealand 1865 Louis Pasteur a
1867 Canada achieves Manchu Dynasty French chemist,
1869 Suez Canal opens
greater self-rule within 1868 End of British discovers bacteria
the British Empire 1868 Emperors are transportation of
1877-l914Colonial
restored to power in convicts to Australia. 1871 Germany achieves
powers speed up the
869 The first railway lapan with the decline unification
scramble for Africa" 1

of the military Shogun 1872 Australia's

crosses America
leaders, who had ruled overland telegraph 1885-90 Daimler and
1899-1902 The Boer
1890 Battle of for 670 years completed Benz develop the first
War Britain eventually
cars in Germany.
defeats the Boers in Wounded Knee -the
last American Indian
1893 Women in New
southern Africa to
battle with the US Zealand are the first 1898 Marie Curie
Armv achieve the right to vote. Isolates radium

1900
T9(Xr C.I900
1901 States of Australia 1901 Death of Victoria.
Copper mining starts in 1903 The lirst powered Boxer Uprising agamst
are united to make one Queen of England
Congo in central achieved by the
flight is foreigners ends in
the
American Wright China country within the
Africa 1902-07 Britain makes
British Empire.
brothers at Kittyhawk alliances with lapan,
1904-05 Russia and
1905-30S New France and Russia
lapan are at war. c.
Zealand benefits from
191 1 China becomes a refrigerated shipping 1910 Revolution in
1910 Union of South 1911 The Mexican
and trade with Britain Portugal
Revolution republic after the
Africa is-established as
a self-governing British Chinese Revolution
1907 New Zealand 1914-18 World War
dominion 1914 Panama Canal One
opens 1917 Balfour achieves greater self-
Declaration" promises rule as a dominion in
the British Empire 1917 The Russian
1918 The Ottoman 1917 USA joins the lews a homeland in
Revolution
Empire collapses. Alliesin World War Palestine
One 1919 The League of
1922 Reign of the last 1919 Smith brothers
1919 Nationalist Nations is established
uprising in Egypt C.I920 lazz music Ottoman Sultan ends A make first flight from

republic is set up in Australia to Britian

emerges in the USA 1922 Mussolini comes
Turkey
1927 Canberra becomes to power in Italy
the capital of Australia
^
84
 WORLD TIME CHART

w DATE AFRICA AMERICAS ASIA AUSTRALASIA EUROPE

1920 C.1920
1925 Moroccan 1921 Mao Zedong forms Australia and New 1926 lohn Logie Baird
rebellion against 1927 In the USA. the the Chinese Communist Zealand's trade with develops the television.
French rule. first "talkies", movies Party. Britain grows Britain
with a spoken helps people migrate to
1920s Lebanon, Syria soundtrack, appear Australia and New
and Iraq achieve 1929 Gandhi calls for Zealand
independence from 1929 World depression Indian independence 1933 Hitlers Nazi party
French and British rule begms with the Wall 1933 Samoans protest takes power In Germany.
Street Crash (fall of US 1937 China and lapan against New Zealand
1930 Ethiopia is ruled Stock Market) are at war rule 1936-39 Spanish Civil
by Emperor Haile War, won by Fascists.
Selassie 1941 USA joins the 1941 lapan attacks Pearl 1939-45 Australian and
Alliesin World War Harbor in the USA. New Zealand troops 1 939-45 World War TWO.
1935 Italy invades Two bringing it into World fight alongside Allied
Ethiopia. War Two army in north Africa
1942-45 Nuclear and Italy They counter
1940-43 World War Two technology develops in lapanese threats to 1945 The Cold War
in Africa -Axis Powers the USA East Indies (Indonesia), between Soviet Union
eventually lose struggle Papua and the and the USA begins.
in Egypt, and Italy is 1945 The United 1945 The USA ends war Philippines
driven out of Ethiopia Nationsis formed in the Pacific when it 1946 War trials of Nazi
and surrounding area drops two atomic bombs leaders in Nuremberg,
on lapan Germany

1947 USA announces 1947 India and Pakistan 1948 Communists take
the Marshall Plan become independent over in Czechoslovakia.
giving aid to Europe Romania, Bulgaria.
luan Peron becomes 1948 The state of Israel Poland and Hungary
President of Argentina, isformed The first Arab-
1949 South African backed by the army Israeli War erupts.
government introduces Much of South America c. 1949-52 Mass
apartheid, which IS now ruled by military 1949 Communists take 1953-56 Anti-
immigration of people
deprives nonwhite dictators until mid 80s power in China displaced by war communist risings in
people of their rights Exceptions include Eastern Europe
and liberty. Cuba under communist 1950-53 The Korean c. 1950 Australia and
leader Castro (1958- War New Zealand shift
presentl and Chile toward USA in trade, 1957 EEC (Common
briefly under Allende 1957 Unsuccessful alliances and culture. Market) boosts trade in
1957 The Gold Coast (1970-731 uprising in Tibet against 1956 Television first western Europe.
becomes independent China. broadcast in Australia.
from Britain and is 1958-67 US black
renamed Ghana. people demand civil
1964-72 New Zealand 1961 The Berlin Wall is
rights
1964-74 The Vietnam and Australia fight built Uri Gagarin from
C.I 960 Many African C.1960 Rock and War alongside USA in the Soviet Union is the
Roll
nations become begins in the USA 1975-79 The Khmer Vietnam first man in space.
independent from their Rouge murder millions
European colonizers 1969 US astronaut Neil in Cambodia 1975 Papua New
Armstrong walks on the Guinea becomes 1977 Democracy
1976 South Africa Moon Demonstrations 1979 Shah of Iran is independent of restoredin Spain after
crushes Soweto riots against Vietnam war deposed An Islamic Australia General Francos death.
republic is set up
1980 1980 C.1980 C.I 980s 1980
Black majority rule is Computers spread 1980-88 The Iran-Iraq Australian and New Polish trade union
set up in Rhodesia, throughout the west War. Zealand trade turns Solidarity challenges
which renamed
is from the USA increasingly to lapan as communist rule
Zimbabwe. European internal
1982 Argentina invades 1983 Civil unrest market grows 1981 Widespread
Falkland Islands but is between Tamils and demonstrations against
1984 Famine strikes driven out by Britain Singhalese in Sri Lanka. nuclear weapons in
south of the Sahara. Europe.
1983-85 Military 1984 Assassination of
1985 South Africa governments lose Indian Prime Minister 1985 Mikhail Gorbachev
suspends civil rights power, and democracy IndiraGandhi Britain becomes leader of the
after unrest among is restored in Argentina, and China negotiate USSR, and sets in
black people. Brazil and Uruguay over Hong Kong motion Pemtroika
("restructuring"! reforms.
1986 USA bombs Libya 1987 USA signs arms 1988 Palestinian iMll/flda
in retaliation against reduction treaty with or uprising against 1986 Explosion at
terrorist activities. the Soviet Union Israeli occupation. Chernobyl nuclear power
station in the Soviet
1989 UN supervises
Union
Namibian
independence from 1989 Student 1989 Communist
South Africa democracy movement governments fall in
crushed in China After Eastern Europe East
1990 South African 1990s Growing desire
government begins 1990-91 Cold Warends 10 years Soviet troops and West Germany are
to inAustralia to reduce
USA and leave Afghanistan united (1990)
dismantle apartheid. as Soviet links with British
Union join asallies 1990-91 Iraq beaten by monarchy
against Iraq in the Gulf
1991 Soviet Union
United Nations forces in
War breaks up into
the Gulf War.
independent states
1992 World leaders war breaks out
Civil in
1994 Nelson Mandela 1 993 Peace process
meet to discuss global 1995 People protest the former Yugoslavia.
becomes President of underway between

i
Israel
^^ South Africa. Apartheid environmental concerns and Palestinians, against France's plans
1994 peace
ends. Sanctions cease. at Rio Summit in Brazil to renew nuclear British-Irish ffiBHH

^ testing in the Pacific. talks over Ulster's future.

85

Below is a list of important words used
in bold type within a definition have
abdication A decision
by the i<ing or queen, or
a prince in waiting, to
give up his or her claim
to the throne.
aid Money given by a
country or organization
to support poor or
disaster-strici<en areas.
ally An individual, group
or country which gives
help and support An
alliance is where allies
agree to support one
another
apartheid The South
African policy of keeping
the different races apart,
and depriving nonwhite
people of their rights
and liberty. The system
of apartheid was finally
dismantled by F de W Queen
Klerk and Nelson
Mandela's new majority
government.
archeology The study of
history by digging up
and examining remains
assassination Murder,
usually of someone
famous or politically
important
Axis powers The
countries allied to
Germany in the Second
World War - Italy, lapan,
Hungary and others.
barbarians The name
given by the Ancient
Greeks to people they
considered less civilized
than themselves. The
word was also used to
describe the mainly
Germanic tribes who
undermined the Roman
Empire It is now used
for any group of violent
or uncivilized people.
Buddhism Buddhists
believe in reincarnation
(rebirth in another
form) Buddhism is
based on the worship of
any god or gods, but
rather on finding the
path to nirvana (peace or
enlightenment) through
meditation The Buddha
lived in India in the 6th
century AD,
Catholicism The
branch of Christianity
based on the Popes
leadership from Rome
Catholics regard the
Virgin Mary as a
mediator between God
and human beings.
Christianity The faith
based on the teachings
of lesus Christ, set out
in the New Testament,
Christians believe lesus
is the son of God
city-state A self-ruling
city and its surrounding
area, for instance
ancient Athens
civil war Fighting
between rival groups or
civilians within the
same country
A group of
civilization
people which has
reached a high level of
social and cultural
development, for
instance using a
written language, or
sophisticated arts,
sciences and methods
of government
classical Relating to
ancient Greek or
Roman civilization,
and also 17th and 18th
century European
culture that was based
on it
cold war A struggle for
power by all means
short of fighting. The
term is usually used to
describe the struggle
for supremacy in the
1960s between the
superpowers, the USA
and the Soviet Union.
colony An area and its
people ruled from
another country. For
instance, Nigeria
British colony until its
independence in
communism A political
not system based on Karl
Marx's writings, where
the state owns all
and factories, and
provides for people's
needs. In the late
1980s, many countries
in Eastern Europe
rejected communism
GLOSSARY
in this booi<.
their
crusade A military
expedition or "holy
war", usually used to
describe Christian wars
against Muslim forces
from the 1th to 13th
1 embargo A
centuries,
culture The shared
ideas, beliefs and
values of a group of
people
democracy A system of
government where
every adult can vote to
elect representatives in
the Parliament or other
governing body. There
may be a monarch, but
he or she has little real
constitutional power In
Britain, for instance,
Elizabeth is
head of state but has
little influence over the
elected government.
depose To remove
someone (for instance
a dictator) from power
developing countries
Nations, mostly in the
southern hemisphere,
which have not yet
developed their full
economic or industrial
potential, often as a
result of slavery or
colonialism.
diaspora The
dispersion of lews
across the world after
they were forced to
leave Palestine in the
1st century AD. The
word is also now used
for other groups who
are dispersed from
their homeland.
dictator A rulerwhose
word is law, imposed
by military force
was a driven by nationalism
dynasty A series of
1960 powerful leaders from
the same family, for
instance the pharaohs.
land
economy The financial
structure made up of
all goods and services
produced, sold and
bought in a country or
region
86
Words printed
own separate entry.
election When people
vote to place a person
or party in a position of
power
government order not
to trade with another
country.
empire A large area of
land, and its people,
ruled by one powerful
person or government.
Two examples are the
Roman Empire, or the
British Empire, which
was at its height under
Queen Victoria.
the Enlightenment The
new freedom of
thought in the 18th
century, originating in
France, which valued
reason and human
progress, tolerance of
different religions, and
a questioning of
tradition and authority
Rulers like Catherine
the Great of Russia
were called
"Enlightened Despots"
because they retained
absolute power but
tried to improve the
lives of their subjects.
equator An imaginary
line encircling the
Earth at an equal
distance from the
North and South Poles.
evolution The theory,
first proposed by
Charles Darwin, of how
life on Earth gradually
developed
fascism The military
form of government in
Italy 1922-43, led by
the dictator Benito
Mussolini, which was
and hostility to
communism The
Fascist government
persecuted lews,
liberals and other
groups, and restricted
ordinary people's
freedom. The name is
also used for people or
parties with similar
views in other
countries, such as
Hitler's Germany.
feudalism The system
in Europe in the
Middle Ages where the
monarch or overlord
gave land to nobles in
return for military
support or money.
Serifsfarmed the
nobles' land.
franchise The right to
vote. After all men had
gained the vote.
Suffragettes in Britain
and USA campaigned
for women's vote
guerilla war Where a
small band of fighters
combats a larger army.
Guerilla fighters often
fight for their strong
political beliefs-
heretic Someone
whose beliefs go
against those of the
established Church
Hinduism The major
faith in India, Hindus
believe in reincarnation
(rebirth in another
form) and pray to many
gods and goddesses.
The Hindu caste
system rigidly ranked
groups in society
according to their
"purity or importance,
"
but the system is
gradually losing its
hold
Holy Roman Empire A
group of Germanic
peoples under the
power of an emperor,
who claimed the God-
given right to rule.
Charlemagne formed
the empire in about
AD800, and it reached
its height under
Charles V early in the
16th century After the
Napoleonic Wars the
empire was dissolved
and Germany was
divided up into many
separate states.
Homo sapiens Early
humans, who had
developed the use of
tools Homo sapiens lived
about 250,000 years
ago.
hunter-gatherers Middle Ages (or
People who get food by Medieval period) The
hunting animals and period of European
gathering roots and history between about
berries, rather than ADI050and ADI450,
farming the land the start of the
Renaissance
Middle East The
imperial Relatmg to Arabic-speaking region
theempire or its to the east of the
emperor or empress. Mediterranean Sea,
along with Turkey,
independence Self- Cyprus, Iran and most
rule, especially when it of north Africa.
isachieved after a
nation has been ruled Moguls The followers
by a foreign power or descendants of
Babur, a Mongol
Industrial Revolution prince Babur
The economic and conquered Delhi in
social changes which 1526, establishing the
swept across Europe in Mogul dynasty which
the late 18th and 19th ruled India until the
centuries. From small, 18th century,
cottage industries,
manufacturing shifted monarch The head of
to giant mechanized state (king or queen)
factories and mills. who inherits the crown.
There was a huge Few monarchs now
population shift into have real power, and
the new cities. government carries out
the job of ruling
Islam The religion of
Muslims Islam is Mongols The people of
based on the Ko'ran, Mongolia central
in
the holy book which Asia, In the 12th
sets out the word of century, Genghis Khan
Allah (God) as revealed created a Mongol
to prophet Muhammad empire which
(AD570-632). stretched across Asia
and parts of the Middle
East and Russia.
ludaism The religion of Muslim Someone who
the lews, based oi; follows the faith of
worship of one God Islam
whose word is set down
in theTorah (the first
five books of the Old
Testament), lews do nationalism The
not worship lesus, and feeling of common
believe the messiah bond among people
has yet to come to save who share a region,
human k i nd culture, language or
religion. Nationalism
leads people to strive
for unity and self-
Kaiser The German government.
name for "Emperor".
The word comes from nazism The fascist
the Latin, "Caesar" after National Socialist
lulius Caesar movement, led by
Adolf Hitler in
Germany During World
War Two, the Nazis
Medieval - see entry created death camps
for Middle Ages like Auschwitz, where
they murdered up to 12
mercenary A soldier million people - lews,
who fights for any army, gypsies, homosexuals
as long as he is paid. and political prisoners.
Neanderthal Early
humans, living between
one million to 200,000
years ago, who used
basic tools. Remains of
Neanderthal humans
were first discovered in
1857 in Germany, and
were named after the
Neander Valley in
which they were found
New World The
European term for
North and South
America, during the
period in which this
area was being
colonized, from the
I6th century onwards.
Orthodox Christianity
At the Great Schism in
AD1054, the Orthodox
Church broke away
from Roman Catholic
tradition. Instead of the
Pope it was led by the
Patriarch from
Constantinople, the
heart of the Byzantine
Empire. Icons (holy
pictures richly painted
with gold leaf) are a
feature of Orthodox
Christianity, which
growing instrength
again in Russia and the
Balkans after being
suppressed under
communist rule
Protestantism The
branch of Christianity
which broke away from
Roman Catholicism at
the Reformation in the
16th century Initiated
by Martin Luther,
Protestantism rejected
the Pope's spiritual
leadership.
rainforest
Broadleaved, evergreen
tropical forest, with
very heavy rainfall, rich
in plant and animal
life Rainforests, which
are mainlyin the
southern hemisphere,
contribute to global
production of oxygen.
Many are under threat
from development for
commercial purposes.
87
Reformation The
movement in 16th
century Europe to
reform the Roman
Catholic Church, which
led to the founding of
Protestantism.
refugee Someone who
has been forced to
leave their country to
find shelter in a safer
place. Refugees have
often fled from war or
famine, or else from
imprisonment or death
threats for their
religious or political
beliefs
Renaissance The
revival of arts and
science that marked
the transition from the
Middle Ages to the
modern world The
word "renaissance"
means rebirth.
republic A state where
the people vote for
their government in
election. A republic
has no king or queen.
revolution The
overthrow of monarch
is or government by mass
action by the people.
serf Under feudalism
(especially in Europe in
the Middle Ages) a
serf was a peasant
was not free to leave
the land because he or
she was bound to it. If
the land were sold, the
serf would be passed
onto the new landlord.
Serfdom was abolished
in Russia only in 1861,
Shintoism The native
religion of lapan,
Shinto ("the Sacred
Way") involves worship
of the emperor and
many gods, as well as
ancestors and sacred
mountains, trees and
waterfalls.
shogun The
commander-in-chief
and real ruler of feudal
lapan. The Shogunate
was the state or the
military government
led by the Shogun.
Sikhism is based on
the teachings of Guru
Nanak At their temple
or gurdwara. Sikhs pray
to one God and share
food as a symbol of
equality. All Sikhs
share the surnames
Singh for men and Kaur
for women, Sikhs are
campaigning for an
independent homeland
in northern India.
slave triangle The
three-way trade in the
18th century. European
traders brought goods
to west Africa, and
traded them for African
people These people
were shipped in
atrocious conditions to
the Americas, where
they were sold as
slaves. The traders then
sailed back to Europe
carrying goods grown
in the Americas like
coffee, sugar and
tobacco,
an
socialism A political
system whereby every
member of society has
equal rights, all
factories and farms are
run by and for the
people, and wealth is
distributed fairly
suffragettes Women
who campaigned for
suffrage (the right to
vote) in Britain at the
who end of the 19th and the
beginning of the 20th
century. Suffragettes
drew attention to their
cause by getting
arrested and going on
hunger strike in prison.
superpower A very
powerful state The
term is usually applied
to the USA or the
former Soviet Union
treaty A formal
agreement between
countries, usually
relating to peace, trade
or becoming allies.
Tsar (or czar) The
Russian name for
"Emperor". The word is
a Slavonic form of the
Latin "Caesar"
 1 1 7

MAP INDEX
This index the place names shown on the nnaps. As well as
lists all
page numbers, it gives the country or region for each place, and
alternative names through history, for example: Edo (now Tokyo).

Azerbaijan Asia Minor 78 Castile Spain 28

Abyssinia mow Ethiopial. east Africa 62
Acadia (former French territory), North America 41
Achaea Roman Empire
Acre Middle East 32
Aden Middle East 62
Sea Italy 37. 66
Adriatic
Adwalton Moor battle England 44
Aegean Sea C.reece 16, 17, 31
Afghanistan Asia 74
Africa 7 j«, 7J
ancient civilizations 8
colonization 62, 64
continent forms 4-5
early African
earnings per person 76
first people 6-7
independence and development
languages 12
rainforest 77
slave trade 50-51
Aztec Empire central America 40 Castillon Imttle France 28
Qatal HiiyiJk ,Asia Minor 8
Central African Republic central Africa 73
18 B Central America 40, 41.57
Babylon Middle East 8. 14 •» early civilizations 9, 24
Babylonia Middle East 8 European exploration
Baghdad mow in Iraq). Middle East 27. 31. 34. 35 and colonization 40
Baku (now in Azerbaijan). Asia Minor 35 trade 50-51. 55
Baltic Sea northern Europe 44. 47. 59. 66
Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), south Asia 63. 72
Bandai lapan 52 Chad central Africa 73. 77
Basutoland South Africa 64 Chad lake central Africa 25
Bechuanaland (now Botswana), southern Africa 62 Chagatai Empire Asia 34
Chartres France 28
Beijing China 49
Belarus Europe 78 Chichen Itza Mexico 24
empires 25 Belfast Northern Ireland 70 Chile South America 57
China Asia 48-49, 74
Belgian Congo (now Zaire), central Africa 62
Chinese explorers 38, 48
Belgium northern Europe 66. 69. 70. 78
73, 76-77 dynasties 24. 34. 48-49
Belgrade Serbia 31
earnings per head 76
Bengal Bay of Indian Ocean 24
lapan. conflict with 53. 64
Bering Sea 40
BerlinGermany 70. 7 . 74 Marco Polo's journey 35
1

Agincourt battle France 28 religion 22

Bhutan Asia 72
Alasl<a Russian territory 58
Biafra central Africa 77
Shang civilization 9
USA 60 Birmingham England 70 Ciudad Roderigo fioll/t' Spain 56
Albania southeastern Europe 65, 69, 70, 71, 74, 78 Clermont France 32
Biwa lake lapan 52
Alexandria Egypt 31 Black Sea Asia Minor 16. 30-31 Coba Maya Empire 24
Algeria north Africa 70, 73
Bolivia South America 57
Cologne Germany 28. 70
Algiers mow in Algeria), north Africa 30
Bologna Italy 28. 37
Colombia South America 57
America - see North America. South America or Bombay India 35 Confederate States USA 61
United States of America
Bonampak Mexico 24
Confederation of the Rhine Germany 56
Amiens France 66 Borneo Southeast Asia 35 Congo mrr Africa 25
Amoy China 4Q
Borodino battle Russia 56 Congo, The southern Africa 50. 73
Angola southern Africa 62
Bosnia-Herzegovina eastern Europe 59. 66. 78 Constantinople (now Istanbul), Asia Minor 20. 26.
Antarctica 4, 5. 39 27. 31. 32
Botswana southern Africa 73
Antioch Middle East 32 Brandenburg (now part of Germany), central
Copan Maya Empire 24
Anyang China 9
Europe 44 Coral Sea battle Pacific Ocean 71
Arabia 23, 31.67 Corinth Greece 16
Brazil South America 50. 57
Arabian Sea 24 Corsica island Mediterranean Sea 30. 69
Bristol England 70
Aragon Spain 28 Britain northern Europe 20. 44, 68
Costa Rica central America 57
Aral Sea ,^sia 16 Angles and Saxons 20, 2
Coventry England 70
Arctic Ocean 46 British Empire 62-63
Crecy battle France 28
Argentina South America 57 Creta (Crete) island Roman Empire 18
Industrial Revolution 54-55
Armenia ,Asia Minor 78 Vikings 27
Crete aland Mediterranean Sea 8. 16. 31, 37
Arras France 66 Croatia, eastern Europe 78
World War Two 70
Asia 7, 34-35, 63 Britannia Roman Empire 18 Cuba island Caribbean Sea 50, 65
ancient civilizations 8-9
British East Africa (now Kenya), eastern Africa 62,
European arrival 40
early empires in Asia 24 67 missile crisis 75
earnings per person 76 British Guiana South America 57. 62
Curasao islands Caribbean Sea 41
colonization 62-63, 64 British Honduras central America 57
Cuzco Peru 40
continent forms 5 Cyprus aland Mediterranean Sea 9, 14,31,32
Brunei Southeast Asia 63
people 6-7
first Cyreniaica Roman Empire 18
Brusa Middle East 31
independence and development 72, 76 Bukavu Zaire 77
Czech Republic eastern Europe 78
languages 12 Bulgaria eastern Europe 28. 65. 69. 70. 7 . 74 Czechoslovakia mow Czech Republic and Slovakia),
1

rainforest 77 Burma Asia 63. 71. 72

eastern Euope 69, 70, 74
religions 22-23 Burundi central Africa 73

Asia Minor
trade 24. 55
9. 30-31. 79
Byzantine Empire Europe/Asia Minor 21. 30
D
Assyria Asia 8 Dacia Roman Empire 18
Athens Greece 16, 17 Dahomey (now Benin), western Africa 73
Atlantic Ocean 6 50 Damascus Middle East 8. 31
Cairo Egypt 3
battles 43. 56,67 Delhi India 35. 72
Calais battle France 28
explorers' routes 27, 38 Delos island Aegean Sea 1

shipping and trade routes 50-51, 55, 67

Cambodia Southeast Asia 63. 72. 74
Denmark Scandinavia 42. 44. 69
Cambridge. England 28
Austerlitz battle (now Slavkov). Czech Republic 56 World War Two 70
Cameroon western Africa 62. 73. 77
Australia 4-5. 39 Dhaka (now in Bangladesh). Asia 72
continent forms 4, 5.
Canaan Middle East 23
Dijon France 33
earnings per person 76 Canada North America 51.60. 61. 74 Djibouti eastern Africa 73
European exploration 39 Canton China 49
Dominican Republic island Caribbean Sea 65
colonization 62. 63 Cape Bojador northwestern Africa 38 Dresden Germany 70
first people 6. 7
Cape Colony South Africa 64 Drogheda battle Ireland 44
rainforest 77 Cape of Good Hope South Africa 38 Dublin battle Ireland 44
trade 55 Cape Town South Africa 64 Dunbar Scotland 44
Imttle

Austria 45. 69. 78 Cardiff Wales 70 Dunkirk France 70

hattle

Austrian Empire 59. 65. 66 Caribbean Sea 24.41.50.51.75 Durham England 28

Avignon France 33 Carthage north Africa 18. 19 Dutch Borneo Southeast Asia 63
Ayas Asia Minor 35 Caspian Sea Asia 16. 30, 79 Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia).

88
 Southeast Asia 71 French Congo now The Congo) central Africa 62
(

Dutch Guiana mow Surinaml. South French Guiana South America 57. 62
America 41, 57, 62 French West Africa (former union of French Iceland northern Europe 27. 74
colonies), western Africa 62 II Khanate Middle East 34

Fuji, Mount lapan 52 lllyrian Provinces (now part of Croatia), southern

Europe 56
lllyricum Roman Empire 18
East China Sea Asia 49, 53
Inca Empire South America 40
East Germany western Europe 74
India Asia 38. 72
East Pakistan (now Bangladeshi, Gabon western Africa 73
ancient civilizations 9. 10
Southeast Asia 72 Roman Empire 18
Gallia
earnings per head 76
East Pomerania northern Europe 44 Gambia western Africa 62. 73
colonization 63
East Prussia (now part of Poland). Gaul mow France). 19. 20. 21
European exploration 38
northern Europe 44, 70, 71 Genoa Italy 37
independence 72
Echigo Mountains japan 52 German East Africa mow Tanzania).
Mogul Empire 35
Ecuador South America 57 eastern Africa 62, 67
religions 22-23
Edessa Middle East 32 German South West Africa (now Namibia),
Indian Ocean 7. 63
Edgehill kittle England 44 southern Africa 62
explorers' routes 35. 38. 48
Edinburgh Scotland 44 Germania Roman Empire 18
shipping and trade routes 50-5 67
Edo (now Germany 1 .

Tokyo), lapan 52 northern Europe 78

Indochina (former French colony). Southeast Asia
Egypt 62, 72, 73 colonial power 62-63
48. 71
ancient civilization 8, 14, 17 "Iron Curtain" 74, 78
Indonesia Asia 6. 48
World War Two 70 Renaissance 36
Indus Valley India 9
El Alamein battle Egypt 70 unification 59
Ionia Asia Minor 16. 17
El Salvador central America 57 World War One 66. 69
Iran Middle East 74. 79
England (part of Great Britain), northwest Europe World War Two 70. 71
Iraq Middle East 74. 79
44 Ghana western Africa 73
Ireland northwest Europe
Civil War 44 Empire of 25
Cromwell's campaign 44
Industrial Revolution 54-55 Gibraltar Spain 45
Irish Free State/Ulster split 68
Medieval England 28 Glasgow Scotland 70
religious history 26. 30. 42
religion 26. 42 Gobi Desert Asia 35
Irish Sea northern Europe 44
Spain, war with 43 Gold Coast (now Ghana), central Africa 62
Israel Middle East 72, 79
Vikings 27 Golden Horde, Khanate of the Asia 34
Italia Roman Empire 18
English Channel 43, 54 Gondwanaland 4
Italy southern Europe 59. 69
Equator 38 Great Britain northwest Europe 45. 62. 66. 67. 68
Byzantine power 21 30-31 .

Equatorial Guinea western Africa 73 Great Lakes North America 41

Eridu Sumer 8
Eritou China 9
Eritrea eastern Africa 62
Essen Germany 70
Estonia eastern Europe
colonial power 62-63
Great Sioux Reservation USA 61
Renaissance 36-37
Greece Europe 31. 59
unification 59
Ancient Greece 16-17
World War One 66
Balkan Wars 65
World War Two 69. 70. 71
69, 7 , 78 independence 59
Ivory Coast western Africa 73
1

Ethiopia eastern Africa 73, 77 Ottoman rule 30-31

Euboea Greece 17 World War Two 70
Euphrates ruvr Middle East 8. 9 Greenland northern Europe 27. 38. 76
Eurasia 4 Guatemala central America 57
Europe 28, 58. 69 Guinea western Africa 73 lamestown North America 41
continent forms 5 Guinea Bissau western Africa 73 lapan Asia 22. 52-53
people 6-7
first
war with Russia and China 64
languages 12
religion 22-23. 26, 32. 42-43
ancient civilizations 16-17. 18-19
H World War Two 71
lava Southeast Asia 35
Haiti island Caribbean Sea 65 lericho Middle East 9
east/west divide 30-31. 74-75 Hamburg Germany 70 lerusalem Middle East 8. 3 32. 72 .
1

exploring the world 38-39, 40-41 Hanoi north Vietnam 72. 75 |in Shui rn'cr China I 1

colonization 62-63. 64. 72-73 Harappa Indus Valley 9 lordan Middle East 72. 79
earnings per person 76 Harfleur battle France 28
trade 50-5 1. 55 Havana Cuba 75
Hawaii islands (formerly Sandwich Islands). Pacific K
Ocean 39. 71
Kabul (now in Afghanistan). Asia 35
Hibernia Roman Empire 18 Kanakura lapan 52
FertileCrescent Middle East 9 Himalayas mountains Asia 35 Kanchow China 35
Finland Scandinavia 42. 66. 69. 71 Hiroshima lapan 52 Kanem Bornu central Africa 25
Florence, Republic of Italy 37 Hispania Roman Empire 18 Kansas City USA 61
Florida North America 41. 61. 75 Hispaniola island Caribbean Sea 41 Kanto Plain lapan 52
Foochow China 49 Hitachi lapan 52 Karachi Pakistan 72
Formigny battle France 28 Hokkaido island lapan 52 Karakorum Mongolia 34. 35
Formosa (now Taiwan). Asia 64 Holland northern Europe 45 - see also Netherlands Kazakhstan Asia 78
France northern Europe 27 - see also Gaul Holy Roman Empire Europe 28. 37. 42. 44. 45 Kenya eastern Africa 73
colonial power 62-63 Honduras central America 57 Khanate of the Golden Horde Asia 34
Louis ^.IV 45 Hong Kong China 49 Khanbalik (now Beijing). China 34. 35
Medieval France 28. 33 Honolulu Hawaii 71 Khwarazm-Shah (part of Mongol Empire), central
Napoleon 56 Honshu island lapan 52 Asia 34
religion 28. 33. 42-43 Hormuz Middle East 35 Kiev Russia 27. 34
Renaissance 36. 37 Huixian China 9 Kigali Rwanda 77
World War One 66. 68. 69 Hungary southeast Europe 69. 74. 78 Kilwa east Africa 25
World War Two 70-71 Austria-Hungary Empire 59 Kish Babylon 8
Frankfurt Germany 70 World War One 66 Kivu lake Africa 77
Franks, Kingdom of the Europe 21 . 26 World War Two 70-71 Korea Southeast Asia 48. 53. 64

89
 1 1 1

MAP INDEX

Korean War 75 IVIontenegro southern Europe 65, 66 battles 53. 71

Kossova Serbia 30
hiltle IVlorocco north Africa 62. 73 shipping and trade routes 50-5 . 55
1

Kulikovo Ininle Russia 46 Moscow Russia 46, 47, 56. 71 Pakistan Asia 72. 74
Kumbi Saleh Ghana 25
Kuwait Midcile Rast 62. 79
Mozambique southern Africa 73 Palenque Maya Empire 24
Kwantung Peninsula China 53
Munich Germany 70 Palestine Middle East 32. 67
Kyoto Irifian 52 Muscovy Russia 31 Panama America 57. 65
central
Kyrgyzstan Asia 78 Panama Canal 55. 70
Kyushu aland lapan 52
N Pangaea 4, 5

Pannonia Roman Empire 18

Papal States Italy 37, 42. 59
Nagasaki lapan 52
Naples Italy 28, 37.42, 45, 56 Paraguay South America 57
La Rochelle halllf France 28 Naples, Kingdom of Italy 37 Paris France 43, 66
Langport hatllf ECngland 44 Naseby haille England 44 Pearl Harbor I'ulllf Hawaii 71
Laos Southeast Asia 72. 74
Natal South Africa 64 Peloponnese Greece 17
Latium llnly 18
Latvia northern Europe 69. 71, 78 Nebraska USA 61 Persepolis Middle East 14
Laurasia 4 Nepal Asia 72 Persia (now Iran). Middle East 16
Lebanon Middle East 72, 79 Netherlands northwest Europe 43. 62. 69. 70-71 Persian Gulf Middle East 9. 79
Lena mvr Russia 46 New Granada jnow Colombia). South America 50 Peru South America 50. 57
Lepanto bailie Mediterranean Sea 31 New Guinea (now part of Papua New Guinea). Philadelphia USA 61
Lesotho bouthern Africa 73 Southeast Asia 63 Philippines IhUtie Southeast Asia 7
Lexington I'altl,' USA 60 New Spain North America 50 Phnom Penh Cambodia 72
Liberia west Africa 62, 73
New York USA 60 Pisa Italy 28
Libya north Africa 62, 70, 73
New Zealand Australasia 39. 63 Plataea battle Greece 16
Lithuania northern Europe 46, 69. 70. 71. 78 Newbury England 44
hallli' Poitiers battle France 28
Liverpool England 70
Newcastle England 70 Poland eastern Europe 74, 78
London England 44, 70
Newfoundland North America 41 religion 42
Lostwithiel England 44
ballli'
Ngarzargum Kanem Bornu 25 Russian power 59. 69
Louisiana North America 50, 60
Nicaragua central America 57. 65 World War One 66
Luoyang China 9, 24 Niger central Africa 25. 73
Luxembourg western Europe 66 World War Two 70. 71
nver 25
Poltova battle Ukraine 47

M
Macedon Greece 17. 18
Nigeria central Africa 62, 73. 76
Nile nwTEgypt8,
Nineveh Assyria 8
Ningpo China 49
10, 14
Port Arthur (now Liishun). China 64
Portsmouth England 70
Portugal southwest Europe 56
exploration and colonization 39. 62
Macedonia southern Europe 78 Norlcum Roman Empire 18
Peninsular Wars 56
Madagascar island Muca 25, 62, 73 Normandy France 27. 70-71
Reconquest from Moors 33
rainforest 76 North America 4-5, 38
religion 42
Magellan Strait South America 39 earnings per person 76
Portuguese East Africa (now Mozambique),
Mainz Germany 36 European exploration and
Malawi southern Africa 73 eastern Africa 62
settlement 27. 38-39. 40-41
Malaya (now part of (vlalaysial. Southeast Asia 63 people 7
first
Portuguese Guinea (now Guinea Bissau), western
Mali west Africa 73 Africa 62
Independence and Civil War 60-61
Empire of 25 slavery 50-51. 61 Prague (now in Czech Republic), eastern Europe 28
Manchu Empire China 49 trade 50-51. 55 Prussia (now part of Germany). Europe 44. 59
Manchuria (now part of Chinal. Asia 48, 53, 64 World War One 67 P'yongyang North Korea 75
Manzikert liatlh' Asia 30. 31 North Atlantic Ocean 38
Marathon (iiJllli'Greece 16
Margate hillle English Channel 28
North Dakota USA 6
North Sea Europe 54 R
Marne rirrr France 66 North Vietnam Southeast Asia 72. 75 Ravenna Italy 37
Marston Moor haille England 44 Northern Ireland 68 Red Sea Middle East 14, 31, 79
Mauretania Roman Empire 18 Norway Scandinavia 30. 42. 69. 70, 74 Regensburg Germany 32
Mauritania western Africa 73 Novaya Zemlya island Russia 46 Rhaetia Roman Empire 18
Maya Empire central America 24 Novgorod Russia 27. 46 Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe), southern Africa 62. 73
Mayapan Maya Empire 24 Novgorod territory 46
Rio de Oro (former Spanish colony).
Mediterranean Sea 8, 18. 30-31 Nubia northern Africa 14
northwest Africa 62
battles 16. 31.45.67. 70 Numidia Roman Empire 18
Roman Empire 18-19
invaders' routes 21. 27
Romania eastern Europe 65, 69, 70. 71. 74
Memphis Egypt
Mesopotamia Middle East 9. 67
8. 14

Mexico central America 40, 57. 60. 75

o Rome Italy 26. 32.

ancient city
37
1 1. 18, 19
Oahu island Hawaii 71 Rostock Germany 70
ancient civilizations 24
Oporto battle Portugal 56 Roundway Down
Culfof Mexico 40 battle England 44
24.
Orange Free State South Africa 64
Miami USA 75 Russia Asia and Europe 27. 32. 58. 59
Orange nivr South Africa 64
Middle East 24. 32 Russo-lapanese War 64
Orleans battle France 28
Midway luillle Pacific Ocean 71 Russian Empire
Osaka lapan 52
Milan Italy 37. 45 decline 68-69
Ottoman Empire Middle East 30-3 1
. 58
Ming Empire China 48 growth 46-47. 58. 63
colonialpower 62-63
Minorca Spain 45 World War One 66
decline65. 67. 69
Moesia Roman Empire 18 Rwanda central Africa 73
growth 30-31
Mogadishu east Africa 25 rebellions 58-59
Mogul Empire Asia 35 Oxford England 44
28.
Mohenjo-Daro India 9, 10
Moldova central Europe 78
Sagres Portugal 38
Mombassa east Africa 25
Sahara Desert north Africa 25
Mongol Empire Asia 34-35
Pacific Ocean 7. 39 Saigon South Vietnam 72. 75
Mongolia Asia 34. 74
explorers' routes 39. 40 Sakai lapan 52
Montana USA 6

90
 MAP INDEX

Sakhalin isliimf

Sakurajima lapan 52
| now part of Russia), Asia 64 Sung Empire
Swaziland southern
Cfiina 34
Africa 64, 73
V
Salamanca Spain 56
hatlie Sweden Scandinavia 69 Venetia Italy 37
Salamis I'lKlli' Greece 16 Great Nortfiern War 47 Venezuela South America 57
Samarkand Uzbekistan 34, 35 religion 30, 42 Venice Italy 30. 35
San Francisco USA 61 Switzerland western Europe 66. 69, 78 Vichy France 70
Sandwicli Islands mow Hawaii). Pacific Ocean 39 Syria Middle East 79 Vienna Austria 31. 34
Santiago de Compostela Spain 28 Vientiane Laos 72
Sarajevo Bosnia and Herzegovina 66 Vietnam, Southeast Asia 72. 74. 75
Sarawak Soutfieast Asia 63 Visigoths Kingdom Europe 21
Sardinia Mediterranean Sea 18, 45, 59
nloiui Tang Empire Cfiina 24
Saudi Arabia Middle East 72, 79
Savoy western Europe 37, 45
Scandia Roman Empire 18
Taiwan Asia 49. 53
island
Tajikistan Asia 78
Talavera IhUIIi' Spain 56
w
Wales (part of Britain), northwest Europe 26. 44
Scandinavia norttiern Europe 27, 28. 58. 67 Tanganika lirtv Africa 77 Warsaw Poland 47
Tanzania eastern Africa 73
Scotland (part of Britain) 26. 28. 42. 44. 45, 54 Warsaw, Grand Duchy of Poland 56
Tartar territory Russia 46
Sea of lapan 52 Washington D.C. USA 75
Tarumae volcano lapan 52
Seine nvcr France 66 Waterloo Imttlo Belgium 56
Tasmania islumi Australia 39
Seljuk Empire Asia Minor 30 Westphalia battle Germany 56
Tel Aviv Israel 72
Senegal western Africa 73 Wexford Iwltfc Ireland 44
Tenochtitlan Aztec Empire 40
Senegambia western Africa 50 Worcester battle England 44
Teotihuacan central America
Seoul Soutin Korea 75
I I

Worms Germany 28
Tethys Sea 5
Serbia soutfieast Europe 28, 59, 65, 66. 78 Wounded Knee battle USA 61
Texas independent state 57
Shanghai Ctiina 49 Wurzburg Germany 28
part of USA 60
Shanghu Cfiina 35 Wyoming USA 61
'
Thailand Soutfieast Asia 72, 74
Shikoku island lapan 52 Gulf of Thailand 75
Siberia Russia 46. 55
Sicilyisltiiiif Italy 18, 45, 59
Thebes Egypt 10
Thessaly Greece 17
X
Siena. Republic of Italy 37 Thirteen Colonies North America 50 Xingtai China 9
Sierra Leone western Africa 62. 73 Thracia Roman Empire 18 Xionger Jiang riwT China 1 1

Sierra Madre mountains central America 24 Tiber mvr Italy I I

Silk Road Asia 24 Tierra del Fuego island South America 39

Sinai Peninsula Middle East 72 Tigris mvr Middle East 8, 9
Slave Coasts west Africa 50 Tikal Maya Empire 24
Yangtze riivr China 9
Slovakia central Europe 78 Timbuktu Mali 25
Yellow Sea Asia 75
Slovenia soutfiern Europe 78 Togo western Africa 73
Venisey mvr Russia 46
Sluys bank France 28 Toulouse France 33
Ypres battle Belgium 66
Trafalgar I'lKlli' Atlantic 56
Sofala soutfiern Africa 25 Yugoslavia southern Europe 69. 70. 71. 74
Somalia eastern Africa 73 Trans-Siberian Railway 55
Transvaal South Africa 64
Somaliland Britisfi and Italian colonies (now
Tripoli Middle East 32
Somalia), central Africa 62
Tunis mow in Tunisia), north Africa 30
Somme river France 66

Songhai Empire west Africa 25

Tunisia north Africa 73 Zagros Mountains Middle East 9
Turkey Asia Minor 65. 67. 69 Zaire central Africa 73
South Africa, Union of 62. 73
South America 4-5. 38-39
Turkmenistan Asia 78 Zambezi rii'i'r southern Africa 25
Tuscany Italy 42 Zambia southern Africa 73
earnings per person 76
Zayton China 35
European exploration 27. 38-39. 40-41
Zhengzhou China 9,
colonization 62
people 7. 9
first
u Zimbabwe sout

independence and development 57. 76 Uganda eastern Africa 62. 73

rainforest 77 Ukraine eastern Europe 66. 69
slavery 50. 57 Ulster northern Ireland) 68
I

trade 50-51. 55 Union States USA 6

South Dakota USA 61 United Austrian Netherlands now part of the (

Netherlands), northern Europe 45 St. Peters

South Vietnam Soutfieast Asia 72. 75
United Kingdom - see Britain cathedral
Southeast Asia 75 in Rome.
rainforest 77 United Provinces (now part of the Netherlands)
Southern Ocean 7 northern Europe 43
Soviet Union 69. 70 71. 74 United States of America 60-6 74 1
.

Spain Europe 56. 68 birth of USA 60-61

Armada route 43
Cold War 74-75
influence in Caribbean 65
exploration and colonization 38-39. 62
missile crisis 75
Peninsular War 56
slave states 5
Reconquest 33
Unzen mountain lapan 52
Spanisfi Succession. War 45
Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso).
Vikings 27
western Africa 73
Spanish Netherlands now part of t)ie
I

UrSumer8. 10
Netlierlands'). Europe 43, 45
Ural Mountains Russia 46
Sparta Greece 16, 17
Urbino Italy 37
Sri Lanka Asia 22
Urmia lake Middle East 9
St. Petersburg Russia 47
Uruguay South America 57
Stuttgart Germany 70 Uruk Sumer 8
Sudan eastern Africa 62, 73
USA - see United States of America
Sudetenland 70 USSR - see Soviet Union
Sumatra soutti Asia 35, 63 Usu volcano lapan 52
Sumer Middle East 8, 10, 22 Uxmal Maya Empire 24
Sunderland England 70 Uzbekistan Asia 78
 1 7

Main entries for

INDEX
subjects are shown in bold type.
m
A
abdication 59. 67, 86 Balkans 59, 79 Cultural Revolution 75
aborigines. Australia 80. 81, 83. 84 Balkan Wars 65 early dynasties 24. 34, 48, 81. 82
Abyssinia - see map index Baltic Sea - see map index lapan, relationship with 52, 53. 64
Afghanistan 34. 75. 82. 85 Baltic States 59 Manchu Dynasty 48. 49, 64, 83, 84
Africa 5. 6. 7.18. 19. 67. 70. 80-85 Bangladesh 72 Mongol invasion 34
ancient cities 10 barbarians 20-21, 26, 86 Opium Wars 49
developing countries 76 Battuta, Ibn 38. 39 religion 22
early African empires 25 Basil II, Byzantine Emperor 30 Tiananmen Square 79
"*
European colonization 62 Belfast 70 Christianity 23, 81.82.86
languages 12 Belgium 55 crusades 32-33
slavery 50-51 power 63
colonial development 20, 21. 23, 26
African National Congress 79 independence from Dutch rule 59 Eastern Europe 79
Age of Reason 56 World War One 66 Middle Ages 28
aid 76. 86 Bell, Alexander Graham 55 missionaries 49, 62
Ainu people, lapan 52 Benin 82 Reformation 42-43
84
air fliglit 70. Berbers 82 Roman Catholic/Orthodox split 2 1 . 30
Alasl<a 60. 83 Berlin - see map index city-states 16. 37, 86
Albania - see map index Berlin Wall 74, 78, 79.85 cities 7, 10, II, 54
Albigensians 33 Biafra 77 civil war 86
Alexander tfie Great 14. 17 Big Bang 4 Britain 44
Alexandria 17, 81 Bismarck, Count Otto von 59 Ancient Rome 19
Algeria 73, 84 Black Death 29 newly independent states 57, 73, 77
ally 86 Blitzkrieg 70 Nigeria 77
alpfiabets 13 Boer War 64, 84 Sudan 77
Amazon rainforest 77 Bolivia 57 USA 61
America 80-85 Bolsheviks 59, 67, 68 civilization 8-9, 10-1 1, 13, 16, 86
ancient civilizations 9. 1 Bosnia 59, 66, 78 classical culture 80, 86
Civil War6l. 84 Botswana - see map index Cleopatra, Queen of Egypt 81
Europeans in New World 38-39. 40-41 Boxer Rebellion 49, 84 Cold War 74-75, 78, 86
slavery 50-51 Boyars 47 Colombia 57,65, 80
United States 60-61 Brandt report 77 colonization 40-41 62-63, 64, 65, 82, 83, 86
,

American Indians 41. 60 61 84 Brazil 57, 84. 85 independence 72-73

ANC79 Britain 59. 72, 73, 82, 83, 84, 85 Colosseum. Rome 19
Ancient Egypt 8. 10. 13. 14-15 Battle of Britain 70 Columbus. Christopher 38, 40. 82
Ancient Greece 13. 16-17.36. 80,81 Boer War 64 communism 58. 74-75, 84. 85, 86
Ancient Rome - see Roman Empire colonial power 60, 62-63, 84 China 69
Angles 2! industrial revolution 54-55 collapse 78
Angola 73 Napoleonic Wars 56 Soviet Union 68, 78
Antarctica - see map index slave trade 51 Vietnam 72
Anscfiluss68, 70 World War One 66-67 Confucianism 22
apartheid 73. 79, 85, 86 World War Two 70-71 Congo 73, 84
Appalachian fv1ountains60 British Commonwealth 73, 84 Congress 72
Party, India
archeology 6, 86 British East India Company 84 Constantine, Roman Emperor 20
Argentina 57, 85 Bronze Age 8 Constantinople 30, 32, 81,82
Armenia 59 Buddhism 22. 52,80, 86 convicts 62, 84
armistice 67 Bulgaria 65, 70, 71, 80,85 Cook, lames 39, 83
Asanti Kingdom. Africa 83 Burma - see map index Copernicus, Nicholas 36, 37, 83
Asia 80-85 Burundi - see map index Corsica - see map index
ancient civilizations 8, 9. 10. 19 1 1 Byzantine Empire 20, 21, 30.81.82 Cortes. Hernan 40. 83
Cold War 75 Cossacks 47
developing countries 76 Costa Rica 57
early empires 24 Counter Reformation 42
tvlongol empire 34-35 Crete 16
European colonization 62-63, 72 Crimean War 63. 84
languages 12 California 60 Croatia 78
religions 23 Cambodia 72.81. 85 Crusades 32-33. 82. 86
World War Two 69, 71 Cameroon - see map index Cuba 65, 75, 85
Asia fvlinor - see map index Canaan 13. 23 culture 86
assassination 86 Canada 55. 83, 84 Czech Republic 78
Assyrians 8 European settlers 62 Czechoslovakia 68. 78, 85
Athens 16, 17 World War Two 70 Cold War 74
Atlantic, Battle of 70 Cape Colony 64 World War Two 70
Attila the Hun 2! Capet, Hugh, King of France 26
atomic weapons 71, 74. 85 Caribbean 51, 82, 83
Augsburg, League of 45 Carthage 18, 19
Australia 5. 7, 80-85
aborigines 80, 81, 83. 84
convicts 62, 83, 84
Castro, Fidel 75
gatal Huyuk8, 80
D
Catherine the Great of Russia 56 Dahomey - see map index
European arrival and settlers 39. 62 84 Catholicism 30. 42, 82, 86 Darby, Abraham 55
World War Two 70. 85 Caucasus 63 Darius, Emperor of Persia 16
iiuslralopil^i'cus 6 Central African Republic -see map index Darius Emperor
111. of Persia 1

Austria 56. 57. 65 Ceylon mow Sri Lankal 72 de Klerk. F W 79

World War One 66 Chad 73, 77 Delian League 17
World War Two 70 Charlemagne 26. 81 democracy 17. 58-59. 79. 86
Austria-Hungary Empire 59. 68 Charles 1,King of England 44 Denmark 21. 59. 70
World War One 66 Charles II. King of England 44 developing countries 76-77. 86
Axis powers 66-67. 86 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 37, 42, 83 Dias. Bartholomeu 38
Axum kingdom. Africa 81 Charles Xll. King of Sweden 47 Diaspora 23. 86
Azerbaijan - see map index Chartists 58 dictator 57, 69, 86
Aztecs 40 Chavin 9 Dien Bien Phu, battle 72
Cheng Ho, Chinese explorer 48 dinosaurs 5
Chile 57, 75, 84, 85 Djibouti - see map index
Children's Crusade 33
B Chin Dynasty China
China 24,
24, 82
48-49, 71, 80, 81, 82. 83. 84, 85
Dominican Republic 65
Drake, Sir Francis 39
DreadnouQht 65
Babur. Mongol prince 35, 82 83 ancient civilizations 9, 11, 3, 80
1 drought 77
Babylon 8. 17 barbarian invasion 20 Dunkirk, battle 70
Babylonians 8, 13. 23 communism 69, 74, 75, 76 dynasty 14. 24, 48, 86

92
Eannes. Gil 38 Gambia 62, 73 Independence from Austria 59
earnings 76 Gandhi, Mahatma 63. 72, 85 World War 1\vo 70. 71
Earth, formation 4 Garibaldi, Guiseppe 59 Huns 12.20
economy 68. 86 Genghis Khan 34, 82
Ecuador 57. 80 Germany 55, 83, 84,85
earthquai<es 52 Angles and Saxons 21
East Germany 74. 78. 85 colonies 62-63, 65
East Pal<istan 72 nazism 68
Egypt 73.80.81. 83.84. 85 East-Westsplit 74, 78. 85 Ibn Battuta 38, 39
ancient civilization 8. 10. 13. 14-15.22 industrial revolution 55 ice ages 7
World War Two 70 Prussia 44, 56, 58, 59 Iceland 27
El Alamein. battle 70 Middle Ages 26, 29 ideograms 13
El Salvador 57 unification 59 Incas 40, 82, 83
elections 58, 79. 86 World War One 66-67 independence 72-73, 76, 84, 85, 87
electricity 55 World War Two 70-7 India8l,82, 83, 84.85
Elizabeth I. Queen of England 37 Ghana (formerly the Gold Coast) 73, 82, 85 ancient civilization 9. 10
empires 14. 16. 18. 20, 24. 25. 26. 30. 34. 40. 46. 48. Empire of Ghana 25. 81 barbarian invasion 20
58. 62-63, 64. 68. 72. 86 gods 15,21,22 European colonization 62. 63
enclosures 54 Gold Rush 61, 85 independence 72. 85
England 83 - see also Britam Golden Horde, the 34 Indian Mutiny 63. 84
American colonies 38-39. 41 Gondwanaland 4 Mongol invasion 35
Civil War 44 Gorbachev Mikhail 75, 85 Moguls 35
Reformation 42 Goths 21 religion 22
Enlightened Despots 56 Granada 33 Indochina 71. 72. 73.84
Enlightenment, the 56. 86 Great Depression 68 Indo-European languages 12
environment 77 Great Exhibition 55 Indonesia 73. 80. 83. 84
equator 86 Great Northern War 47 Indus Valley 9. 10. 11.80
Equatorial Guinea - see map index Great Plains 61 industrial revolution 54-55. 62. 82. 83. 87
Eritrea - see map index GreatSchism 30, 82 industrialization 55. 61 76 .

Ethiopia 69. 77.80.81.85 Greece Inkatha Party. South Africa 79

Estonia 78 Ancient Greece 13, 16-17, 19,80,81 Inquisition 43. 82
Europe 5. 7. 76. 80-85 Balkan Wars 65 invaders 12
ancient Europe II. 16-17, 18-19 independence 59 barbarians 20-21. 26
barbarian mvasions 20-21 religion 22 Mongols 34-35
colonial power 38-39. 40-41. 62-63 World War Two 70 Vikings 26
Common Market 85 Greenland 27 Ionian Cities 16
feudal Europe 26-27. 28-29 Guam 60 Iran 16. 34. 79.85
languages 12 Guatemala 57 Iran-Iraq War 79, 84
post-war 74. 75. 85 guerilla war 72, 75. 86 Iraq 79. 84
religions 22. 23 Guinea - see map index Ireland 84. 85
Renaissance 36-37 Guinea Bissau - see map index Cromwell's campaign 44
World War One 66-67 Gulf War 79. 85 Irish Free State 68
World War Two 70-71 Gutenberg. Johannes 36. 82 iron 55
evolution 5, 6-7, 86 Iron Age 9. 80
explorers 38-39 "Iron Curtain "

74. 78
Queen of Spain 33. 38

H Isabella.
Islam 23. 25. 30. 32. 72. 79.81.82.87
Israel 85
ancient history 23
Haiti 65
creation of state 72
Hannibal, Carthaginian leader 18
Palestinians, relationship with 79
Fa Hsien, Chinese explorer 38 Hapsburgs 31, 58 -see also Austria-Hungary
Italy 82. 84. 85
famine 77, 85 Empire barbarian occupation 21
farming 7, 8, 9, 10, 15, 40, 54,80 Hawaii 39, 60, 71
colonial power 62-63
fascism 69, 85, 86 healthcare 76
fascism 69
Ferdinand, King of Spain 33, 38 Henry of France 82
II
Middle Ages 29
Fertile Crescent 8-9, 80 Henry IV, King of Navarre 43
Renaissance 36-37
feudalism 27, 28,86 Henry V, King of England 28
Roman period 18-19
Finland 59, 71 Henry Vlll of England 42
World War One 67
fossils 6 Henry the Navigator 38
World War Two 70
Formosa - see map index heretic 33, 42, 82, 86
unification 59
France 81, 82. 83. 84. 85 hieroglyphics 13
Israelites 23
barbarian invasion 21 Hinduism 22, 72,86 Ivan III the Great. Tsar 46. 47

colonial power 38. 41. 57.60.62-63.65 Hirohito, Emperor of lapan 69

Ivan IV the Terrible. Tsar 46. 47
French Revolution 56. 83 Hiroshima 71, 85
58. 59. Ivory Coast - see map index
Louis XIV 45 Adolf 68, 70. 85
Hitler,
Middle Ages 26. 28. 29. 31 Holland 45 - also see Netherlands
religion and conflict 43 Holocaust 71
World War One 66 Holy Roman Empire 86
World War Two 70 creation 26
franchise 58. 86 religion and conflict 37. 42-43 lacquerie uprising 29
Franco, General Francisco 85 Thirty Years' War 43. 44 lantszoon. Willem 39
Franks 21, 26, 81 Renaissance 37 lapan 52-53. 82. 83. 84. 85
Franz Ferdinand, Archduke 66 Homo ereclus 6. 7 Ainu people 52
Frederick the Great of Prussia 56 Homo fiabitis 6. 7 religion 22
French Community 73 Homo sapiens 6. 7. 86 rule in China 64. 69
French Foreign Legion 63 Honduras 57 Shoguns 52
French Indochina 72 Hong Kong 49. 85 samurai 53
French West A, rica - see map index horses 41 World War One 67
hoplites 16 World War Two 71
Hospitallers 33 lericho 9. 80
Hsuan Tsang. Chinese explorer 38 lerusalem 32
Huguenots 43 lesuits 42
human evolution 5. 6-7 lesus Christ 23
hunter gatherers 7. 41. 87 lews 23.68. 71. 72.81. 82. 84
Gabon - see map index Hundred Years' War 28. 82 limmu Tenno. Emperor of lapan 52. 53
Galileo Galilei 36 Hungary 85 Iudah23
Gama, Vasco da 38, 82 communism 74. 78 ludaism 23.80.87

93
 1 3 1 1

INDEX

lulius Caesar. Roman Emperor 19, 20 Islam 79 Papal States 37, 59

Justinian. Byzantine Emperor 21 Ottoman Empire, decline 69 Papua New Guinea 85
lutes 21 World War One 67 Paraguay 57
World War Two 70 Paris. Peace of 60
Milky Way 4 Pedro King of Brazil 57
1.

K Milvian Bridge, Battle of 20

Minamoto Yorikomo, Shogun
Minoans 16
of lapan 52
>
Pedro II. King of Brazil 57
Peloponnesian League 17
Peloponnesian War 17
kaiser 87 Mississippi 61 Peninsular Wars 56
Kanem Bornu 25 Moguls 35. 83. 84, 87 Pereitroika 78, 85
Kenya 73. 80 Mohenjo-Daro 9, 10 Persia 20, 35.81,82,83
Khanates 63 monasteries 28 ancient empire 14, 16
Khanates of the Golden Horde 34 Mongolia 49, 83 Persian Wars 16
Khmer Rouge 85 Mongols 3 34-35,
1 48, 53, 82. 87 Peru 57, 80
knights 28, 33 Montenegro 65 Peter the Great. Tsar of Russia 47
Knights of St lohn 33 Montezuma 11. Aztec king 40 Pharos lighthouse 17
Knights Templar 33 Morocco 65. 84. 85 Philip of Macedon 17
Korea 48. 53. 64 mosaics 21 Phoenicians 80
Korean War 75. 85 Moscow 46. 56 pictograms 1

Kublai Khan 34. 82 Mozambique 73 Pilgrims 41

Kuwait 79 Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus 83 Pizarro. Francisco 40, 83
Kwantung Peninsula 53 Muhammad 23, 81 plague 29
Mussolini, Benito 69, 70, 84 Plataea, battle 16
Muslims -see Islam poison gas 66
Muslim League 72 Poland 31, 85
Mycenaeans 16 Cold War 74
independence 59, 69
languages 12
Solidarity 79
Laos 72
Latium 18
Latvia 78
N
Nagasaki 71, 85
population 76
World War Two

Portugal 82. 83. 84

70, 7

League of Nations 68 colonial power 38. 57. 62. 63. 73

Leakey. Mary 6 Namibia 73, 85
printing 24. 25. 36, 42,81,82
Lebanon 85 Napoleon Bonaparte 56, 58, 83, 84
Protestants 41, 42, 87
Lenin (Vladimir llyich Ulyanov) 59. 68 Natal 64, 84
Prussia 44, 56, 58, 59
Lepanto, Battle of 31, 83 nationalism 58. 87
Punic Wars 18-19,81
Lesotho - see map index NATO 75
nazism 68, 85, 87
Pu Yi, Emperor of China 64
Lexington, battle 60 Puerto Rico 60
Liberia 73. 84 Neanderthal man 87 7.
pyramids II, 14, 15, 24
Libya 70, 73, 85 Nefertiti, Queen of Egypt 14
Lincoln, Abraham 61 Nelson, Lord Horatio 56
Lithuania 46. 78 Nepal - see map index
Live Aid 77
Louis XIV, King of France 45
Netherlands 53, 83
colonial
Holland 45
power 4 1 , 63, 73
R
Louisiana 60 railways 55, 61, 84
LOuverture. Toussaint 51 religion and conflia 43
rainforest 77, 87
Luddites 54 war with France 45
World War Two 70
Rameses II, pharaoh 14
Luther, Martin 42, 83
New Rameses III, pharaoh 80
World 38.40-41,87
raw materials 62, 76
New Zealand 81. 83. 84.85

M
Macao 49
Macedon 14, 17
Machiavelli, Niccolo 37
Madagascar - see map index
Magellan, Ferdinand 39
Malawi - see map index
Mali Empire 25, 82
Malta 33
Manchu Dynasty, China 48
Manchukuo, China 69
Manchuria 48, 53, 64, 69
Mandela, Nelson 79, 85
Mao Zedong 69, 75 85
Maoris. New Zealand
European colonization 62. 63
Maori culture 82. 83
women's suffrage 59
World War Two 70.85
Reconquest, the Spanish 33
Reformation 36, 37. 42, 88
refugees 77, 87
religions 15,22-23
wars of religion 43
Nicaragua 57. 65. 75
Renaissance 36-37, 83. 87
Niger - see map index
republic 73.87
Nigeria 73. 77, 82
revolution 87
Nine Years War of Augsburg 45
China 49. 75
nomads 34, 48
French Revolution 56
North America 5, 7. 38-39. 41. 60-61
industrial revolution 54-55
Norway 70
revolutions across Europe in 1848 58-59
nuclear weapons 71. 74. 85
Russian Revolution 59. 68
Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) 73, 85
81. 82. 83. 84
o
Olduvai Gorge 6
Richard the Lionheart, King of England 33
Rio Summit 77, 85

Roman
it 59
Risorgimento ,

Catholicism 21, 30
Marathon. Battle of 16
Olmecs9 Romania 59, 78, 85
Marco Polo 35 Roman Catholicism - see Catholicism
Opium Wars 49. 84
Marguerite of Navarre 37 Roman Empire 17 18-19 20, 36, 80, 81
Orange Free State 64
Marshall Plan 74
Orthodox Church 21. 30.82.87 Rome 1

Maria Theresa, Empress of Austria 56

Ostragoths 2 alphabet 13
Marx, Karl 59, 84
Ottoman Empire 30-31. 59. 82, 83. 84 collapse of empire 20-2 1 , 30
Masai 83
colonies 63 religion 22, 23
matchgirls' strike 55
decline65. 68. 69 Romulus and Remus 18
Mauritania - see map index
Outremer crusader kingdoms 32 Russia 81 82. 83, 84 - see also Soviet Union
.

Maximilhan. Prince of Austria 57

Oyo Kingdom. Africa 83 Alaska, sale to USA 60
Maya 24, 81
Balkan War 65
Medici family 37
Crimean War 63
mercenaries 37, 87
empire 46-47, 59, 63
Mesopotamia 8, 69, 80 Mongol invasion 35
Mexico 57, 60, 80, 81 82, 83, 84
,

Napoleonic Wars 56
early civilizations24, 40 1 1 . pagans 26 Revolution 59, 68, 84
Michelangelo Buonarroti 36, 37 Pakistan 72. 85 Siberia 46, 55
Middle Ages 26-27, 28-29, 35, 36 87 Palestine 32. 72. 79. 85 Viking invasion 27
Middle East 27,81.82 Panama 57 World War One 66
Arab-Israeli conflict 72 Panama Canal 55. 65. 84 Russo-lapanese War 64
Gulf War 79 Pangaea 4 Rwanda 73, 77

94
 INDEX
M
Sahara 8. 25. 80. 81.85 Switzeriand 55 Versailles. Treaty of 68
St Bartholomew's Eve Massacre 43 Syria - see map Index Vichy France 70
St Petersburg 59. 83
Vietnam 72
Saladin. Mushm leader 32
Vietnam War 75, 85
Salamis, battle 16
Vikings 27,81,82
Samurai 53
Visigoths 21
Santa Ana. General 57
Sarajevo 66 Taiwan 48, 53, 64
Sardinia - see map index
Saudi Arabia 79
Saxons 2
Scandinavia 27
Seljuk Turks 30. 32. 82
Taj Mahal 35
Tamerlane 34, 82
Tanaka, General 69
Tahg Dynasty. China 24, 8!
W
Washington, George, President of United
tanks 67 States 60
Senegal - see map index Tanzania 73, 80 Waterioo, Battle of 56 84
Serbia 59. 65. 66. 78 Taoism 22 Watt, lames 54
serfs 28. 47. 87 Tartars 46 wheel 8, 80
Seven Wonders of the Ancient World 17 Tasman, Abel 39, 83 Wellington, Duke of 57
sewing machine 55 Tasmania - see map index Wilberforce, William 51
Shakespeare. William 36 telephone 55
Wilhelm II, Kaiser of Germany 65
Shang Dynasty. China 9. 80 television 85
William I, Kaiser of Germany 57
Shintoism 22. 52.87 terrorists 58
Wilson. Woodrow. President of USA 68
Shoguns 52. 83. 87 Tenochtltlan 40, 82
Teotihuacan 11,81 women
Shotuku. Prince of lapan 52
Teutonic Knights 33 nursing in Crimean War 63
Siberia 46
Texas 57, 84 right to vote 58, 59, 84
Sierra Leone - see map index
Thailand (formerly Siam) 80. 83 World War One 63, 65, 66-67 68, 84
Sikhism 72. 87
Thebes 10, 14, 17 between the wars 68-69
silkroute 24. 38. 81
Third Reich 68 Worid War Two 68, 69, 70-71 72, 74,,85 ,

Sinai Peninsula 72
Thirty Years War 43, 83 Wounded Knee, Battle of 61, 85
Sino-lapanese War 53 Tiananmen Square 79 writing 8, 13, 24, 40, 80, 81
slavery 50-51. 81. 83. 84. 87
Tibet 49, 85
African Empires' 25 Timbuktu 25
American Civil War 61 Tito, Marshall losip 78
Ancient Greece
slave triangle 51. 87
South America 57
1
tobacco 83
Togo - see map index
Tokyo 53
X
Xerxes, Emperor of Persia 16
Slovakia 78 Tordesillas, Treaty of 38
Slovenia 78 trade 1 24. 25. 49. 53, 55, 76, 81 85
1 ,
,

socialism 58. 87 trade routes 25, 27, 35, 55

Solar System 4 trade unions 55, 58, 78, 84, 85
Solidarity trade union 78. 85 Trafalgar Battle of 56
Somalia 73, 77 Transvaal 64
Treaty Ports 49 Ypres, battle 66
Somme. Battle of 66 Yugoslavia
tsar 87 70, 78, 85
Songhai Empire 25. 82
tsunami 52 yurts 34
South Africa 84. 85
apartheid 73. 79
Tubman, Harriet 51
Tunisia 19, 70, 73
Boer War 64
Turkestan 49
majority rule 79
Turkey 67, 68, 84 - see also Ottoman Empire
World War Two 70 Turks 30, 31, 32, 35,63,83
South America 5. 7. 40. 55. 57. 80-85
Tutenkhamun. Pharaoh 14, 15 Zaire 73, 77
Southwest Territories 60 Tuthmosis ill. Pharaoh 14 Zambia - see map index
Soviet Union 85 - see also Russia typewriter 55 Zapotecs 9
Cold War 74-75. 76 Tz u-hsi, Chinese Empress 49, 84 Zhengzhou 1

collapse 78
Zimbabwe 25, 73, 82, 85
communism 68 Zulus
creation of state 59
World War Two 70-71
space travel 85
u Inkatha Party 79
Zulu Wars 62 84
Spain 18. 21. 31.81.82.83.84.85 U-Boats 67
Armada 43 Uganda 62, 73
colonial power 40-41. 57. 60. 62-63 Ukraine 59
exploration of Americas 38-39 40 Ulster 68
Holy Roman Empire 37. 42 "Underground Railroad" 51
Spanish Civil War 69, 85 United Nations 72, 78. 79. 85
Spanish Reconquest 33 United Provinces (now the Netheriands) 43
Spanish Succession, War of 45 universe 4
Sparta 17 Upper Volta (now Burkina Faso) - see map index
Spinning lenny 54 Ur8. I

Sri Lanka (formerly Ceylon 72 85 Uruguay 57. 85

I

Stalin, losef 68
Urban II. Pope 32

steam power 54-55 USA60-6I.83. 84. 85

steam ships 55 American War 61. 84
Civil

steel 55, 61
civil rights movement 85
Cold War 74-75
steppes 12, 34
independence from Britain 60
Stephenson, George 54 industrial revolution 55
Stone Age 6, 80 new states 60, 84
Sudan 73. 77 Panama Canal 65
Sudetenland 70 political influence 65, 74-75, 76
Suez Canal 55, 70, 84 Vietnam War 75, 85
Suffragette movement 59, 87 World War One 67
Suleiman the Magnificent. Sultan of Ottoman
I, World War Two 7
Empire 31, 83
Sumer 8, 10, 13, 22,80
Sun, the 4
Sun Yat Sen 48, 64
Sung Dynasty, China 24, 34, 82
V
superpowers 74-75, 78 87 Vandals 21, 81
Sweden 47, 83 Venetia 31 37.
Swaziland - see map index Venezuela 57
 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The Publishers would like to
thank the following for
permission to reproduce their
photographs in this book

AKG London (36 top), British

Library (62), Christian Aid/E
Dulgenan (77, topi. Frank
Spooner Pictures/Gamma
Press/Bouvet (79, top), Frank
Spooner Pictures/Gamma
Press/South Light (7Q.
bottonn), Alain le Carsmeur/
Impact Photos (12); Hulton
Deutsch (55; 59; 64; 66, right;
69, 71, 74, left); Mary Evans
Picture Library (54, 56, 61 1;
Peter Newark's American
Pictures (601, Peter Newark's
Pictures (49), Popperfoto (7,
51, top, 66, left, 68. left, 70.
72, 73; 74, right; 75). Dr
Moriey Read/Science Photo
Library (77, bottom). |ohn
Reader/Science Photo Library
(6.), Scala (36. bottom),
losiah Wedgwood and Sons
Ltd (51, bottom), Weimar
Archive (68, right)

Every effort has been made to trace

and acl^nowledge ownership of
copyright The Publishers will be glad
to make suitable arrangements with
any copyright holder whom it has not
been possible to contact

No part of this publication may be reproduced in whole or in part, or stored in a retrieval

system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,
recording, or otherwise, without written permission of the publisher.
For information regarding permission, write to Usborne Publishing Ltd.,
Usborne House, 83-85 Saffron Hill, London, EC IN 8RT, England.
First published in Great Britain in 1995 by Usborne Publishmg Ltd.

ISBN 0-439-10170-0

Copyright © 1995 by Usborne Publishing Ltd.

All rights reserved.
Published by Scholastic Inc., 555 Broadway, New York, NY 10012,

by arrangement with Usborne Publishing Ltd.

The name Usborne and the device "r are trademarks of

Usborne Publishing Ltd. SCHOLASTIC and associated logos are trademarks and/or
registered trademarks of Scholastic Inc.

12 11 10 987654321 12 3 4 5 6/0

Printed in the U.S.A. 08

First Scholastic printing, January 2001

/

Tl IE USBORNE ILLUSTRATED
ATLAS 0/ WORLD
HISTORY
The Usborne Atlas of^orld History traces the course of time from the
beginning of the universe right up to the present day. Large,
decorative maps set the historical scene, while detailed step-by-step
map sequences show major world events such as the routes of
explorers, the borders of changing empires, and the sites
of decisive wars and battles.

The maps are accompanied by beautiful illustrations

I
and photographs of famous people, places and
objects. Easy-to-read text, a glossary and time
charts are ideal for quick reference.

This edition is only

available for distribution through
the school market.

SCHOLASTIC INC.

0-439-10170-0