HIC Baseline Report Bui Donga Project

Table of Contents
Table of Contents....................................................................................................... 1
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... 2
LIST OF ABBREVATIONS..............................................................................................3
SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........5
Executive summary.................................................................................................5
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 18
SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................19
The baseline survey .............................................................................................19
1. The baseline questionnaire and data collection................................................19
Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................20
SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......21
GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................21
HUMAN CAPITAL.................................................................................................... 24
FINANCIAL CAPITAL...............................................................................................36
NATURAL CAPITAL.................................................................................................41
PHYSICAL CAPITAL.................................................................................................51
SOCIAL CAPITAL.....................................................................................................53
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................66
Conclusions.......................................................................................................... 66
Recommendations ...............................................................................................67
HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

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Acknowledgements
In establishing a baseline situation analysis of the Heifer International Cameroon (HIC)
assisted farm-families, inputs were received from individuals both within and outside
Heifer International Cameroon to whom we are highly indebted. The Contributions of
the HIC Country director Dr Njakoi Henry were invaluable at the planning/design of
the data entry/collation and analysis processes. Special thanks also goes to Basam
Emmanuel the Monitoring and Evaluation Manager for Heifer International Cameroon
who from inception through the development of this report has generously shared his
ideas and provided wonderful uninterrupted technical and material inputs for the
completion of this assignment. Our gratitude also go to Agnes Laisin, program
manager of Western Highlands program zone and her colleagues for enthusiastically
providing instrumental support on how the report can be best presented.
Pamela Tala provided outstanding support during the data entry process and
preparation of final layout of the report. Despite all effort made to minimize data
collection and entry errors, there was still an apparent need for cleaning and sorting
of data prior to data entry.
There are several other individuals not specifically named, within Heifer International
Cameroon who provided remarkable support, raised concerns and made both negative
and positive comments about the baseline data analysis process that energized us. To
list all of them would be impossible and to list only a few would not be professional,
thus to them all, we are very indebted. In a sense, this report is the fruit of collective
efforts of the few I mentioned above and the countless others I could not mention. I
ask all those who were involved at any level of the execution of this assignment to
accept our sincere appreciation offered wholeheartedly, considering that these
individuals all know themselves.
We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

certain sections and/or paragraphs of this report that need improvement. We remain
accountable for the errors or deficiencies in interpretation of results and even layout
of this report.
This report is organized into four sections. Section 1 introduces the subject matter,
provides background information leading to the study and the objectives. The field
approaches and methodologies are described in Section 2 while project specific
emerging trends from the survey are presented and discussed in Section 3 leading to
conclusions and recommendations in Section 4.

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LIST OF ABBREVATIONS
1. Agric: Agriculture
2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome
3. BOD: Board Of Directors
4. CAHC: Community Animal Health Care
5. Com. M’ber: Committee member
6. Comm.: Community
7. COOP: Cooperative
8. Cum.: Cumulative
9. DM: Discipline master (disciplinarian)
10.Fin. Sec: Financial secretary
11.G.nuts: Groundnuts
12.HI: Heifer International
13.HIC: Heifer International Cameroon
14.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus
15.IPM: Integrated Pest Management
16.Kg: Kilograms
17.M’ber: Member
18.Mgt: Management
19.Min. Sec: Minute secretary
20.PIM: Participatory Impact Monitoring
21.PRO: Public Relations Officer
22.Supp.com: Supervisory committee
23.TV: Television

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SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES
Executive summary
A summary of the baseline status of the household survey of the 214 HIC assisted
farm-families for the Bui-Donga Smallholder Sheep and Goat Project is presented
below. As you read through the document, it is good for you to know that the baseline
data was collected when the project has already started. This explains the reason for
some high baseline values. For the purpose of baseline information, we shall consider
these values and measure progress against them accordingly. The numbered list refers
to the official numbers on the baseline questionnaire.
SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS
Indicator Characterization
2. Sex 26.3% male
73.7% female
3. Age - Below 11 years : 00%
- 12 – 24 years : 3.3%
-25 – 40 years : 43.1%
- 41 – 55 years : 29.9%
- 56 years > : 23.7%
4. Marital status - Married : 75.6%
-Single : 6.1%
- Widower : 0.9%
- widow : 14.6%
- Divorcee : 2.8%
5. Matrimony - Polygamy : 32.7%

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- Monogamy : 67.3%
6. Level of formal education of - None : 34.4%

respondents
- Primary : 58%
- Secondary : 6.6%
- High school : 00%
- University : 0.9%
7. Principal occupation of - Farmer : 92.3%

respondents
-Petty trader : 6.7%
-Civil servant : 1.0%
- Business : 00%
8. Number of household dependents Total Max Min Mean
Men 74 03 00 0.36
Women 111 04 00 0.54
Boys 458 11 00 2.2
Girls 442 08 00 2.11
Total 1079 23 00 05
SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES

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9. Adherence to groups Adherence to groups is mostly to farming
groups (93.5%). Adherence to other social
groups is very minimal
Leadership needs to re-enforce though the

structure exist.
10. Leadership role or position in group
11.trainings and sensitizations In terms of trainings received so far it can be

depicted that there is great need for trainings
in the area as the ratio of those who have
received most of the trainings ranges between
0 % and 20% with a strong concentration in the
1-10% range. Trainings with a significant
number of person reporting having received
include HIV&AIDS (69.6%), Hygiene and
sanitation (47.2%) and Human nutrition (40.2%)

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SECTION 4: FOOD CROP and LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type Characterization
Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

practices systems feeding produced sold revenue
(percentage) (percentage) (percentage) (n) (n) FCFA
Guinea pig None (57.1) Natural(85.7) Non-

conventional 57 15 75 000
(71.4)
poultry None (36.8) Natural(99.3) Non-

(94)
Pig Orthodox(60.6) Natural(97) Non-

conventional 1 197 42 512 0000
(72.7)
Sheep Orthodox(73.5) Natural(100) Non-

(93.9)
Goat Orthodox(56.3 Natural(96.1) Non-

(92.2)
Beef cattle Orthodox(85.7) Natural(100) Non-

(100)
14. Management system Extensive :4.9%
Intensive :8.2%
Semi intensive :86.8%
17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 2.4%
At Home : 47.2%
Village Market : 42.5%
Town/city market : 7.9%

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Type1 Characterization
Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA

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SECTION 5: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ISSUES
Estimates of household income and savings(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
On-farm(crop &livestock) 27 943 920 950 000 00 132 435
Off-farm 9 999 000 2 000 000 00 47 614
Total 37 916 121 2 676 000 00 179 697
Annual savings 7 721 500 1 500 000 00 36 944
Estimates of household expenditure/investments(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
Education 11 868 325 500 000 00 60 245
Household feeding 15 244 550 1 000 000 00 71 908
Healthcare 6 959 625 450 000 00 35 690
Households
1 958 000 150 000 00 10 817
assets/gadgets
Household
maintenance/constructio 3 711 800 450 000 00 23 344
n
Contribution to
669 300 52 000 00 3 781
community Projects
Religious Contribution 1 433 350 71 000 00 7 275
Loan re-
3 416 600 100 000 00 20 097
imbursement/’njangi’
Business venture 4 837 000 2 000 000 00 33 590
Social events 2 045 950 150 000 00 9 836
Household dresses 5 989 200 350 000 500 28 118
22. Financial shock mitigation strategies - Family members :16.4%
- Friends : 22%
- “njangi” : 87.9%
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- Financial institutions : 2.3%
SECTION 6: FOOD SECURITY ISSUES
23. Major problems towards year round - Food availability :55.6%

food security
- Food accessibility : 1.9%
- Food affordability : 41.1%
- consumption of good quality food :

10.7%
24. Frequency of consumption of Frequency most reported

foodstuff
- Animal protein - Weekly (70.9%)

- Plant Protein - Daily (58.7%)
- Carbohydrates - Daily (97.7%)
- Vegetables - Daily (96.2%)
- Fruits - Weekly (40.9%)

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SECTION 7: SOCIAL ISSUES (GENDER, HUMAN HEALTH &SANITATION)
Total Max Min Mean
25. Number of children in Boys 349 11 00 1.7

school
Girls 319 02 00 1.56
Total 668 15 00 3.12
26. Number of children not in Boys 99 05 00 0.50

school
Girls 130 04 00 0.67
Total 229 06 00 1.1
27. number of children Boys 30 02 00 1.74

gainfully employed
Girls 12 02 00 0.1
Total 42 04 00 0.2
28. Number of children Boys 55 05 00 0.3

unemployed
Girls 74 04 00 0.41
Total 130 06 00 0.6
29. Household decision making pattern
Healthcare Husband and wife (47.4%)
Education Husband and wife (44.8%)
Household feeding Wife (52.6%)
Community Project Husband and wife (49.8%)

Contribution
Savings Husband and wife (46.2%)
Expansion/construction of Husband and wife (42.6%)

house
Social/religious Contribution Husband and wife (44.8%)
30. Healthcare service mostly Household mostly use private hospitals or health
used centers (62.1%)
31. Type of toilet used in Household mostly use pit toilets (92.6%)
households
32. HIV/AIDS status awareness A good number of people are not aware of their HIV
and AIDS status (55.5%)
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33. Protective sexual behavior Fidelity (73.7%) is the most applied sexual behavior
to mitigate the spread of to mitigate the spread of HIV/AIDS
HIV&AIDS
SECTION 8: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
34. Households with year round water Availability to water is not a major
availability concern as a majority of 62.3% has access
to water year round.
35. Main source of drinking water for Taps and springs, 48.3% and 34.6%
households respectively constitute the main sources
of drinking water for households
36. Main quality for drinking water 51.2% reported the quality of drinking
water treated.
37. Soil fertility improvement techniques Organic fertilizer (50.2%) is the main soil
used fertility improvement source.
38. Cooking devices mostly used by Almost if not all households(99.5%) use
households unimproved cooking devices
39. Key agricultural farming techniques - composting (62.1%)

practiced by households
- Ankara (55.6%)
- Fallowing (35%)
40. Main types of agricultural farming - Mixed cropping (99.1%)

systems used
- Crop rotation (25.2%)
41. Major farming - Cutlass (92.1%)

tools/equipments/inputs used
- Hoe (99.1%)
- Local seeds (98.1%)

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SECTION 9: PHYSICAL ASSETS AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
42A. Available household gadgets/utilities - Wooden bed (91.1%)

- Functioning Radio set (50%)
- Non animal transport (49.5%)
- Modern furniture (41.6%)
- Functional cell phone (36.4%)
42B. Housing conditions
Parameters Characterization
Roof Durable (75.5%)
Walls Non durable (72.6%)
Floor Non durable (75%)

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SECTION 10: ADDENDUM TO 2009 BASELINE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Nature of dresses worn by Children: fairly used (79.9%)

household members
Adults : fairly used (64.6%)
2. Frequency of falling sick - Adult men: yearly (55.7%)

- Adult women: yearly (43.2%)
- Youth boys: yearly (68.8%)
- Youth girls: yearly (60%)
- Children boys: Yearly (56%)
- Children girls: yearly (49.4%)
3. Highest level of education and - Primary school boys: Government
school attended by majority of (58.7%)
children - Primary school girls: Government
(57.9%)
- Secondary school boys: Government
(95.6%)
- Secondary school girls: Government
(92.7%)
- High school boys: Government
(100%)
- High school girls: Government (90%)
- Vocational school boys: Private
(42.9%)
- Vocational school girls: private
(57.1%)
4. Composition of daily household
diet
5. Major sources or causes of Adult and youth delinquency (66.4%)
-
domestic violence Increased workload on women
-
(54.7%)
- Insufficient household income
(52.3%)
- Poor involvement of women and
children in decision making (44.4%)
6. Major sources of resources for the - Group ‘Njangi’: (82.2%)
group - On-farm income activities (64%)
7. Major sources of conflicts within - Absenteeism (51.9%)
group - Non – respect of by laws (34.6%)
8. Distribution of work within - Cleaning of home: Women (58.5%)
households - Cooking: women (90.6%)
- Washing dresses: women (70.1%)
- Caring for children: women (74.6%)
- Fetching water: Girls (42%)
- Splitting/fetching wood: Men (40.5%)
- Caring for animals: men (44.4%)
HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/
- Farminterpretation
clearing: Men BY Basam
(63.7%)
Emmanuel - Farm hoeing: women (88.1%) Page 16
- Planting: women (86.5%)
- Harvesting: women (88.5%)
9. Leadership role or position in other
groups in community meetings
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Introduction
Heifer international is a non-profit making, humanitarian international non-

governmental organization dedicated to ending world poverty, hunger and caring for
the earth through integrated crop/livestock agriculture, trainings and other resources
to help resource-limited farm-families around the world attain sustainable livelihoods.
Heifer International became fully operational in Cameroon in 1974 with the arrival of
the first consignment of dairy cows. From inception the project was aimed at
developing the dairy sector in Cameroon but over the years, the project has expanded
to include pigs, sheep, goats, Guinea pigs, bees, rabbits, oxen and donkeys more
recently; non-conventional animals like Cane rats (grass cutters) and snails have been
added to the animal portfolio. Other complementary project activities include
horticulture, agro forestry, par veterinary and ethno veterinary medicine, gender and
later HIV and AIDS.
Heifer international Cameroon operates in four thematic program areas namely the
Western Highlands covering the Northwest and West Regions, the Humid Rainforest
program area covering the Littoral and Southwest Regions, the Equatorial Rainforest
program area covering the Centre Region and the newly created Sudano-Sahel
Program area covering the Far North region. As at now, HIC has assisted more than
27,799 farm families to achieve and sustain livelihood means.
HI Cameroon prior to project implementation requires a baseline survey to assess the

socio-economic characteristics of would-be assisted farm-families in order to
ascertain the level of impact on the lives of the impactees. The survey’s rationale is
to assess basic livelihood parameters of prospective assisted farm-families in five
major asset or capital areas and plan intervention strategies in a better manner that
rationalizes the scarce resources so that improvement can be made in those areas
that are weak and re-enforce or maintain the strong areas of livelihoods in a cost
effective manner.

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SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK
The baseline survey
1. The baseline questionnaire and data collection
The tool provided for this assignment comprised a fourteen page document subdivided
into nine sections also termed key-asset area. This baseline tool is developed by HIC
staff with coordination from Basam Emmanuel (Monitoring and Evaluation Manager)
and technical inputs and corrections provided by Amagbo Roland (Information
Technology consultant). The tool was field-tested and corrections made accordingly.
i. Data collection errors
The questionnaire submitted for analyses was tinted with a great deal of errors
amongst which the most recurrent included but were not limited to:
o Non response errors.

o Multi ticks in single tick areas.
o Non respect of quantity measures resulting in inconsistent data
sets.
ii. Addressing data collection errors
Like in every formal survey, the sources of response errors were diverse. Efforts
should be made throughout the survey period to reduce the chances of occurrence of
response errors through:
 Hands-on training of the enumerators on the usage of the tool and

the indicators to capture on each question.
 Administered questionnaires should be reviewed and edited for
completeness at the end of each day.
 Data reliability can be improved by general spot-checks and
revisiting the farmers in cases of inconsistencies and
incompleteness.
 Re-inviting the enumerators in cases of inconsistencies for
verification and clarification.

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Understanding the baseline results as presented
iii. EPIINFO and the baseline survey
Within the framework of analyzing the data comprising the Heifer International data
set, EPIINFO was deemed adept to handle the data as it allows for a database to be
created and from which data can be analyzed in an easy manner that spreadsheet
programs cannot perform and generate comprehensive, reliable and complete
results within a very short time.
iv. Nature of variables and statistical functions used to perform

analyses
The variables found within the database include
 Continuous variables which are represented by numbers or array

of numbers.
 Categorical variables represented by grouping of items or
categories.
The MEAN and FREQUECY commands were used to perform these analyses
respectively.
• The mean command is used to examine one continuous variable,

while providing descriptive statistics such as: mean, mode,
median minimum/maximum values.
• The Frequency command is used to provide frequency
counts for a specified categorical variable, the percentage and
the cumulative percentage

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SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sex
Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Female 157 73.7% 73.7%
Male 56 26.3% 100.0%
Total 213 100.0% 100.0%
Age
>56 50 23.7% 23.7%
12-24 7 3.3% 27.0%
25-40 91 43.1% 70.1%
41-55 63 29.9% 100.0%
Total 211 100.0% 100.0%
About 74% of project participants are women, while most of the participants fall
within the active age of 25 to 40. It is worth noting that a sense of strong family focus
has to be integrated as a very significant portion (53.6%) of the participants’ are
above 41 years. Though they are relatively stable in the communities, their force for
productive work is reducing.
Marital Status
DIVORCEE MARRIED SINGLE WIDOW WIDOWER
6 161 13 31 2
This project has participants that are

relatively stable in their community and
responsible. This is a great asset to exploit for
greater productivity and project
sustainability. There are also vulnerable

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persons (divorcee, widow and widowers i.e. 39) in the project whose plight needs to
be careful considered as project commences.
Matrimonial type
Monogamy Polygamy
134 65
Though most marriages are monogamous

in nature, we should not lost sight of
resource allocation, benefit sharing,
work load and decision making processes
within such households especially the
polygamous homesteads. The socio-
cultural and economic importance of such settings should be well understood during
project implementation and its effects on livelihoods sustainability monitored as such.
Level of formal education and principal occupation
NONE PRIMARY SECONDARY UNIVERSITY
73 123 14 2
Generally, level of literacy is encouraging as

about 66% of the participants have at least
attended primary school. This human asset
such be exploited and re-enforced as we strive
to improve livelihoods, establish networks and
leverage resources.

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Principal occupation of respondent

Civil servant 2 1.0% 1.0%
Farmer 193 92.3% 93.3%
Petty trader 14 6.7% 100.0%
Total 209 100.0% 100.0%
Though majority are farmers, there are some petty traders and civil servants who
have to monitored very closely for their full involvement in project activities.
Number of household dependents
Men Women Boys Girls
74 111 458 442

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Though women make up majority of the project participants, children (boys and girls)
significantly outweigh men and women in terms of dependents. This means that this
project has human potentials that if properly exploited, the project activities and
benefits will be sustained. This analysis gives an average household dependency
number of 5 persons per household.
HUMAN CAPITAL
1.1. ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
A) Number of children going to school
BOYS GIRLS
349 319
More boys are going to school than girls though the difference is not very
significant. This can be due to the

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fact that there are more boys in the communities than
girls.
B). Number of children not going to school
BOYS GIRLS
99 130

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C). Highest level of education and school attended by children
A).BOY CHILD
Primary Secondary High school Vocational
75 45 10 7
Though many boys do go to school, most of them merely complete primary school and
many at times, their highest level of education
is secondary. Monitoring mechanisms should be put in place to

ensure that many boys attend
post secondary education and graduate.
B). GIRL CHILD

Primary secondary High school Vocational
76 41 10 7
The situation of girls is similar to that of boys and efforts should be made during
project planning, implementation and monitoring to ensure that education of children
high school, vocational and university levels is a priority.

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1.1.2. Ability to labor
A) Number of children gainfully employed
Boys Girls
30 12

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B) Number of children unemployed
Boys Girls
55 74
Though there is no significant difference between boys and girls going to school, there
is a marked difference in terms of employment with a very significant portion of boys

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being employed as opposed to girls. This situation renders the girls more vulnerable to
other social vices like early marriages, prostitution among others. This situation
should be carefully analyzed with the project partners and monitored for
improvement.
1.1.3. GOOD HEALTH

1.1.3.1. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE SERVICES

Government 76 36.0% 36.0%
None 2 0.9% 37.0%
Private 131 62.1% 99.1%
Traditional 2 0.9% 100.0%
Total 211 100.0% 100.0%
Frequently used healthcare services are private. This depicts the importance the
project partners put on quality health.
1.1.3.2. FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVE NUTRITION.

1.1.3.2.1. Food security
Food availability Food accessibility Food affordability
119 4 88
Food availability and affordability are

critical factors for food security. This implies
that strategies should be put in place during
project planning and implementation to
avert this situation, while careful
monitoring should be done to ensure that
this situation has been improved.

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.1.3.2.2.b) Frequency of consumption of foodstuff
Daily Forth nightly Monthly Rarely Weekly

Animal protein 13 25 21 3 151
Plant protein 125 3 1 0 84
Carbohydrates 208 0 0 0 5
Vegetables 205 0 0 0 8
Fruits 53 24 19 21 81
Consumption of nutritious food is

a major issue since only about
13 persons consume animal protein daily. Most common
source of protein is from plants and only
125 out of the 214 persons are
capable of consuming it daily. Most
common foodstuff consumed on a
daily basis are carbohydrates and
vegetables.
The habit of consuming fruits is not
well rooted here. This situation further
Worsens that of food security as nutritious
food is also a problem. Very strong emphasis should be laid here as the project
evolves to ensure that this precarious situation is significantly reversed.
1.1.3.2.2.c) Daily consumption of foodstuff
Animal protein vegetables Carbohydrates Fruits Plant protein

14 205 206 44 143
NB: It is worth noting that only 23

persons (10.7%) consume quality
food, since only 14 (6.5%) consume
animal protein daily.
ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY

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1.2.1. Leadership role or position in group
President vice Min.se Fin. treasurer PRO DM COMMITTEE M’BER
c sec M’BER
7 4 10 8 6 1 6 18 152
Though the group leadership structures

are established, group bylaws have to
be re-enforce or reviewed to
accommodate other positions for
greater transparency and
accountability. Most groups do not
have position of public relations
officer, treasurer, disciplinarian
and vice president. This can hinder
communication and proper
functioning of these groups.
The gender breakdown of these
positions should also be analyzed and
monitored.
1.2.2. Leadership role or position in other groups in the community
President vice Min.sec Fin.sec treasurer PRO DM COM.M’BER BOD S M’BER

C
15 1 12 9 4 2 2 16 214 3 127
Though the representation is not strong enough

in other community groups, this could re-enforced by
build members capacity on social and
managerial issues. This will be a
good opportunity for ‘Heiferization’,
networking to influence practices
and to some extend policies and
systems; and why not create
awareness on Heifer aided brand.
1.2.3. Trainings and sensitizations
a) Resource management
IPM Waste mgt Ethno Soil fertility Natural

veteterinary mgt resource mgt

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6 25 26 69 11
Emphasis should be laid on integrated pest management, waste management, natural

resource management and ethno veterinary
practices by training many persons. If done,
sustainable management of these resources
will be ensured alongside the health of the
environment.
b). Resource mobilization and project

management
Marketing Project PIM Financial mgt
techniques development/fund
raising
4 3 1 17
If resources are to be mobilized and properly

managed for livelihoods attainment and
sustainability, then these training are capital for
the success of this project. Thus, many people
need to be trained and followed-up on these
topics.
c). Health care and agricultural production

Hygiene & Human CAHC Animal Agric
sanitation nutrition husbandry production&
transformation
101 86 22 29 2

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More persons have been trained on topics related to human being, but less emphasis
has
been placed on crop and livestock related
training. These training are important in
order to scale up their ability to handle
and use these natural resources to improve
their livelihoods.
d) Social, organizational and managerial issues

Gender HIV&AIDS COOP mgt Record Group Conflict
keeping leadership mgt
72 149 11 37 42 21
Though many people have received trainings on HI&AIDS, there is still the need to
monitor for behavioral change in this domain.Other trainings that hinge on proper
functioning of the groups and her members are equally important. If these trainings
are done and properly monitored for their effective use, then a long lasting human
capital has been built from which the participants
and their dependents alongside other community
members will be tapping for their day-to-day
life options.
1.2.4. HIV & AIDS ISSUES
1.2.4.1. Awareness of your HIV status

Yes 94 44.5% 44.5%
No 117 55.5% 100.0%
Total 211 100.0% 100.0%
Though most of the people (149 out of 214) have been trained on HIV&AIDS related
issues, only 94 know heir serological status. This situation is worrisome knowing how
fast this disease spreads and the underlining courses. Though these people mostly
practice abstinence as a major to mitigate the spread of the disease, it is still very
important that the project puts in place strategies to ensure that many people know
their HIV status and put in place practices to further mitigate its spread.

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1.2.4.2. Protective sexual behavioral practices to mitigate spread of HIV&AIDS

abstinence 36 16.9% 16.9%
avoid sharp ob 2 0.9% 17.8%
condoms 4 1.9% 19.7%
fidelity 157 73.7% 93.4%
none 14 6.6% 100.0%
Total 213 100.0% 100.0%
1.2.5. Frequency of falling sick
Adult Men
Adult Men Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

monthly 14 13.2% 13.2%
quarterly 7 6.6% 19.8%
semester 26 24.5% 44.3%
yearly 59 55.7% 100.0%
Total 106 100.0% 100.0%
Adult women
Adult women Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
monthly 34 23.3% 23.3%
quarterly 16 11.0% 34.2%
semester 33 22.6% 56.8%
yearly 63 43.2% 100.0%
Total 146 100.0% 100.0%
Boy youth
monthly 6 7.5% 7.5%
quarterly 10 12.5% 20.0%

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semester 13 16.3% 36.3%
yearly 51 63.8% 100.0%
Total 80 100.0% 100.0%
Girl youth

monthly 7 8.2% 8.2%
quarterly 11 12.9% 21.2%
semester 16 18.8% 40.0%
yearly 51 60.0% 100.0%
Total 85 100.0% 100.0%
Boy child

monthly 6 6.6% 6.6%
quarterly 18 19.8% 26.4%
semester 16 17.6% 44.0%
yearly 51 56.0% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
Girl child
monthly 10 11.5% 11.5%
quarterly 12 13.8% 25.3%
semester 22 25.3% 50.6%
yearly 43 49.4% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 35
On a monthly basis, more woman than men, girls than boys falls sick. This situation
should be further analyzed to understand why and situation addressed with the
people.
FINANCIAL CAPITAL
2.1. Mean annual Livestock revenue

Beef cattle goats sheep poultry pigs g.pigs honey
217860 22150 18910 3670 22260 3750 3850
Beef cattle, pigs, goats and sheep are the

principal source of income from the view point
of livestock. So, farmers should be
advised to engage in and
diversify into any of these activities if

house hold annual income levels are to
improved.
2.1.2 Where produce/products are often sold

Home 60 47.2% 47.2%
On farm 3 2.4% 49.6%
Town/city 10 7.9% 57.5%
Village market 54 42.5% 100.0%
Total 127 100.0% 100.0%
These animals are mostly sold at home or at village markets where price bargaining is
the order of the day. Hence, this project should be able to build the farmers capacity

Emmanuel Page 36
to be able to act collectively in terms of livestock sales in order to get more
attractive prices for their livestock. Taking animals to markets has an associated
disease risk if they are not bought. Also, selling animal on hoof is detrimental to the
farmers as they cannot reap optimal profits in terms of income and nutrition. Hence,
it is important for these farmers to be sensitized on sales and value addition
techniques.
2.2. Mean annual crop revenue

cocoy yam coloca irish cassa plantai mai g.n bea pota s.bea Cow
am cia va ns ze ut ns toes ns pea
3995 112 4970 227 5130 6550 287 145 306 1070 7660 1990
70 25 10 00 10
Most lucrative or income generating
crops are beans, maize, irish,

groundnuts and yams. Most of these
crops are seasonal thus there is great
need for diversification and up scaling
their production in order to improve
household income.
2.3. Mean annual vegetable revenue

huckleb Bitt tomat onio garl ging lee carro pepp cabba pump fole
erry er oes n ic er ks ts er ge kin re
leaf
4575 505 14450 490 800 600 650 2162 7865 6590 1015
00 0 0 5

Emmanuel Page 37
Vegetables that provides
more income to the farmers
are onion, carrots, tomatoes
and garlic. Notwithstanding,
other vegetables are equally
important but emphasis on
production should be based
on farmers experience and
capacity to handle the
vegetables of choice.
Knowing that his area is capital intensive, delicate and coupled with climate change,
it will be good to advice farmers to choose at most three species to focus on.
2.4.
2.5. Mean annual fruit revenue
citrus mango pear pineapple

3830 2970 4810 750
Though fruits have a long production cycle, some

of them provide income more than vegetable.
Farmers should be advised to intensive orchards
as one of the ways to get more money in the
future, improve on the diets and also Contribute
to the ‘carbon market’, thus improving the
environmental health.

Emmanuel Page 38
2.4.1. 1. Where farm produce are often sold

Home 18 9.0% 9.0%
On farm 2 1.0% 10.0%
Town/city 31 15.5% 25.5%
Village market 149 74.5% 100.0%
Total 200 100.0% 100.0%
A majority of the food crops, vegetable and frits are sold in village and town market
unlike with livestock where some are sold at home. This means that farmers usually
incur extra cost on transportation which reduces their profit margin. The farm gate
principle in marketing is almost absent here, which is something this project should
build in its strategies especially for vegetables alongside encouraging large scale
production. Also, the farmers capacity should be build on the aspect of marketing.
2.6. Estimates of mean annual household income
On-farm Off-farm
132435 47610
On-farm sources (crops and livestock) are the main sources of

household income. So, for income security to be ensured and
enhanced, on-farm income sources needs to be properly
strategized and up scaled.
2.7. Total mean annual household revenue = 180,000FCFA

Emmanuel Page 39
2.8. Estimates of mean annual household savings = 36,900 FCFA
This picture depicts that a very insignificant portion of the annual

house income is saved. Projections stand clear that these
Households do not have the capacity to invest or

withstand financial shock, hence creating a situation of
chronic vulnerability.
2.9. Estimates of mean annual household investments/expenditures
education fee he sa uti Ho Co reli Loa bus so dre

din alt vi liti us m gio n ine ci ssi
g h ng es e m. us pay ss als ng
re me
pa pr nt
irs oj
ect
60245 71 35 42 10 23 37 727 201 335 98 281
91 69 98 82 34 80 5 00 90 35 20
0 0 0 0 5
Major areas of household expenditures Are feeding, education, savings, health and
business. Very little is done in terms of investing in Community projects, social and
Emmanuel Page 40
religious issues. This means that this project must put Majors in place to ensure that
projectbenefits in whatever form are rippled within and without project community.
2.10. Financial shock mitigation strategies/options
Family Friends Njangi Financial

members institutions
35 47 188 5
Incase of financial crisis, majority of the people turn to their ‘njangis’ for assistance
while few of them go to friends and family members. This implies that the ‘njangis’
are both a social and economic structure from which buffer options are guaranteed
especially in times of social and financial crisis.
NATURAL CAPITAL

Emmanuel Page 41
3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
3.1.1. Livestock healthcare practices
Fish poultry pigs sheep goats B.

cattle
Both 0 8 2 3 4 0
Ethnovet 0 42 2 5 12 1
None 1 56 9 5 29 0
Orthodox 0 46 20 36 58 6
Most common health care

practice for poultry, pigs,
sheep and goats is
orthodox medicines,
though at times, the
animals go without any
treatment or at worst,
they are offered ethno
veterinary treatment.
This implies, farmers’
knowledge on ethno
veterinary medicine
should be re-enforced
alongside the culture of
providing prophylaxis or treatment to animals with orthodox medicines.
3.1.2. Livestock reproduction systems
Fish poultry pigs sheep goats B. cattle

Artificial 0 0 0 0 1 0
Natural 1 151 32 49 99 7
None 0 1 1 0 3 0

Emmanuel Page 42
The natural system of reproduction is the most common of for all livestock. This
means that the health of these animals should be properly taken care of in order to
reduce spread of diseases.
3.1.3. Livestock supplemental feeding
Fish poultry pigs G.pig sheep goats B.

cattle
Conventional 0 9 9 2 3 8 7
Non 1 24 7 46 95 7
141
conventional
Non conventional method of

feeding animals is the most
popular. This implies that
there is serious competition
between human beings and
animals for food. Knowing
that on-farm income sources
provides more money to
households and that these
animals also rely on crops as
source of feed, there is very
urgent need for crop
production to be increased.
3.1.4. Livestock management system

Extensive 9 4.9% 4.9%
Intensive 15 8.2% 13.2%

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Semi-intensive 158 86.8% 100.0%
Total 182 100.0% 100.0%
Semi-intensive system is that which common. Mindful of the demerits that surround
this system vis-à-vis the livestock species, it is incumbent on the project partners to
improve on the husbandry practices if maximum benefits are to be gotten.
3.2. Mean annual Livestock production and productivity

Beef Goats Sheep Poultry Pigs g.pigs Honey Manure
cattl (#) (#) (#) (#) (#) (L) (Kg)
e
13 5 5 8 4 8 5 4
This picture gives us the mean

value of quantity produced
per year. These values should
be used to measure
performance of the various
livestock species over time.
3.2.1. Mean annual quantity of sales for Livestock and related products

Emmanuel Page 44
Beef Goats sheep(#) poultry(#) pigs(# g.pigs(#) Honey
cattl (#) ) (L)
e
1 2 1 2 2 8 6
Few of these animals are sold compared

to
those produced. Further probing
should be done with the farmers
inorder to understand the underlying

reasons for this and possible solutions sought as such. Though guinea pigs and honey
rank first and second in terms of sales quantities, beef cattle, pigs, goats and sheep
rank 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th in terms of cash incomes.
3.3. Crop production and productivity
3.3.1a). Mean annual production for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
cocoya ya coloca Iris cassa plantai maiz g. bea potato S. cowp
m m cia h va ns e nut ns es bea ea
s ns
36 52 22 53 17 330 95 132 42 41 5
65 0 7
Yam, maize, Irish, beans

and groundnuts are crops
with the highest yields. But
compare with income
generation, yams seems not
to be yield much
comparatively as it ranks
the 5th. Crops that yield
much income are beans,
maize, irish and ground
nuts With climate change
effects, diversification

Emmanuel Page 45
should be encouraged; while intensification done for crops as per their uses. Focusing
on income crops of choice are maize, beans, Irish and groundnuts; then yams with a
combination of others can effectively address nutrition
3.3.1b). Mean annual production vegetables in Kgs

hucklebe gre Bitt pimp tomat oni garl lee ging carro pepp cabba
rry en er kin oes on ic ks er ts er ge
leaf
100 2 15 30 69 34 29 22 3 196 32 209
Cabbage, carrots, huckleberry and

tomatoes are vegetables that yield highest. This comparison between income and
quantity produced per vegetable species needs to be carefully analyzed. This will
influence the choice of vegetables produced for marketing. Evidence stand tall here
that onion and garlic though produced in smaller quantities yield much income
compared with cabbage, carrots and
huckleberry that have high yields. Thus in terms of
cash income, onion, carrots,
tomatoes, pepper and garlic are
vegetable crops of choice.
3.3.1c). Mean annual production for fruits in Kgs

mango pears citrus pawpaw plum pineapple
30 25 38 9 0 9
Citrus, mango and pears are fruits mostly

produced. Notwithstanding, the
production of

Emmanuel Page 46
Pawpaw, plum and pineapple should be encouraged in areas where its production is
favored by climatic and edaphic factors. Citrus though first in terms of quantity of
production, is ranked second in terms of cash income and preceded by pears and then
proceeded by mangos in terms of cash incomes
3.3.2a). Mean annual quantity sold for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
Yam, irish, maize, beans and

ground nuts are crops with high
mean sales quantities, but should
be compared with cash returns
from the sales per crop.
cocoya ya coloca iris cassa plantai maiz g. bea potato S. cowp
m m cia h va ns e nut ns es bea ea
s ns
50 27 31 17 48 9 102 71 85 13 32 2
4 7
3.3.2b). Mean annual quantity

sold for vegetables in Kgs
huckleber Bitt pumpk tomato onio garli leek ging carro pepp cabba
ry er in es n c s er ts er ge
leaf
31 1 8 71 100 43 14 5 178 30 145
Carrots, cabbage, onion,

tomatoes, garlic and
huckleberry are vegetables
with high sales quantities.
Emphasis should be placed
on these vegetables in terms
of cash incomes and
nutrition especially for the
huckleberry.

Emmanuel Page 47
3.3.2c). Mean annual quantity sold for fruits in Kgs
mango pears citrus pawpaw plum pineapple
28 16 32 0 5
Citrus, mangoes and pears record
high quantities of sales in that order which is

linked with productivity.
3.4. Type of toilets used

Flush 1 0.5% 0.5%
In the wild 7 3.3% 3.8%
Pit 204 96.2% 100.0%
Total 212 100.0% 100.0%
Very significant portion of the people use pit latrine but its hygienic nature needs to
be checked and improved upon if necessary.

Emmanuel Page 48
3.5. Water year round availability in household
Yes 132 62.3% 62.3%

No 80 37.7% 100.0%
Total 212 100.0% 100.0%
3.6. State your main source of drinking water

borehole 5 2.4% 2.4%
spring 73 34.6% 37.0%
stream 31 14.7% 51.7%
tap 102 48.3% 100.0%
Total 211 100.0% 100.0%
3.7. What is your main quality of drinking water

treated 108 51.2% 51.2%
untreated 103 48.8% 100.0%
Total 211 100.0% 100.0%
Though majority of the people (62.3%) have water year round, most common sources
are tap and springs. This picture depicts that 51.2% of the population drink potable
water, but much still has to be done to make potable water available to all i.e. the
remaining 48.3%.
Water quality seems not to be a life threatening issue, but measures should be put in
place to maintain this situation or further improve it. Protection of water sources or
use of other water quality improving techniques like Bio Sand Filter could be used as
appropriate.
3.8. Soil fertility improvement techniques used

Emmanuel Page 49
both 34 16.7% 16.7%
inorganic 67 33.0% 49.8%
organic fertilizer 102 50.2% 100.0%
Total 203 100.0% 100.0%
The use of organic fertilizer is very popular is popular but there some people who uses
a combination of the two. Though this practices increases crop yields, its more short
term as compared to the sole use of organic fertilizer. Hence, the use of manure,
compost should be highly encouraged and monitored amid its numerous advantages.
3.9. Cooking device mostly used

improved 1 0.5% 0.5%
unimproved 208 99.5% 100.0%
Total 209 100.0% 100.0%
Almost all the project partners are using unimproved cooking devices. Mindful of the
negative environmental and human health consequences’ of this practice, it is
important that measures be put in place to ensure that energy serving devices are
used in order to reduce pressure on fuel wood usage and also improve on human
health.
3.10. Agricultural farming techniques
composting Slash and ‘ankara’ Contour Green Slurry fallowing

burn bonds manuring from
biogas
133 21 119 48 48 42 75
Though majority of the

people are using
composting as a farming
technique, the practice of
‘ankara’ which leaches soil

Emmanuel Page 50
nutrients very fast especially in the rainy season is still very popular and needs to be
discouraged.
3.11. Agricultural farming systems

Crop rotation Mixed cropping Mono cropping Tree planting Alley cropping
54 212 24 17 23
Though mixed cropping is the main system

Practiced by majority of the people
its negative consequences on soil fertility
out weighs its merits. Hence, farmers
should be sensitized on appropriate
crop association techniques
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
4.1a).Tools and equipments

Cutlass Hoe Spade Motor Wheel Hand sprayer
pump barrow wheel cart
197 212 44 214 9 11 5
Assistance package should be tailored to address

those critical farm tools that farmers really need but cannot afford
such as wheelbarrow, hand wheel cart
and sprayers. These needs should be
further analyzed per group to get a
clearer picture of the situation to be
addressed.

Emmanuel Page 51
4.1b).Crop seeds
improved local
70 270
Very significant portion of the

farmers are still using local seeds.
What is very important here is to
check on adaptability and
productivity of these seeds. If food
security is to be ensured, then there
is the need for the use of improved
but adaptable and high yielding
planting materials
4.2. Household utilities and gadgets

electricity Tap water Functional Functional Functional Modern
radio TV cell phone furniture
26 9 107 26 78 89
Most of the farmers have functional radio sets, modern

furniture and functional cell phones.
Least acquired assets and utilities
like electricity, tap water and
functional televisions should be
monitored for during the life of the
project. This element is good as it
shows the farmers ability to acquire
physical assets for their leisure and
communication leading to greater self
esteem and fulfillment.
4.3. Type of bed

Wooden Bed Bamboo Bed Earthen bed Metal
195 77 2 10

Emmanuel Page 52
Changes in this area are good to be monitored as the project evolves in order to
ensure that there is an improvement.
4.4. Means of transport

Animal transport Non animal transport
0 106
Project participants mostly travel by foot, bikes or vehicles.
4.5. Housing conditions

Roofs Walls Floors
durable 160 58 53
Non durable 52 154 159
Most houses have durable roofs, but

the walls and floors needs
improvement. This situation should
be carefully monitored throughout
the life of the project to ensure that
income accruing from project
activities is properly used to ensure
secured homesteads.
SOCIAL CAPITAL
5.1. Social integration within groups
Cooperatives Credit Farming Njangi group Church Cultural

unions group group group
4 4 200 104 60 9
Most of the farmers are

integrated in farming and
‘njangi’ groups. Socio-

Emmanuel Page 53
cultural, religious and micro-credit groups are not of utmost interest to these people.
It will be good to do in-depth studies to understand the reasons why and if possible
discuss how to improve on the situation. This is very crucial as we strive to address
the Heifer wide goal on influencing policies, practices and systems.
5.2. Household decision making pattern
5.2.1. Healthcare decision

Children 1 0.5% 0.5%
every HH member 21 9.9% 10.3%
husband 50 23.5% 33.8%
husband and wife 101 47.4% 81.2%
wife 40 18.8% 100.0%
Total 213 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.2. Education decision

husband 42 20.0% 37.6%
wife 37 17.6% 100.0%
Total 210 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.3. Household feeding decision


Emmanuel Page 54
children 2 0.9% 0.9%
husband 19 8.9% 14.6%
wife 112 52.6% 100.0%
Total 213 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.4. Community project Contribution

husband 47 22.5% 25.4%
wife 52 24.9% 100.0%
Total 209 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.5. Saving decisions

husband 37 17.8% 20.7%
wife 69 33.2% 100.0%
Total 208 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.6. Expansion/construction of houses


Emmanuel Page 55
husband 67 32.8% 37.3%
wife 41 20.1% 100.0%
Total 204 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.7. Social/religious Contribution

husband 27 12.9% 15.2%
wife 84 40.0% 100.0%
Total 210 100.0% 100.0%
Looking at the household as social and productive unit, the situation above shows that
most decisions are jointly taken by the husband and wife except in household feeding
and social/religious contribution where women take most of the decisions.
Its’ worth noting that men are also partly involve in most of the decisions taken by
women but the children are excluded in all decision making fora or their involvement
levels are very low. This situation is dangerous for a project like this where children
form a very significant portion of the dependents and its sustainability depends on
these children.
5.3. Distribution of work within the household
5.3.1. Cleaning of home

Boys 13 6.1% 6.1%
Girls 71 33.5% 39.6%

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Men 4 1.9% 41.5%
Women 124 58.5% 100.0%
Total 212 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.2. Cooking
Girls 17 8.0% 8.0%
Men 3 1.4% 9.4%
Women 193 90.6% 100.0%
Total 213 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.3. Washing dresses

Boys 4 1.9% 1.9%
Girls 54 25.6% 27.5%
Men 5 2.4% 29.9%
Women 148 70.1% 100.0%
Total 211 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.4. Caring for children

Boys 3 1.4% 1.4%
Girls 16 7.7% 9.1%
Men 34 16.3% 25.4%
Women 156 74.6% 100.0%
Total 209 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.5. Fetching water

Boys 57 26.9% 26.9%
Girls 89 42.0% 68.9%

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Men 3 1.4% 70.3%
Women 63 29.7% 100.0%
Total 212 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.6. Splitting/fetching wood

Boys 80 39.0% 39.0%
Girls 17 8.3% 47.3%
Men 83 40.5% 87.8%
Women 25 12.2% 100.0%
Total 205 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.7. Caring for animals

Boys 34 18.0% 18.0%
Girls 8 4.2% 22.2%
Men 84 44.4% 66.7%
Women 63 33.3% 100.0%
Total 189 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.8. Farm Clearing

Boys 29 16.2% 16.2%
Girls 1 0.6% 16.8%
Men 114 63.7% 80.4%
Women 35 19.6% 100.0%
Total 179 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.9. Farm hoeing

Boys 4 1.9% 1.9%
Girls 8 3.8% 5.7%

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Men 13 6.2% 11.9%
Women 185 88.1% 100.0%
Total 210 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.10. Planting
Planting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Girls 10 4.8% 4.8%
Men 18 8.7% 13.5%
Women 180 86.5% 100.0%
Total 208 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.11. Harvesting

Boys 3 1.4% 1.4%
Girls 5 2.4% 3.8%
Men 16 7.7% 11.5%
Women 184 88.5% 100.0%
Total 208 100.0% 100.0%
The above analysis depicts that house and kitchen work is mostly in the hands of
women but with the assistance of girls in cooking, boys and men in splitting wood.
Farm work is mostly done by women except in farm clearing where men play a greater
role and also assist in caring for livestock. This situation shows clearly that apart
from not fully involving the children in household decision making process, they are
also less involved in household, livestock caring and farm work task. This picture
presents a big risk not only for project sustainability but also for personal
development or growth of these children from the stand point of life skills from which
they will tap continuously for a living. This area is of utmost importance during
project design, planning, implementation and monitoring.
5.4. Major sources or causes of domestic violence

Emmanuel Page 59
5.4.1. Level of involvement of children and parents in household work perceive as
stereotypes
Cum
Frequency Percentage
Percentage
Yes 28 13.1% 13.1%
No 186 86.9% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.2. Poor involvement of children and women in decision making
Cum
Percentage
Yes 95 44.4% 44.4%
No 119 55.6% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.3 Increased workload on women
Cum
Percentage
Yes 117 54.7% 54.7%
No 97 45.3% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.4. Discrimination among household members
Discrimination among Cum

household members Percentage
Yes 11 5.1% 5.1%
No 203 94.9% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%

Emmanuel Page 60
5.4.5. Poor communication
Yes 58 27.1% 27.1%
No 156 72.9% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.6. Less access to or Control over resources & project benefits by children and
women

Yes 67 31.3% 31.3%
No 147 68.7% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.7. Insufficient household income

Yes 112 52.3% 52.3%
No 102 47.7% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.8. Adult and youth delinquency

Yes 142 66.4% 66.4%
No 72 33.6% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
Major sources of household conflicts include: poor involvement of children and women
in decision making processes, increase workload on women, insufficient household
income, and adult and youth delinquency. These factors should be carefully analyzed
and addressed during the course of this project.
5.5. Nature of dresses worn

Emmanuel Page 61
children adults
Fairly used 163 137
Ready made 41 75
More adults dress up better than

children. This picture could be
even-out or the wide gap
narrowed with the implementation
of this project.
5.6. Major sources of resources for the group
Family On-farm Group Loans from Off-farm Grants from

members income njangi financial income donors
institutions
4 137 176 5 36 35

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Group ‘njangi’ and on-farm activities are
major sources of income for the

group
and her members. For the sake of

sustainability, other sources such as
off-farm, grants from donors and loans from
micro-finance institutions should be exploited
as the project is on course.
5.7. Major sources of conflicts within groups
5.7.1. Dictatorial leadership

Yes 3 1.4% 1.4%
No 211 98.6% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.2. Poor accountability

Yes 53 24.8% 24.8%
No 161 75.2% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.3. Non-respect of by laws

Yes 74 34.6% 34.6%
No 140 65.4% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%

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5.7.4. Absenteeism
Yes 111 51.9% 51.9%
No 103 48.1% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.5. Unfair sharing of benefits/resources

Yes 12 5.6% 5.6%
No 202 94.4% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.6. Tribalism, discrimination
Tribalism, discrimination Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 6 2.8% 2.8%
No 208 97.2% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.7. Generation Gap between old and young persons
Generation Gap between old Cum

and young persons Percentage
Yes 60 28.0% 28.0%
No 154 72.0% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.8. Poor communication
Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 48 22.4% 22.4%
No 166 77.6% 100.0%

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Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.9. Poor group structure

Yes 7 3.3% 3.3%
No 207 96.7% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.10. Over dependency on one group member

Yes 84 39.3% 39.3%
No 130 60.7% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.11. Over dependency on donors

Yes 4 1.9% 1.9%
No 210 98.1% 100.0%
Total 214 100.0% 100.0%
This analysis shows that major causes of conflicts within groups include among others:
absenteeism, over dependency on none group member, poor communication,
generation gap, non-respect of by-laws and poor accountability. These factors’
alongside others should be carefully studied and addressed as the case may be in
order to strengthen group’s dynamism and functioning. With this in place, it will be
very easy for groups to grow and replicate the positive impacts of their work.

Emmanuel Page 65
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusions
This report has attempted to analyze information collected through the HI baseline survey on
the socio-economic and health/nutritional status of the households, and communities in the
areas targeted by the HI Cameroon Program. Specifically, it has provided baseline values for
indicators in a wide range of areas, including: livelihood activities, food security, including
dietary diversity and food production, health, nutrition, and income generation. The findings
from this study are expected to be used as the benchmark against which progress made by
the HI assisted groups in the target communities can be established.
In average, would be assisted groups in this area targeted for assistance by HI comprised in
majority of women representing about 73.7%. it is also perceptible that 75.6 percent of
respondents are married and Widows represent 14.6 %, and this gives an apparent stability in
terms of project sustainability. A large majority of the project partners in this region fall in
the active age of the population. Specifically, about 73 percent of the target project partners
fall in the bracket 25-55 years, a majority of which fall in the age group 25 – 40. This suggests
that there is potential for using the manpower in this area for the implementation of project
activities.
Occupations in the communities mainly revolve around farming (92.3%), with crop production
being the predominant element of the farming system. Income generated from livestock
farming is mostly from the sale of goats, sheep and poultry recording the highest number of
respondent practicing activity. In terms of agricultural income generation activities,
households in this area rely mostly on the production and sale of annual and perennial crops
including beans, maize, Irish potatoes. The sale of vegetables and fruits represent subsidiary
sources of income. Aside from this, the local economies of the sampled population are not
very diversified as it can be depicted from the results that, the mean income generated from
off-farm activities represent barely a third of the mean income generated from the On-farm
activities.
The average farm output of the main food crops is varied but, the quantities are yet to be
improved. Over 55 percent of the sampled population confirms that food availability is a
major problem towards food security and another 41.1 percent attest to the fact that food
affordability is a major impediment to food security. On the other hand, the average sale of
these main food crops is low in relation to production which translates into low incomes
derived from agricultural goods; this can be explained by the lack of marketing techniques as
only a handful reported having received trainings on marketing techniques. According to the
data, while the quantities were not specifically accessed within this survey, a substantial
number of the sampled population (above 95%) reported consumption of carbohydrates and
vegetables, a little more than half had access to plant protein and vegetable on a daily basis
and 71 percent reported consumption of animal proteins on a weekly basis. This still confirms
the consumption-oriented nature of crop production in the area.
The use of improved technologies and other farming equipment, other than crop varieties,
was found to be very low among the sample farmers. While farmers were not asked

Emmanuel Page 66
specifically about the factors that may be preventing them from adopting technologies, it is
worth mentioning that there is very limited access to improved agricultural farming
techniques.
Regarding health, a good number of people are aware of their HIV&AIDS status (55.5%) and
73.7% of respondents are adopting fidelity as a measure to mitigate the spread of HIV/AIDS.
The frequency of falling sick in the household is mostly assessed to be once a year in all the
strata within the household and confirmed by the fact that the mean expenditure of
household on health is relatively low compared to other key household issues. While a large
number reported using Pit toilets (92.6%) in the households, availability to water for
households remain a major concern as only 62.3% reported having access to water year round
and 50 percent reported the quality of drinking water treated.
In terms of household decision making, whilst there is still a great need for sensitization on
the subject, there is noticeably a paradigm shift as most, if not all decisions taken within the
households are done by both the parents. In contribution to decision making in the
households, the stereotypes of “who does what” are strictly maintained in this area as,
perceptibly, all household chores are handled by girls and women. It can also be inferred
from the data that boys and girls have equal opportunities of going to school as the proportion
of boys and girls attending school at all levels is slightly comparable.
Recommendations
Several program implications and actions for improving the situation of the surveyed
communities have been identified following the analyses provided in this report. Those are
summarized below, looking at each sector in turn.
With regards to the general orientation of the food security intervention, it is essential to
promote diversification of income, as focusing on livestock and crop production alone to
improve access to food will not be sufficient.
With regards to farming (crop and livestock) itself, it was noted that total farm output and
productivity are low; hence it is necessary to identify the key constraints affecting
agricultural performance in the target areas and implement activities that will help farmers
to overcome their production and marketing constraints.
With regards to income generation from the sale of farm output, strategies should be put in
place to support livestock and crops that offer opportunities for value added processing and
marketing.
It will also be good to re-enforce the groups’/cooperative’s abilities to mobilize and
better manage their resources’. Gender issues have to be of greater focus as the
project is being implemented. Generally, it will be a good thing for HIC staff to
continuously use this document during the life of the project if monitoring for
reporting against intended results and reflection for quality Control has to be a key
issue in the life the project.

Emmanuel Page 67

HIC Baseline Report Bui Donga Project

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Table of Contents

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........5

SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................19

The baseline survey .............................................................................................19

1. The baseline questionnaire and data collection................................................19

Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................20

SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......21

SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................66

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

2. AIDS: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome

3. BOD: Board Of Directors

4. CAHC: Community Animal Health Care

5. Com. M’ber: Committee member

9. DM: Discipline master (disciplinarian)

10.Fin. Sec: Financial secretary

12.HI: Heifer International

13.HIC: Heifer International Cameroon

14.HIV: Human Immunodeficiency Virus

15.IPM: Integrated Pest Management

19.Min. Sec: Minute secretary

20.PIM: Participatory Impact Monitoring

21.PRO: Public Relations Officer

22.Supp.com: Supervisory committee

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

2. Sex 26.3% male

3. Age - Below 11 years : 00%

-25 – 40 years : 43.1%

- 56 years > : 23.7%

4. Marital status - Married : 75.6%

5. Matrimony - Polygamy : 32.7%

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

6. Level of formal education of - None : 34.4%

- High school : 00%

7. Principal occupation of - Farmer : 92.3%

-Civil servant : 1.0%

8. Number of household dependents Total Max Min Mean

Women 111 04 00 0.54

Boys 458 11 00 2.2

Girls 442 08 00 2.11

SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

Leadership needs to re-enforce though the

11.trainings and sensitizations In terms of trainings received so far it can be

HIC Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland/ interpretation BY Basam

4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES

Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

(percentage) (percentage) (percentage) (n) (n) FCFA

Guinea pig None (57.1) Natural(85.7) Non-

poultry None (36.8) Natural(99.3) Non-

Pig Orthodox(60.6) Natural(97) Non-

Sheep Orthodox(73.5) Natural(100) Non-

Goat Orthodox(56.3 Natural(96.1) Non-

Beef cattle Orthodox(85.7) Natural(100) Non-

14. Management system Extensive :4.9%

Semi intensive :86.8%

17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 2.4%

Village Market : 42.5%

Town/city market : 7.9%

Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA