HIC LIPFP Baseline Report

Acknowledgements
In establishing a baseline situation analysis of the Heifer International Cameroon (HIC)

assisted farm-families, inputs were received from individuals both within and outside
Heifer International Cameroon to whom we are highly indebted. The contributions of
the HIC Country director Dr Njakoi Henry were invaluable at the planning/design of
the data entry/collation and analysis processes. Special thanks also goes to Basam
Emmanuel the Monitoring and Evaluation Manager for Heifer International Cameroon
who from inception through the development of this report has generously shared his
ideas and provided wonderful uninterrupted technical and material inputs for the
completion of this assignment. Our gratitude also go to Hilda Mbungai, program
manager of Humid Rainforest program zone and her colleagues for enthusiastically
providing instrumental support on how the report can be best presented.
Pamela Tala provided outstanding support during the data entry process and
preparation of final layout of the report. Despite all effort made to minimize data
collection and entry errors, there was still an apparent need for cleaning and sorting
of data prior to data entry.
There are several other individuals not specifically named, within Heifer International
Cameroon who provided remarkable support, raised concerns and made both negative
and positive comments about the baseline data analysis process that energized us. To
list all of them would be impossible and to list only a few is not professional, thus to
them all, we are very indebted. In a sense, this report is the fruit of collective efforts
of the few I mentioned above and the countless others I could not mention. I ask all
those who were involved at any level of the execution of this assignment to accept
our sincere appreciation offered wholeheartedly, considering that these individuals all
know themselves.
We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

certain sections and/or paragraphs of this report that need improvement. We remain
accountable for the errors or deficiencies in interpretation of results and even layout
of this report.
This report is organized into four sections. Section 1 introduces the subject matter,
provides background information leading to the study and the objectives. The field
approaches and methodologies are described in Section 2 while project specific
emerging trends from the survey are presented and discussed in Section 3 leading to
conclusions and recommendations in Section 4.
HPI Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland Page 1

Table of Contents
Acknowledgements.................................................................................................... 1
Table of Contents....................................................................................................... 2
SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........3
Executive summary.................................................................................................3
Introduction .......................................................................................................... 13
SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................14
The baseline survey .................................................................................................14
The baseline questionnaire and data collection....................................................14
Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................15
SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......16
GENERAL INFORMATION........................................................................................16
HUMAN CAPITAL.................................................................................................... 18
FINANCIAL CAPITAL...............................................................................................28
NATURAL CAPITAL.................................................................................................35
PHYSICAL CAPITAL.................................................................................................44
SOCIAL CAPITAL.....................................................................................................46
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................59
Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 59
Recommendations ................................................................................................61

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES
Executive summary
A summary of the baseline status of the household survey of the 92 HIC assisted farm-
families for the Littoral Integrated Pig Farming Project is presented below. As you
read through the document, it is good for you to know that the baseline data was
collected when the project has already started. This explains the reason for some
high baseline values. For the purpose of baseline information, we shall consider these
values and measure progress against them accordingly. The numbered list refers to
the official numbers on the baseline questionnaire.
SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

Indicator Characterization
53.3% male
2. Sex
46.7% female
- Below 11 years : 00%
- 12 – 24 years :3.3%
3. Age -25 – 40 years : 42.9%
- 41 – 55 years : 36.3%
- 56 years > : 17.6%
- Married : 80.4%
-Single : 8.7%
4. Marital status - Widower : 1.1%
- widow : 8.7%
- Divorcee : 1.1%
- Polygamy : 16.0%
5. Matrimony
- Monogamy : 84.0%
6. Level of formal education of - None : 3.3%
respondents - Primary : 55.4%
- Secondary : 31.5%

- High school : 6.5%
- University : 3.3%
- Farmer : 97.8%
-Petty trader : 2.2%
7. Principal occupation of respondents
-Civil servant : 00%
- Business : 00%
Total Max Min Mean
Men 59 03 00 0.65
Women 79 04 00 0.87
8. Number of household dependents
Boys 234 12 00 2.54
Girls 242 9 0 2.66
Total 614 24 01 6.67
SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES
9. Adherence to groups There are very strong social ties in the area as adherence to groups
is a very noticeable quality. 97.8% belong to farming groups, 87.0
belong to Njangi groups. A lesser number belong to cultural groups
(64.1%) and church groups (54.3%)
10. Leadership role or Leadership
position in group
11.trainings and There is a great need for trainings and sensitization in this region.
sensitizations Major trainings recorded so far include HIV&AIDS (92.4%), Hygiene
and sanitation (68.5%), soil fertility management (52.2%) and Human
nutrition (51.1%). Other trainings received but at lesser proportions
include but are not limited to animal husbandry techniques (47.8%)
and gender (33.7%).

SECTION 4: FOOD CROP and LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type Characterization
Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

practices systems feeding produced sold revenue
(Percentage) (Percentage) (Percentage) (n) (n) FCFA
Non-
Snails None(100) Natural(100) 50 00 00
convention(100)
Ethno Non-
Duck veterinary(33.3) Natural(100) conventional
Orthodox(33.3) (100) 1576 888 1 282 550
Ethno Non-
poultry Natural(90.2)
veterinary(45.9) convention(76.7)
Non-
Rabbit Orthodox(100) Natural(100) 1 00 00
convention(100)
Conventional
Pig Both(20) Natural(92.9) 372 241 5 742 000
(98.9)
Non-
Ethno
convention(50)
Sheep veterinary(50) Natural(100) 11 4 75 000
Conventional
None(50)
(50)
Non-
Ethno
Goat Natural(55.2) conventional 72 41 561 000
veterinary(47.6)
(100)
14. Management system Extensive :13.4%
Intensive :53.7%
Semi intensive :32.9%
17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 00%
At Home : 36.2%
Village Market : 49.3%
Town/city market : 14.5%
4B. CROP PRODUCTION ISSUES
Type1 Characterization
Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA
Cocoyam
HPI Baseline analysis17 531 2010 by Amagbo Roland
March 5 380 1 434 000 7
Page
Yam 11640 2 645 340 500
Colocassia 27 875 10 775 485 250

SECTION 5: ECONOMIC AND FINANCIAL ISSUES
Estimates of household income and savings(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
On-farm(crop &livestock) 33 060 983 2 120 300 00 359 358
Off-farm 9 923 000 100 000 00 107 858
Total 42 983 983 2 120 300 00 467 217
Annual savings 7 481 600 875 000 00 81 321
Estimates of household expenditure/investments(FCFA)
Total Max Min Mean
Education 17 766 500 1 400 000 00 193 114
Household feeding 14 126 400 1 500 000 15 000 153 547
Healthcare 9 091 400 1 000 000 00 98 819
Households assets/gadgets 3 265 300 250 000 00 35 492
Household 42 645
3 923 400 1 200 000 00
maintenance/construction
Contribution to 9 032
831 000 100 000 00
community. Projects
Religious contributions 587 000 50 000 00 6 380
Loan re- 33 015

3 037 400 500 000 00
imbursement/’njangi’
Business venture 1 592 100 300 000 00 17 690
Social events 11 419 000 1 000 000 00 129 761
Household dresses 6 057 000 500 0000 10 000 68 829
22. Financial shock mitigation strategies - Family members :43.5%
- Friends : 35.9%
- “Njangi” : 73.9%
- Financial institutions : 9.8%

SECTION 6: FOOD SECURITY ISSUES
SECTION 7: SOCIAL ISSUES (GENDER, HUMAN HEALTH &SANITATION)
23. Major problems towards year round food - Food availability :14.1%
security
- Food accessibility : 19.6%
Total Max Min Mean
25. Number of children in school Boys - Food

186 affordability
12 00 : 39.1%02
Girls - consumption
194 of7good quality
00food : 32.6%
2.10
24. Frequency of consumption of foodstuff
Total Frequency
180 most 14
reported 00 4.13
Animal of
26. - Number protein
children not in Boys -40 Weekly (43.5%)
02 00 0.43
-
school Plant Protein - Weekly (64.1%)
- Carbohydrates Girls -35 Daily (50%)
03 00 0.38
- Vegetables - Weekly (52.2%)
- Fruits Total -75 4
Weekly (37.4%) 00 0.82
27. number of children gainfully Boys 01 01 00 1

employed
Girls 00 00 00 00
Total 01 01 00 00
28. Number of children Boys 07 02 00 0.72

unemployed
Girls 06 03 00 0.66
Total 13 04 00 0.14
29. Household decision making pattern
Healthcare Husband and wife (48.4%)
Education Husband and wife (52.2%)
Household feeding Husband and wife (48.4%)
Comm. Project contribution Husband and wife (43.7%)
Savings Husband and wife (40%)
Expansion/construction of house Husband and wife (42.9%)
Social/religious contribution Husband and wife (39.1%)
30. Healthcare service mostly Household mostly use Private hospitals or health centres
used (46.7%)
31. Type of toilet used in Household mostly use pit toilets (96.7%)
households
32.
HPI HIV&AIDS
Baselinestatus awareness
analysis March 2010A by
good numberRoland
Amagbo of people are aware of their HIV and AIDS
Page 9
status (57.6%)
33. Protective sexual behavior to Fidelity (66.3%) is the most applied sexual behavior to
mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS
SECTION 8: ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES
34. Households with year round water Availability to water is not a major concern as
availability majority of 87.9% have access to water year
round.
35. Main source of drinking water for Springs and taps, 56.5% and 40.2%
households respectively constitute the main sources of
drinking water for households
36. Main quality for drinking water 63% reported the quality of drinking water
treated.
37. Soil fertility improvement techniques Organic fertilizer (85.6%) is the main soil
used fertility improvement source.
38. Cooking devices mostly used by Almost if not all households(96.7%) use
households unimproved cooking devices
39. Key agricultural farming techniques - Green Manuring (83.7%)

practiced by households
- Fallowing (40.2%)
- Contour bonds (25%)
40. Main types of agricultural farming systems - Mixed cropping (93.5%)

used
- Crop rotation (25%)
41. Major farming tools/equipments/inputs - Cutlass (98.9%)

used
- Hoe (97.8%)
- Local seeds (91.3%)
- Sprayer (60.9%)

SECTION 9: PHYSICAL ASSETS AT HOUSEHOLD LEVEL
42A. Available household gadgets/utilities - Wooden bed (95.7%)

- Electricity (77.2%)
- Functional cell phone (73.9%)
- Functioning Radio set (57.6%)
- Non animal transport (46.7%)
42B. Housing conditions
Parameters Characterization
Roof Durable (89.1%)
Walls Non durable (65.2%)
Floor Durable (63.0%)

SECTION 10: ADDENDUM TO 2009 BASELINE QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Nature of dresses worn by household Children: fairly used (91.7%)

members
Adults : fairly used (86.2%)
2. Frequency of falling sick - Adult men: yearly (46.1%)

- Adult women: Semester (34.2%)
- Youth boys: Semester (50%)
- Youth girls: Semester (45%)
- Children boys: Semester (39.4%)
- Children girls: Semester (37.5%)
3. Highest level of education and school - Primary school boys: Government
attended by majority of children (69.8%)
- Primary school girls: Government
(67.9%)
- Secondary school boys: Government
(61.5%)
- Secondary school girls: Government
(75%)
- High school boys: Government (66.7%)
- High school girls: Government (50%)
- Vocational school boys: Private (100%)
- Vocational school girls: private (100%)
- Tertiary Boys: Government (50%)
4. Composition of daily household diet
5. Major sources or causes of domestic - Insufficient household income (69.6%)

violence
6. Major sources of resources for the - Group ‘Njangi’: (93.5%)
group - On-farm income activities (67.4%)
7. Major sources of conflicts within group - Non – respect of by laws (40.2%)
- Absenteeism (35.9%)
8. Distribution of work within households - Cleaning of home: Women (38.6%)
- Cooking: women (90.8%)
- Washing dresses: women (58.6%)
- Caring for children: women (64.7%)
- Fetching water: boys (47.7%)
- Splitting/fetching wood: Men (62.5%)
- Caring for animals: men (76.7%)
- Farm clearing: Men (77%)
- Farm hoeing: women (79.5%)
- Planting: women (90.9%)
- Harvesting: women (90.8%)
9. Leadership role or position in other
groups in community meetings

Introduction
Heifer international is a non-profit making, humanitarian international non-

governmental organization dedicated to ending world poverty, hunger and caring for
the earth through integrated crop/livestock agriculture, trainings and other resources
to help resource-limited farm-families around the world attain sustainable livelihoods.
Heifer International became fully operational in Cameroon in 1974 with the arrival of
the first consignment of dairy cows. From inception the project was aimed at
developing the dairy sector in Cameroon but over the years, the project has expanded
to include pigs, sheep, goats, Guinea pigs, bees, rabbits, oxen and donkeys more
recently; non-conventional animals like Cane rats (grass cutters) and snails have been
added to the animal portfolio. Other complementary project activities include
horticulture, agro forestry, par veterinary and ethno veterinary medicine, gender and
later HIV and AIDS.
Heifer international Cameroon operates in four thematic program areas namely the
Western Highlands covering the Northwest and West Regions, the Humid Rainforest
program area covering the Littoral and Southwest Regions, the Equatorial Rainforest
program area covering the Centre Region and the newly created Sudano-Sahel
Program area covering the Far North region. As at now, HIC has assisted more than
27,799 farm families to achieve and sustain livelihood means.
HI Cameroon prior to project implementation requires a baseline survey to assess the

socio-economic characteristics of would-be assisted farm-families in order to
ascertain the level of impact on the lives of the impactees. The survey’s rationale is
to assess basic livelihood parameters of prospective assisted farm-families in five
major asset or capital areas and plan intervention strategies in a better manner that
rationalizes the scarce resources so that improvement can be made in those areas
that are weak and re-enforce or maintain the strong areas of livelihoods in a cost
effective manner.

SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK
The baseline survey
The baseline questionnaire and data collection
The tool provided for this assignment comprised a fourteen page document subdivided
into nine sections also termed key-asset area. This baseline tool is developed by HIC
staff with coordination from Basam Emmanuel (Monitoring and Evaluation Manager)
and technical inputs and corrections provided by Amagbo Roland (Information
Technology consultant). The tool was field-tested and corrections made accordingly.
i. Data collection errors
The questionnaire submitted for analyses was tinted with a great deal of errors
amongst which the most recurrent included but were not limited to:
o Non response errors.

o Multi ticks in single tick areas.
o Non respect of quantity measures resulting in inconsistent data
sets.
ii. Addressing data collection errors
Like in every formal survey, the sources of response errors were diverse. Efforts
should be made throughout the survey period to reduce the chances of occurrence of
response errors through:
 Hands-on training of the enumerators on the usage of the tool and

the indicators to capture on each question.
 Administered questionnaires should be reviewed and edited for
completeness at the end of each day.
 Data reliability can be improved by general spot-checks and
revisiting the farmers in cases of inconsistencies and
incompleteness.
 Re-inviting the enumerators in cases of inconsistencies for
verification and clarification.

Understanding the baseline results as presented
iii. EPIINFO and the baseline survey
Within the framework of analyzing the data comprising the Heifer International data
set, EPIINFO was deemed adept to handle the data as it allows for a database to be
created and from which data can be analyzed in an easy manner that spreadsheet
programs cannot perform and generate comprehensive, reliable and complete
results within a very short time.
iv. Nature of variables and statistical functions used to perform

analyses
The variables found within the database include
 Continuous variables which are represented by numbers or array

of numbers.
 Categorical variables represented by grouping of items or
categories.
The MEAN and FREQUECY commands were used to perform these analyses
respectively.
• The mean command is used to examine one continuous variable,

while providing descriptive statistics such as: mean, mode,
median minimum/maximum values.
The Frequency command is used to provide frequency counts for

a specified categorical variable, the percentage and the
cumulative percentage

SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS
GENERAL INFORMATION
Sex
Sex Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Female 49 53.3% 53.3%
Male 43 46.7% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Age
Age Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

>56 16 17.6% 17.6%
12-24 3 3.3% 20.9%
25-40 39 42.9% 63.7%
41-55 33 36.3% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
Marital Status
DIVORCEE MARRIED SINGLE WIDOW WIDOWER
1 74 8 8 1
Though women are in the majority (53.3%), the

difference with men is not
significant. Though the youthful age
of 25-40 constitute the majority by age group,
53.9% of the project participants are above 41
years. This shows a picture of dwindling labor
force if children are not fully integrated in
project activities. Most of the participants are
married but the disadvantaged persons
(divorcee, widow and widower) are only 10.

Matrimonial type
Monogamy Polygamy
68 13
Though monogamy is common practice, the effects of

polygamy in the life of the people and project
should be carefully studied, analyzed and discussed with
the people.
Level of formal education and principal occupation
HIGH SCHOOL NONE PRIMARY SECONDARY UNIVERSITY
6 3 51 29 3
Very few of the project participants have gone through

secondary level of education. Notwithstanding, literacy level is
good and should be exploited for the success of the project.

Principal occupation of respondent
Principal occupation of Cum

Frequency Percentage
respondent Percentage
Civil servant 2 2.2% 2.2%
Farmer 90 97.8% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Majority of the project participants are farmers, but the few that are civil servants
still have to be checked for their full involvement in project activities.
Number of household dependents
Men Women Boys Girls
59 79 234 242
Girls and boys constitute the greatest number

of household dependents. This is a strength
for project sustainability if properly utilized
i.e. they are fully engaged from project
conception. Average household size is 7
persons.
HUMAN CAPITAL
1.1. ACQUISITION OF KNOWLEDGE AND SKILLS
A) Number of children going to school
BOYS GIRLS
186 194

B). Number of children not going to school
BOYS GIRLS
40 35
Relatively, more girls are schooling than

boys, though the difference is not
significant. On the whole, the reasons for these children
not schooling should be sought and practical strategies put in place to avert the
situation.
C). Highest level of education and school attended by children
A).BOY CHILD
Primary Secondary High school Vocational University/professional
53 13 3 2 4
B). GIRL CHILD

Primary secondary High Vocational University/professional
school
53 12 4 2 0

Though more girls go to school,
most of them end up at either
high school or with vocational
education, while boys continue to
university levels. This might be
perceived as a gender issue
and the situation needs careful

studies for appropriate solution to be
sought.
1.1.2. Ability to labor
A) Number of children gainfully employed
Boys Girls
92 92
B) Number of children unemployed
Boys Girls
92 92
Here, boys and girls have equal

opportunities for employment.

This situation should equally be monitored to ensure that it stays as such without a
bias in future.
1.1.3. GOOD HEALTH

1.1.3.1. ACCESS TO HEALTHCARE SERVICES
What healthcare service do Cum
you mostly use Percentage
Government 41 44.6% 44.6%
Private 43 46.7% 91.3%
Traditional 8 8.7% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Most people use private and government healthcare services in times of ill health.
This shows the importance they place on human health
1.1.3.2. FOOD SECURITY AND IMPROVE NUTRITION.

1.1.3.2.1. Food security
Food availability Food accessibility Food affordability
13 18 36
The crucial problem of food security is

at the level of affordability and
accessibility. This means emphasis

should be placed building the peoples ability to have the means to access food at all
times.
1.1.3.2.2.b) Frequency of consumption of foodstuff
Daily Forth nightly Monthly Rarely Weekly

Animal protein 19 15 16 2 40
Plant protein 5 18 10 0 59
Carbohydrates 46 2 1 0 43
Vegetables 18 15 5 6 48
Fruits 26 19 6 6 34
Carbohydrates and vegetables are mostly consumed on daily basis, plant and animal
protein sources on weekly basis. This analysis shows that these food sources are
mostly consumed on weekly basis. Hence, this situation should be improved especially
for plant and animal protein sources from weekly to daily as the project rolls on.
1.1.3.2.2.c) Daily consumption of foodstuff
Animal protein vegetables Carbohydrates Fruits Plant protein

60 88 88 67 48
NB: Only 30 persons (32.6%) of the people consume quality food.

Very few persons consume animal
protein on daily basis. This situation is not
good since most of the household dependents are
children. This makes the case of
improving the quality of food of
these people very strong and
should be a major area of focus for this
project.
1.2. ORGANIZATIONAL CAPACITY

1.2.1. Leadership role or position in group
President vice Min.se Fin. treasurer PRO DM COMMITTEE M’BER
c sec M’BER
7 1 18 5 9 3 5 8 78
Though most of the posts exist in

the groups, there is still need for
positions such as vice president,
financial secretary, public relations
officers and disciplinarian to be
instituted in the groups where such
positions are lacking. This will not
only strengthen groups’
accountability, it will also ease
communication and build other’s
leadership skills.
The gender breakdown of these positions should also be analyzed and monitored.
1.2.2. Leadership role or position in other groups in the community
Presiden vic Min.se Fin.se treasure PR D COM.M’BE BO SUPP M’BER

t e c c r O M R D .
COM
4 3 16 3 11 1 7 9 7 4 61

Here, group members are
represented in other community
groups. This is a huge potential
through which these farmers can
‘Heiferize’ others and advocate for
positive changes in policies,
practices and systems that favor
them and other community
members’ for the sake of
development. Also, others will be educated on Heifer’s aided brand.
1.2.3. Trainings and sensitizations
a) Resource management
IPM Waste mgt Ethno Soil fertility Natural

veterinary mgt resource mgt
15 16 25 48 7
Very few farmers have received training

the
various topics above. This is a call for
concern especially in the areas of
integrated pest management, waste
management, ethno veterinary medicine
and natural resource management. These
trainings are very important for the
health of the environment.
b). Resource mobilization and project management

Marketing Project PIM Financial mgt
techniques development/fund
raising
15 14 4 25

This is another area which is weak
and needs serious re-enforcement. If the group
has to mobilize and manage resources for their growth,
then, its incumbent on
them to acquire and practice
skills linked with resource mobilization
and management alongside participatory
impact monitoring.
c). Health care and agricultural production

Hygiene & Human CAHC Animal Agric
sanitation nutrition husbandry production&
transformation
63 47 24 44 27
Most persons have been trained only on

hygiene and sanitation. Hence, the
remaining trainings should be strong
points of focus as the project
evolves.
d) Social, organizational and managerial

issues
Gender HIV&AIDS COOP mgt Record Group Conflict
keeping leadership mgt
31 85 11 11 29 26
Though a very significant portion of the

partners (58 out of 92) have been
sensitized on HIV & AIDS and related
issues, emphasis still have to be laid on
change of behavior. Other trainings in
which very few people have been
trained on needs serious attention.

1.2.4. HIV & AIDS ISSUES
1.2.4.1. Awareness of your HIV status

Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 53 57.6% 57.6%
No 39 42.4% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
1.2.4.2. Protective sexual behavioral practices to mitigate spread of HIV&AIDS

abstinence 8 8.7% 8.7%
avoid sharp objects 15 16.3% 25.0%
condoms 8 8.7% 33.7%
fidelity 61 66.3% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Though 53 out of 92 persons know their HIV status, there is still much to be done for
the remaining persons and other community members. This is evident as the main
practice to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS is fidelity while very few persons practice
other methods. Intensive sensitizations including VCT sessions should be done
and positive persons linked to treatment centers. Also, this approach such involve the
entire community and other approaches like contact tracing used in collaboration
with Cameroon Baptist Convention Health Board amid other renowned institutions.
1.2.5. Frequency of falling sick
Adult Men
Adult Men Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

monthly 10 13.2% 13.2%
quarterly 15 19.7% 32.9%
semester 16 21.1% 53.9%
yearly 35 46.1% 100.0%
Total 76 100.0% 100.0%

Adult women
Cum
Adult women Frequency Percentage
Percentage
monthly 9 11.4% 11.4%
quarterly 23 29.1% 40.5%
semester 27 34.2% 74.7%
yearly 20 25.3% 100.0%
Total 79 100.0% 100.0%
Boy youth

monthly 4 6.7% 6.7%
quarterly 10 16.7% 23.3%
semester 30 50.0% 73.3%
yearly 16 26.7% 100.0%
Total 60 100.0% 100.0%
Girl youth

monthly 4 6.7% 6.7%
quarterly 16 26.7% 33.3%
semester 27 45.0% 78.3%
yearly 13 21.7% 100.0%
Total 60 100.0% 100.0%
Boy Child

monthly 10 14.1% 14.1%
quarterly 12 16.9% 31.0%
semester 28 39.4% 70.4%
yearly 21 29.6% 100.0%
Total 71 100.0% 100.0%
Girl Child
monthly 9 14.1% 14.1%
quarterly 17 26.6% 40.6%
semester 24 37.5% 78.1%
yearly 14 21.9% 100.0%
Total 64 100.0% 100.0%
From the above statistics, children are those that frequently fall sick. More probing
should be done to understand the root causes of this and possible solution sought and
applied. Most importantly, good and adequate feeding is needed for these children.
FINANCIAL CAPITAL
2.1. Mean annual Livestock revenue

2.2.
goats sheep poultry pigs
37400 75000 26720 108339
Pigs and sheep yield income

more than goats and
poultry. Hence, emphasis
should be placed here if we
intentionally want to focus
on income. Not
withstanding, it will be a
good thing to also diversify
into other livestock as the
farmer capacity will permit.
2.1.2 Where
produce/products are often sold

Cum
Percentage
Home 25 36.2% 36.2%
Town/city 10 14.5% 50.7%
Village market 34 49.3% 100.0%
Total 69 100.0% 100.0%
Most of the livestock are sold at village market and at home. Taking animals to
markets has an associated disease risk if they are not bought. Also, selling animal on
hoof is detrimental to the farmers as they can reap optimal profits in terms of income
and nutrition. Hence, it is important for these farmers to be sensitized on sales and
value addition techniques.
2.3. Mean annual crop revenue

cocoy yam Coloca irish cassa plantai mai g.n bea pot s.
am ssia va ns ze ut ns ato
es bean
s
32590 973 10325 138 49520 95930 436 296 754 196 1155
0 20 60 0 0 60
Crops that yield high income

include plantains, cassava,
maize, cocoyam and to a
lesser extend sweet
potatoes. It will be good to
focus on these crops in order
to improve household
income levels.

2.4. Mean annual vegetable revenue
huckleberry Bitter pumpkin tomatoes ginger pepper cabbage
leaf
59360 500 6700 106500 9560 28460 199250
Cabbage, tomatoes, huckleberry, pepper are vegetables that yield much income for
the households.
2.5. Mean annual fruit revenue

citrus mango pear pineapple
16250 5600 8520 9490
From the angle of fruits, most income
citrus, pineapple and pears. Though the
production cycle is long and income

is seasonal from these sources, its
still important to encourage farmers
to engage in fruit tree planting.
2.4.1. 1. Where farm produce are often sold

Home 8 9.8% 9.8%
On farm 1 1.2% 11.0%
Town/city 14 17.1% 28.0%
Village market 59 72.0% 100.0%
Total 82 100.0% 100.0%

Most of these crops are sold at village and town markets. Very few people buy at
home or at farm gate. This makes the farmers to incur extra cost on transportation,
hence reducing their profitability.
2.6. Estimates of mean annual household income
On-farm Off-farm
359360 107860
On-farm activities are those that generate a significant
portion of household income. Hence,
there is great need for these activities to be re-enforced if livelihoods are to be

ensured and sustained.
2.7. Total mean annual household revenue = 467220 FCFA

2.8. Estimates of mean annual household savings = 81320 FCFA
Annual household revenue Annual household savings

467220 81320

Mean annual savings is very small (15%) compared to mean annual income. This paints
a picture of farmer’s in ability to invest or attract loans for other investments.
2.9. Estimates of mean annual household investments/expenditures
educat feedi heal savi utilit Hous Com religi Loan busin soci dressi
ion ng th ng ies e m. ous paym ess als ng
repa ent
irs proj
ect
19311 1535 988 810 3549 4264 9030 6380 33015 1769 1297 6883
0 50 20 00 0 5 0 60 0

Majority of household income goes to education, feeding, socials, dressing, healthcare
and savings. Very little is invested in community projects, religious activities and
businesses. If the impact of the project has to felt beyond family circles, then
emphasis has to be made in the area of assisting others and also investing in
community projects.
2.10. Financial shock mitigation strategies/options
Family Friends ‘njangi’ Financial

members institutions
40 33 68 9
In times of financial hardship,

members mostly turn to their
‘njangi’ groups, family members
and then friends for buffer. Very
few people go to financial
institutions. Reasons for this
should be gotten and possible
solutions proposed since it will be
difficult for the group and its

members to secure bank loans for scaling up their activities or getting grants from
other donors without having accounts and doing transactions with the financial
institutions.
NATURAL CAPITAL
3.1. ENVIRONMENTAL CARE
3.1.1. Livestock healthcare practices
Duck poultry pigs sheep goats

Both 1 11 20 0 4
Ethno 3 16 1 10
veterinar 28
y
None 2 12 4 1 3
Orthodox 3 10 16 0 4
The most popularly used

healthcare practice for
poultry, pigs, sheep and
goats is ethno veterinary
medicine. This is closely
followed by orthodox
medicine and a
combination of the two.
This means ethno
veterinary practices
should be re-enforced
using plausible strategies.
Also, the people should be
sensitized on the
importance of using
orthodox medicine.
3.1.2. Livestock reproduction systems

Both 0 3 1 0 0
Artificial 0 1 2 0 1
Natural 9 55 52 2 20
None 0 2 1 0 0

Most common reproduction
practice is natural but much
care needs to be taken
recognizing the health
consequences’ i.e. disease
transmission among others
3.1.3. Livestock
supplemental feeding

Conventiona 0 38 1 0
14
l
Non 9 18 1 21
46
conventional
Non conventional feeding is the
choice of the day. Mention
need to made here that some
of these foodstuff are those
consume by human beings as
such, there is great need to re-
enforce production in order to
have enough to eat, sell and
then feed the animals. Also,
more innovative ways such be
used to convert kitchen and
other wastes to feed these
animals.
3.1.4. Livestock management system

Management system Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Extensive 11 13.4% 13.4%
Intensive 44 53.7% 67.1%
Semi-intensive 27 32.9% 100.0%
Total 82 100.0% 100.0%
Intensive system is the most common. As a result, proper care in terms of nutrition
needs to be applied.

3.2. Mean annual Livestock production and productivity
Goats sheep(#) Rabbit poultry(#) pigs(# snails(#)
(#) s (#) )
5 11 1 31 7 50
Mean annual production is highest

for snails, then poultry, sheep and
goats. This means that emphasis
should be laid on these animal
species as the choice of the
people may be.
3.2.1. Mean annual quantity of sales for Livestock and related products
Goats sheep(#) poultry(#) pigs(#)
(#)
3 4 18 5

Few sheep and poultry are sold compared to pigs and goats in terms of mean annual
productivity. The reason(s) for this needs to be investigated and adequate strategies
put in place to mitigate the situation. Though poultry ranks first in terms of number
of animals sold, it’s the least in terms of amount of income generated for the
household compared to pigs, sheep and goats in decreasing order.
3.3. Crop production and productivity
3.3.1a). Mean annual production for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
cocoya ya Colocas iris cassa plantai mai g. bea potato S. cowp
m m sia h va ns ze nut ns es bea ea
s ns
398 33 593 58 1142 503 599 67 102 643 35 200
3 6
Crops with high production

include cassava, sweet
potatoes, maize, Colocassia,
irish and plantains. This
production figure needs to
be compared with those of
high income generation in
order to know which crops
to lay emphasis based on
production motives i.e.
income and/or nutrition.
Though cassava ranks first in
terms of productivity, it is
dominated by plantains in terms of income. Maize and cocoyam ranks third and fourth
in terms of income generation. Sweet potatoes does not contribute significantly to
household annual income as its’ ranked the 5th.
3.3.1b). Mean annual production vegetables in Kgs

huckleberry pumpkin Bitter tomatoes ginger pepper cabbage
leaf
2163 81 200 383 112 154 1035
On annual basis,
huckleberry, cabbage and
tomatoes produces high
yields in that decreasing
order. The choice of crop
to focus on for production
will depend on the main

motive and the group specifics. Generally, cabbage, tomatoes, huckleberry and
pepper in terms of cash incomes are ranked in that decreasing order of importance.
3.3.1c). Mean annual production for fruits in Kgs

mango pears citrus pawpaw pineapple
219 350 200 16 379
Pineapple, pears, mangoes and then

citrus are produce in great quantities
in this order of importance. In terms
of income; citrus ranks first followed
by pineapple and pears.
3.3.2a). Mean annual quantity sold for perennial and annual crops in Kgs
cocoya ya Colocas iris cassa plantai mai g. bea potato S. cowp
m m sia h va ns ze nut ns es bea ea
s ns
122 76 229 32 640 217 282 28 23 435 3 200
0
Though cassava registers

very high quantities in

terms of sales, it is second in terms of income generation. Plantains which is 6th in
terms of quantity sold is first in terms of income generation. This trend is
Same for maize and cocoyam with very little quantities sold but 3rd and 4th
respectively in terms of income generation
3.3.2b). Mean annual quantity sold for vegetables in Kgs

huckleberry Bitter pumpkin tomatoes ginger pepper cabbage
leaf
1640 100 30 372 77 87 873
Huckleberry,
cabbage and
tomatoes top
chart in terms of
quantities
sold in that
decreasing
order but in
terms of cash
incomes,
cabbage,
tomatoes
huckleberry
and pepper
are ranked 1st, 2nd, 3rd and 4th respectively. Pepper is crop with least quantity sold but
4th in terms of income generation. This implies that if pepper production is
intensified, it will tremendously boost household annual income.
3.3.2c). Mean annual quantity sold for fruits in Kgs

mango pears citrus pineapple
136 198 140 263
Though pineapple, pears and citrus

register s the
Highest quantities sold in that order,

Citrus, pineapple and pears generates more income in this decreasing order. This
means that citrus and pineapple are of capital importance in terms of cash incomes.
3.4. Type of toilets used
Indicate the Type of toilet Cum

used in your household Percentage
Flush 3 3.3% 3.3%
Pit 89 96.7% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Very significant portion of the people use pit latrine but its hygienic nature needs to
be checked and improved upon if necessary.
3.5. Water year round availability in household
Do you have water available Cum

year round in your household? Percentage
Yes 80 87.9% 87.9%
No 11 12.1% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
3.6. State your main source of drinking water

State your main source of Cum
drinking water Percentage
spring 52 56.5% 56.5%
stream 3 3.3% 59.8%
tap 37 40.2% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
3.7. What is your main quality of drinking water
What is your main quality of Cum

drinking water Percentage
treated 58 63.0% 63.0%
untreated 34 37.0% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Water quality seems not to be a life threatening issue, but measures should be put in
place to maintain this situation or further improve it. Protection of water sources or
use of other water quality improving techniques like Bio Sand Filter could be used as
appropriate.
3.8. Soil fertility improvement techniques often use

Which of the following soil
Cum
fertility improvement Frequency Percentage
Percentage
techniques do you use?
inorganic 13 14.4% 14.4%
organic fertilizer 77 85.6% 100.0%
Total 90 100.0% 100.0%
Very popular soil fertility improvement technique is the use of organic fertilizer.
Mindful of the livestock species which produces good quantity of manure, this
practice should be re-enforced in order to prolong the productive capacity of the
soils. Also, the use of manure, compost should be highly encouraged and monitored
amid its numerous advantages.
3.9. Cooking device mostly used

Which cooking device do you Cum
mostly use? Percentage
improved 3 3.3% 3.3%
unimproved 88 96.7% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
Almost all the project partners are using unimproved cooking devices. Mindful of the
negative environmental and human health consequences’ of this practice, its
important that measures be put in place to ensure that energy serving devices are
used in order to reduce pressure on fuel wood usage and also improve on human
health.
3.10. Agricultural farming techniques
composting Slash and ‘Ankara’ Contour Green fallowing

burn bonds manuring
19 18 17 23 77 37
Appropriate and adaptable farming

techniques
are least practiced. ‘Slash and burn’,
‘ankara’
should be discouraged while friendly
practices as composting and fallowing
encouraged.
3.11. Agricultural farming systems

Crop rotation Mixed cropping Mono cropping Tree planting Alley cropping
23 86 18 18 1
86 out 92 farmers practice

mixed cropping system of
farming. Though mixed
cropping is the main system

practiced by majority of the people, its negative consequences on soil fertility out
weighs its merits. Hence, farmers should be sensitized on appropriate crop association
techniques.
PHYSICAL CAPITAL
4.1a).Tools and equipments

Cutlass Hoe Spade Motor Wheel Hand Sprayer
pump barrow wheel cart
91 90 42 10 20 33 56
Assistance package should

be tailored to address the
critical farm tools that
farmers really need but
cannot buy such as
wheelbarrow, hand wheel
cart, motor pump and to a
lesser extend sprayers.
These needs should be
further analyzed per group
to get a clearer picture of
the situation to be
addressed.
4.1b).Crop seeds
improved local
37 84
Very significant portion (84 out of

92 i.e. 91.3%) of the farmers are
still using local seeds. What is very
important here is to check on
adaptability and productivity of
these seeds. If food security is to
be ensured, then there is the need
for the use of improved but
adaptable and high yielding
planting materials.

4.2. Household utilities and gadgets
electricity Tap water Functional Functional Functional Modern

radio TV cell phone furniture
71 16 53 32 68 31
Areas where more focus needs to given in terms of utilities are tap
water, functional television
and modern furniture. Not
withstanding, attention should
also be paid to ensure that
every body has electricity,
functional radios sets and cell
phones for leisure and also ease
communication leading to
greater self esteem and
fulfillment.
4.3. Type of bed

Wooden Bed Bamboo Bed Earthen bed Metal
88 13 92 7
Changes in this area are good to

be monitored as the project
evolves in order to ensure that
there is an improvement.
4.4. Means of transport

Animal transport Non animal transport
0 43
Project participants mostly travel by foot, bikes or vehicles.
4.5. Housing conditions

Roofs Walls Floors
durable 82 32 58

Non durable 10 60 34
Most houses have durable
roofs and floors, but the walls
need improvement. This
situation should be carefully
monitored through out the life
of the project to ensure that
income accruing from project
activities is properly used to
ensure secured homesteads.
SOCIAL CAPITAL
5.1. Social integration within groups
Cooperatives Credit Farming Njangi group Church Cultural

unions group group group
13 13 90 80 50 59
Most of the farmers are

integrated in farming
and ‘njangi’ groups.
Socio-cultural, religious,
cooperatives and micro-
credit groups are not of
utmost interest to these
people.It will be good to
do in-depth studies to
understand the reasons
why and if possible
discuss how to improve
on the situation. This is
very crucial as we strive
to address the Heifer wide goals on influencing policies, practices and systems.

5.2. Household decision making pattern
5.2.1. Healthcare decision
Healthcare decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

every HH member 7 7.7% 7.7%
husband 24 26.4% 34.1%
husband and wife 44 48.4% 82.4%
wife 16 17.6% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.2 Education decision

Education decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
husband 19 21.1% 31.1%
wife 15 16.7% 100.0%
Total 90 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.3. Household feeding decision

Household feeding decision Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
husband 12 13.2% 17.6%
wife 31 34.1% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.4. Community project contribution

Community project Cum
contribution Percentage

husband 23 26.4% 31.0%
wife 22 25.3% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.5. Saving decisions
Saving decisions Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

husband 21 24.7% 30.6%
wife 25 29.4% 100.0%
Total 85 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.6. Expansion/construction of houses

Expansion/construction of Cum
houses Percentage
husband 32 35.2% 41.8%
wife 14 15.4% 100.0%
Total 91 100.0% 100.0%
5.2.7. Social/religious contribution

Social/religious contribution Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
husband 19 21.8% 26.4%
wife 30 34.5% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%
Looking at the household as social and productive unit, the situation above shows that
most decisions are jointly taken by the husband and wife except in education,
healthcare and expansion/construction of houses where women are less involve in the
decision making process. Its’ worth noting that men are also partly involve in most of
the decisions taken by women except household feeding and social/religious

contributions where they have very little influence. Children are excluded in all
decision making fora or their involvement levels are very low. This situation is
dangerous for a project like this where children form a very significant portion of the
dependents and its sustainability depends on these children.
5.3. Distribution of work within the household
5.3.1. Cleaning of home

Cleaning of home Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 26 29.5% 29.5%
Girls 26 29.5% 59.1%
Men 2 2.3% 61.4%
Women 34 38.6% 100.0%
Total 88 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.2. Cooking
Cooking Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Girls 6 6.9% 6.9%
Men 2 2.3% 9.2%
Women 79 90.8% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.3. Washing dresses

Washing dresses Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 12 13.8% 13.8%
Girls 19 21.8% 35.6%
Men 5 5.7% 41.4%

Women 51 58.6% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.4. Caring for children
Caring for children Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 4 4.7% 4.7%
Girls 6 7.1% 11.8%
Men 20 23.5% 35.3%
Women 55 64.7% 100.0%
Total 85 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.5. Fetching water

Fetching water Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 42 47.7% 47.7%
Girls 23 26.1% 73.9%
Men 14 15.9% 89.8%
Women 9 10.2% 100.0%
Total 88 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.6. Splitting/fetching wood
Splitting/fetching wood Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 24 27.3% 27.3%
Men 55 62.5% 89.8%
Women 9 10.2% 100.0%
Total 88 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.7. Caring for animals

Caring for animals Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 9 10.5% 10.5%

Girls 1 1.2% 11.6%
Men 66 76.7% 88.4%
Women 10 11.6% 100.0%
Total 86 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.8. Farm Clearing

Farm Clearing Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Boys 13 14.9% 14.9%
Men 67 77.0% 92.0%
Women 7 8.0% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.9. Farm hoeing
Farm hoeing Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Boys 1 1.1% 1.1%
Girls 4 4.5% 5.7%
Men 13 14.8% 20.5%
Women 70 79.5% 100.0%
Total 88 100.0% 100.0%
5.3.10. Planting
Planting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Girls 4 4.5% 4.5%
Men 4 4.5% 9.1%
Women 80 90.9% 100.0%
Total 88 100.0% 100.0%

5.3.11. Harvesting
Harvesting Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Girls 4 4.6% 4.6%
Men 4 4.6% 9.2%
Women 79 90.8% 100.0%
Total 87 100.0% 100.0%
The above analysis depicts that house and kitchen work is mostly in the hands of
women except for fetching water, splitting wood and partly, caring for animals. Girls
are partly involved in house cleaning, washing dresses and fetching water. Boys on the
other hand are fully engaged in fetching water and are partly involve in house
cleaning, splitting wood, caring for animals and farm clearing. Farm work is mostly
done by women except in farm clearing where men play a greater role and also assist
in caring for livestock. This situation shows clearly that apart from not fully involving
the children in household decision making process, they are also less involved in
household, livestock caring and farm work tasks. This picture presents a big risk not
only for project sustainability but also for personal development or growth of these
children from the stand point of life skills from which they will tap continuously for a
living. This area is of utmost importance during project design, planning,
implementation and monitoring.
5.4. Major sources or causes of domestic violence
5.4.1. Level of involvement of children and parents in household work perceive as

stereotypes
Level of involvement of children
Cum
and parents in household work Frequency Percentage
Percentage
perceive as stereotypes
Yes 2 2.2% 2.2%
No 90 97.8% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.2. Poor involvement of children and women in decision making
Poor involvement of children Cum

and women in decision making Percentage
Yes 2 2.2% 2.2%
No 90 97.8% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.3. Increased workload on women
Increased workload on
women
Yes 11 12.0% 12.0%
No 81 88.0% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.4. Discrimination among household members
Discrimination among Cum

household members Percentage
Yes 5 5.4% 5.4%
No 87 94.6% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.5. Poor communication
Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 13 14.1% 14.1%
No 79 85.9% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.6. Less access to or control over resources & project benefits by children and
women

Less access to or control over
Cum
resources & project benefits by Frequency Percentage
Percentage
children and women
Yes 1 1.1% 1.1%
No 91 98.9% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.7. Insufficient household income
Insufficient household
income
Yes 64 69.6% 69.6%
No 28 30.4% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.4.8. Adult and youth delinquency
Adult and youth delinquency Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 6 6.5% 6.5%
No 86 93.5% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
Major sources of household conflicts include: increase workload on women,

insufficient household income and poor communication. These factors should be
carefully analyzed and addressed during the course of this project in order to have
peaceful and productive household members.
5.5. Nature of dresses worn
children adults
Fairly used 77 75

Ready made 7 12
More adults dress up better than

children. This picture could be
even-out or gap narrowed with
the implementation of this
project.
5.6. Major sources of resources for the group
Family On-farm Group Loans from Off-farm Grants from

members income ‘njangi’ financial income donors
institutions
6 62 86 15 20 23
Group ‘njangi’ and on-farm activities are major sources of income for the group and
her members. For the sake of sustainability, other
sources such as off-farm, grants from
donors and loans from micro-finance
institutions should be exploited as
the project is on course.

5.7. Major sources of conflicts within groups
5.7.1. Dictatorial leadership
Dictatorial leadership Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 1 1.1% 1.1%
No 91 98.9% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.2. Poor accountability
Poor accountability Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 10 10.9% 10.9%
No 82 89.1% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%

5.7.3. Non-respect of by laws
Non-respect of by laws Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 37 40.2% 40.2%
No 55 59.8% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.4. Absenteeism
Absenteeism Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 33 35.9% 35.9%
No 59 64.1% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.5. Unfair sharing of benefits/resources
Unfair sharing of Cum

benefits/resources Percentage
Yes 6 6.5% 6.5%
No 86 93.5% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.6. Tribalism, discrimination

Tribalism, discrimination Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 5 5.4% 5.4%
No 87 94.6% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.7. Generation Gap between old and young persons
Generation Gap between old Frequency Percentage Cum

and young persons Percentage
Yes 4 4.3% 4.3%
No 88 95.7% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.8. Poor communication
Poor communication Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage

Yes 12 13.0% 13.0%
No 80 87.0% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.9. Poor group structure

poor group structure Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 1 1.1% 1.1%
No 91 98.9% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.10. Over dependency on one group member

Over dependency on one Cum
group member Percentage
Yes 1 1.1% 1.1%
No 91 98.9% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%
5.7.11. Over dependency on donors

Over dependency on donors Frequency Percentage Cum Percentage
Yes 1 1.1% 1.1%
No 91 98.9% 100.0%
Total 92 100.0% 100.0%

This analysis shows that major causes of conflicts within groups include among others:
absenteeism, poor communication, poor accountability and non-respect of by-laws.
These factors’ alongside others should be carefully studied and addressed as the case
may be in order to strengthen group’s dynamism and functioning. With this in place,
it will be very easy for groups to grow and replicate the positive impacts of their
work.
SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
Conclusion
This report has attempted to analyze information collected through the HI baseline survey on
the socio-economic and health/nutritional status of the households, and communities in the
areas targeted by the HI Cameroon Program. Specifically, it has provided baseline values for
indicators in a wide range of areas, including: livelihood activities, food security, including
dietary diversity and food production, health, nutrition, and income generation. The findings
from this study are expected to be used as the benchmark against which progress made by
the HI assisted groups in the target communities can be established.

In average, would be assisted groups in this area targeted for assistance by HI comprised
mostly of men representing about 53.3%. Over 80 percent of respondents are married, Widows
and singles share and equal 8.7 %, and this gives an apparent stability in terms of project
sustainability. A large majority of the project partners in this region fall in the active age of
the population. Specifically, about 80 percentage of the target project partners fall in the
bracket 25-55 years, a majority of which fall in the age group 25 – 40. This suggests that there
is potential for using the manpower in this area for the implementation of project activities.
Occupations in the communities mainly revolve around farming (97.8%), with crop production
being the predominant element of the farming system. Income generated from livestock
farming is mostly from the sale of Pigs, Poultry and Goats. In terms of agricultural income
generation activities, households in this area rely mostly on the production and sale of annual
and perennial crops including plantain, cassava, maize and cocoyam being the principals. The
sale of vegetables and fruits represent subsidiary sources of income. Aside from this, the local
economies of the sampled population are not very diversified as it can be depicted from the
results that, the mean income generated from off-farm activities represent barely a quarter
of the mean income generated from the On-farm activities.
The average farm output of the main food crops is estimable; this is confirmed by the low
proportion of respondents said food availability (14.1%) and food accessibility were major
impediments to food security. On the other hand, the average sale of these main food crops is
low in relation to production which translates into low incomes derived from agricultural
goods; this can be explained by the lack of marketing techniques as only a handful reported
having received trainings on marketing techniques. According to the data, while the
quantities were not specifically accessed within this survey, half the sampled population had
access to carbohydrates on a daily basis and a little more than half had access to plant
protein and vegetable on a weekly basis. This still confirms the consumption-oriented nature
of crop production in the area.
The use of improved technologies and other farming equipment, other than crop varieties,
was found to be very low among the sample farmers. While farmers were not asked
specifically about the factors that may be preventing them from adopting technologies, it is
worth mentioning that there is very limited access to improved agricultural farming
techniques.
Regarding health, a good number of people are aware of their HIV&AIDS status (57.6%) and
66.3% of respondents are adopting fidelity as a measure to mitigate the spread of HIV&AIDS.
The frequency of falling sick in the household is mostly assessed to be once every six months
and confirmed by the fact the mean expenditure of household on health is relatively low
compared to other issues. While a large number reported using Pit toilets (96.7%) as a source
of waste disposal, 87.9% reported availability of water not a major concern in the area and 63
percent reported the qualities of drinking water treated.
In terms of household decision making, whilst there is still a great need for sensitization on
the subject, there is noticeably a paradigm shift as most, if not all decisions taken within the
households are done by both the parents. In contrast to decision making in the households,
the stereotypes of “who does what” are strictly maintained in this area as, perceptibly, all
household chores are handled by girls and women. It can also be inferred from the data that
boys and girls have equal opportunities of going to school as the proportion of boys and girls
attending school at all levels is slightly comparable.

Recommendations
Several program implications and actions for improving the situation of the surveyed
communities have been identified following the analyses provided in this report. Those are
summarized below, looking at each sector in turn.
With regards to the general orientation of the food security intervention, it is essential to
promote diversification of income, as focusing on livestock and crop production alone to
improve access to food will not be sufficient.
With regards to farming (crop and livestock) itself, it was noted that total farm output and
productivity are low; hence it is necessary to identify the key constraints affecting
agricultural performance in the target areas and implement activities that will help farmers
to overcome their production and marketing constraints.
With regards to income generation from the sale of farm output, strategies should be put in
place to support livestock and crops that offer opportunities for value added processing and
marketing.
It will also be good to re-enforce the groups/cooperative’s abilities to mobilize and

better manage their resources’. Gender issues have to be of greater focus as the
project is being implemented. Generally, it will be a good thing for HIC staff to
continuously use this document during the life of the project if monitoring for
reporting against intended results and reflection for quality control has to be a key
issue in the life the project.

HIC LIPFP Baseline Report

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Acknowledgements

In establishing a baseline situation analysis of the Heifer International Cameroon (HIC)

We shall be enormously surprised -and greatly disappointed- if we are not shown

HPI Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland Page 1

SECTION ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND INFORMATION ON STUDIES........3

SECTION TWO: METHODOLOGY AND APPROACHES OF WORK..................................14

The baseline survey .................................................................................................14

The baseline questionnaire and data collection....................................................14

Understanding the baseline results as presented.................................................15

SECTION THREE: INTERPRETATION OF TRENDS FROM THE BASELINE ANALYSIS......16

SECTION FOUR: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION...........................................59

HPI Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland Page 2

SECTION 2: CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS

HPI Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland Page 3

SECTION 3: INSTITUTIONAL RELATED ISSUES

HPI Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland Page 4

4A. LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION ISSUES

Healthcare Reproduction supplementary Total Total Total

(Percentage) (Percentage) (Percentage) (n) (n) FCFA

14. Management system Extensive :13.4%

Semi intensive :32.9%

17. place of sale of farm produce/products On farm : 00%

Village Market : 49.3%

Town/city market : 14.5%

4B. CROP PRODUCTION ISSUES

Total produced in Kg Total sold in Kg Total revenue FCFA

Colocassia 27 875 10 775 485 250

Estimates of household income and savings(FCFA)

Total Max Min Mean

On-farm(crop &livestock) 33 060 983 2 120 300 00 359 358

Off-farm 9 923 000 100 000 00 107 858

Total 42 983 983 2 120 300 00 467 217

Annual savings 7 481 600 875 000 00 81 321

Estimates of household expenditure/investments(FCFA)

Total Max Min Mean

Education 17 766 500 1 400 000 00 193 114

Household feeding 14 126 400 1 500 000 15 000 153 547

Healthcare 9 091 400 1 000 000 00 98 819

Households assets/gadgets 3 265 300 250 000 00 35 492

Religious contributions 587 000 50 000 00 6 380

Loan re- 33 015

Business venture 1 592 100 300 000 00 17 690

Social events 11 419 000 1 000 000 00 129 761

Household dresses 6 057 000 500 0000 10 000 68 829

22. Financial shock mitigation strategies - Family members :43.5%

- Financial institutions : 9.8%

HPI Baseline analysis March 2010 by Amagbo Roland Page 8

25. Number of children in school Boys - Food

27. number of children gainfully Boys 01 01 00 1

28. Number of children Boys 07 02 00 0.72

29. Household decision making pattern

Healthcare Husband and wife (48.4%)

Education Husband and wife (52.2%)

Household feeding Husband and wife (48.4%)

Comm. Project contribution Husband and wife (43.7%)

Savings Husband and wife (40%)

Expansion/construction of house Husband and wife (42.9%)

Social/religious contribution Husband and wife (39.1%)

39. Key agricultural farming techniques - Green Manuring (83.7%)

- Contour bonds (25%)

40. Main types of agricultural farming systems - Mixed cropping (93.5%)

41. Major farming tools/equipments/inputs - Cutlass (98.9%)

- Local seeds (91.3%)