Control Measures 2016 Final

Environment
Control Measures
Name of Presenter
Position
Division
Session Objectives
At the end of the session, the participants will be
able to:
 discuss the methodologies and principle available to
reduce workers’ risk and exposure to different
occupational health hazards
 understand the importance of hierarchy of control
 describe the principal elements of industrial ventilation
(general and local exhaust ventilation system)
 appreciate the need to take a holistic approach for
controlling hazards
Department of Labor and Employment

OCCUPATIONAL SAFETY AND HEALTH CENTER
Workplace Control Principles
Key Elements of Occupational Hygiene:
 Anticipation
 Recognition
 Evaluation
 Control
a process of conception, education, design
and implementation of beneficial interventions
and changes carried out that reduces,
minimizes, eliminates, decreases or downgrade
hazardous conditions.

Reason for control of hazardous substances
 Protecting workers health from exposure

to substances
 Protecting workers comfort
 Complying with exposure standards

Hierarchy of Control
Three (3) zones where control measures can be applied:
• At the source of contamination
• Along the transmission path
• At the worker
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER

General Environment Control Measures
1. Engineering control
2. Administrative control
3. Use of Personal Protective
Equipment

Key Elements
Elimination
Eliminating a hazard by
removing a process or
substance completely
Pneumatic testing of pressure vessel

Key Elements
Substitution
Involves changing
chemical substances
and/or process with
less hazardous or
harmful one
Lead free soldering wire

Key Elements
Isolation
Separation of the
source of contaminant
and the worker by a
physical barrier such
as an enclosure, wall
or partition

Key Elements
Containment
Containment of the
source of the hazard by
placing the hazardous
substance in a sealed
vessel or system to
create a barrier between
the hazard and the
worker

Key Elements
Modification
To change the physical operating conditions
without changing the chemical or process

Key Elements
Automation
Use of some form of robotics to replace a function
previously provided manually by an exposed worker

Key Elements
Ventilation
A process of supplying fresh air and/or removing
contaminant laden air by natural or mechanical
means to and from any space.

Purpose of Ventilation
 To ensure condition of thermal comfort

 To renew the air in the workplace, therefore
diluting eventual air contaminants to
acceptable levels.
 To prevent hazardous air contaminants from
generating into the working environment and
reaching the workers breathing zone.

Types of Industrial Ventilation
 General or Dilution Ventilation

aims at the supply and removal
of air in the work environment
so that the possible
Natural
contaminants are diluted to
levels considered to be not
harmful to health.
Mechanical
General Ventilation
Natural Ventilation – utilizing roof ridge opening, doors windows, louvers

General Ventilation
Mechanical Ventilation utilizing fans, power roof exhausters, evaporative coolers

Combination of Natural and Mechanical Ventilation

When to Use General or Dilution Ventilation
 Contaminants are relatively non-toxic

 Quantity of contaminant is not high
 Workers are far from contaminant source
 Outside source of air is not contaminated

Zone of
Contaminant
Release
Operators Breathing Clean Air
Discharge Zone Supply
Opening
Direction of clean air flow must remove contaminants

from workers breathing zone

Types of Industrial Ventilation
 Local Exhaust Ventilation

It aims at the removal of the air
contaminants from the point of
dispersion or generation before
they contaminate the work
environment and reach the
breathing zone of the workers in
harmful concentration.

Principles of Local Exhaust Ventilation
1. Enclose the contaminant

2. Capture contaminant with
adequate air velocities
3. Keep contaminant out of the
worker’s breathing zone
4. Discharge exhausted air
outdoors

When to use Local Exhaust Ventilation
 Contaminants are moderately or highly toxic
or hazardous
 Only one or few fix emission sources are
present
 There is a risk of direct workers’ exposure

Basic Elements of Local
Exhaust Ventilation System (LEVS)
1. Hoods
2. Duct work
3. Fan and motor
4. Air cleaning device
5. Exhaust stack
Local Exhaust Ventilation (LEV)
Branch/ Exhaust
Duct stack
Air Cleaning
System
Fan
Capture Hood
Dip Tank
Classification of Hoods

1. Enclosure-type or Booth
• most efficient type of hood
• minimum air volume required.
- typically used for laboratory

hoods, spray paint booths,
abrasive blasting, ovens, etc.

2. Capturing-type hoods
Movable
• Less efficient than enclosing
hoods
• Greater exhaust airflow is
required. Fixed
• located as close as possible
to the source.
• Capture velocity should be
adequate
Low Volume High Velocity
Capture Zone

3. Canopy/Updraft or Receiving Hoods
• Should only be used for
the removal of relatively
harmless material such as
steam or heat.
• Should not be used if the
operator tends to bend
over the contaminant
source

Pointers on Industrial Ventilation
1. Air removed must be replaced by a

supply air
2. Short circuiting of air must be prevented
3. Lay-out of equipment and process should
be considered in relation to the direction
of air flow

Pointers on Industrial Ventilation
4. Avoid cross drafts of air near local exhaust

hoods
5. Contaminated air must be discharged
outdoors to avoid re-entry

Short Circuiting of Air

OSHS for Ventilation
Rule 1076 : General Ventilation
Rule 1076.01 : Atmospheric Conditions
Suitable atmospheric conditions shall be
maintained in workrooms by natural or artificial
means to avoid insufficient air supply, stagnant or
vitiated air, harmful drafts, excessive heat or
cold, sudden variations in temperature, and
where practicable, excessive humidity or dryness
and objectionable odors.

Rule 1076.02 : Air Supply
.Clean fresh air shall be supplied to enclosed
workplaces at an average rate of not less than 20 to
40 cubic meters (700 to 1400 cu. ft.) an hour per
worker, or at such a rate as to effect a complete
change or air a number of times per hour varying
from four (4) for sedentary workers to eight (8) for
active workers.

Rule 1076.02 : Air Supply
. Where an adequate supply of fresh air
cannot be obtained by natural ventilation or
where it is difficult to get the desired amount of
air at the center of the workrooms mechanical
ventilation shall be provided.

Rule 1076.03 : Cleanliness
. Dusts, gases, vapors or mists generated
and released in work processes shall be
removed at the points of origin and not
permitted to permeate the atmosphere
of the workrooms.

Rule 1076.04 : Air Movement
. The air movement in enclosed workplaces
shall be arranged such that the workers are
not subjected to objectionable drafts. The
air velocity shall not exceed 15 meters (50
ft.) per minute during the rainy season and
45 meters (150 ft.) per minute during the
summer season

Rule 1076.05 : Temperature and Humidity
. A temperature suitable for the type of work
performed shall be maintained in enclosed
workplaces and such temperature shall be
increased or decreased and the degree of
humidity varied in accordance with the kind
of work.

Rule 1090: Hazardous Materials
Rule 1093.02
. Where airtight enclosures or apparatus cannot
be used, harmful dusts, fibers, fumes, gases,
mists or vapors shall be removed at or near
their point or origin by means of fume
chambers or suction hoods properly
connected to efficient exhaust system.

Rule 1093.05: Testing of Atmosphere
. The atmosphere of workrooms shall be
tested periodically at such intervals as
may be necessary but no longer than
annually, to ensure that the concentration of
irritating or toxic dusts, fibers, fumes, gases,
mists or vapors are kept within the threshold
limit values specified in Rule 1070.

Rule 1093.06: Ventilation and Exhaust Equipment
Ventilation and exhaust equipment shall

be inspected and tested periodically for
safe and efficient operational performance.

Guidelines on Local Exhaust Ventilation
based on other standards
 For the corresponding type of hood

.For specific contaminant used
 For process (es) utilized

Range of Control Velocities (ACGIH)*
Condition of Dispersion Example Capture
of Contaminant Velocity, m/s
Released with practically no velocity Evaporation from tanks;
0.25 – 0.50
into quiet air degreasing, etc
Spray booths; intermittent
Released at low velocity into container; filling low speed
0.50 – 1.00
moderately still air conveyor transfers; Welding;
plating; Pickling
Spray painting in shallow
Active generation into zone of rapid air
booths; barrel; barrel filling; 1.00 – 2.50
motion
conveyor loading; Crushers
Released at high initial velocity into Grinding, abrasive blasting;
2.50 – 10.00
zone at very rapid air motion tumbling
* Industrial Ventilation – A Manual of Recommended Practices, published by the American Conference

of Governmental Industrial Hygienists.

Control Velocity for Organic Solvent**
Type of Hood Air Velocity,

m/s
Enclosure Type Hood 0.40
Outside Fitted Type Side Suction 0.50
Hood Type
Bottom Suction 0.50
Type
Overhead 1.00
Suction Type
** Guide for Periodic Inspection of Local Exhaust Ventilation Systems Labour Standards Bureau

Control Velocity for Dust Emission Sources**
Type of Hood Air Velocity,

m/s
Enclosure Type Hood 0.70
Outside Fitted Type Side Suction 1.00
Hood Type
Bottom Suction 1.00
Type
Overhead 1.20
Suction Type

Control Velocity for Machinery with Rotating Bodies
as Dust Emission Sources**
Method of Hood Installation Air Velocity,

m/s
Method of enclosing the entire machine with
0.50
rotating body
Method of covering the direction of scattering of

the dust emitted from the revolution of the 5.00
rotating body by the hood opening
Method of surrounding the rotating body only 5.00

Control Velocity
Control Velocity for Laboratory Fume Hoods (ACGIH)

•Face Velocity – 125 to 200 fpm (0.6 – 1.0 m/s)
•Minimum Face Velocity – 100 fpm (0.5 m/s)
Control Velocity for Canopy Hoods (ACGIH)

•Capture Velocity – 50 to 500 fpm (0.25 to 2.5 m/s)
Not recommended if material is toxic and workers must bend over the
source.
* Industrial Ventilation – A Manual of Recommended Practices, published by the

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

Administrative Control
• Reduction of work periods
• Adjusting work schedule
• Job rotation
• Education of supervisors
• Employee information and training
• Emergency response training and education
• Housekeeping and maintenance
Personal Protective Equipment
1. Dust / Gas Respirators 5. Aprons
2. Safety Goggles/Spectacles 6. Safety Shoes
3. Face Shields 7. Helmets
4. Earplugs /Earmuffs 8. Gloves

Uses of PPEs
a. where temporary control measures are
necessary before engineering controls are
installed
b. where engineering controls are not applicable
c. to supplement engineering controls in
reducing exposure during maintenance and
repair
d. during emergencies

Respiratory Protective Equipment
Should not be regarded as the first line of

defense or as a primary means to control
hazards but rather as a supplement to other
types of measures
Types and Limitations of Respirator
I. Air Purifying
• Filter- type
• Cartridge- type
II. Air Supplying - required in
• Confined spaces
• In oxygen deficient areas
• Concentration of contaminant is high
• Where no cartridge is effective against
contaminants

Types of Respirators
Air Purifying
Filtering air impurities which are present in

the atmosphere before they are inhaled by the
worker.
 Filter- type
 Cartridge- type

Types of Respirators
Air Supplying
Provides continuous supply
of uncontaminated air.
 Self Contained Breathing

Apparatus (SCBA)

Criteria for Selection of Respirators
 Identification of contaminants
 Maximum possible concentration of
contaminants in the work area
Acceptability in terms of comfort
 Compatibility with the nature of job
 Proper fit to the face of user to prevent
leakage

Respirator Selection Criteria
Chemical Synonym IDLH OEL (ppm) Respirator Comments
Name (ppm)
Wood TWA = 0.5 N95
dust mg/m3
(inhalable
fraction)
Xylene Dimethyl 1000 TWA – OV
benzene 100
STEL - 150
Respirator Codes and Descriptions
OV – Organic Vapor Respirator

N95 – N95 Particulate Respirator
AG – Acid Gas Respirator
AM – Ammonia/Methylamine Respirator
Hg – Mercury Vapor / Chlorine Gas Respirator
MG – Multi-Gas/ Vapor Respirator

Respirator Filter Definition
N-Series Filters
Filters restricted to use in those atmosphere free of
oil aerosols
R-Series Filters
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil based liquid
aerosol. Used only for single shift (8 hours of continuous or intermittent
use)
P-Series Filters
Filters intended for removal of any particle including oil based liquid
aerosols. Should be used and re-used for no more than 40 hours or 30
days whichever occurs first

Recommended Control Measures
CHEMICAL HAZARDS
 Substitution
 Isolation of the operation
 Eliminating or reducing employee exposure
 Changing the process or operation
 Ventilation ( General/LEV)
 Housekeeping
 Personal Protective Equipment
 Personal Hygiene
 Work practices and Procedures

METAL DUST & FUMES
 For welders, it is necessary to provide the following:

- local exhaust ventilation
- protective screens and partitions
- welding visors or goggles
- gloves & aprons
 Provide workers in grinding wheels with eye and face

protection and respiratory protective equipment

PHYSICAL HAZARDS
NOISE
 Provide enclosure to the machine and installation of
sound-absorbing materials
 Regular maintenance of machines
 Reduction of exposure time of workers
 Provision of hearing protectors
 Hearing conservation program i.e. audiometry

HEAT
 Provide workers with heat protective clothing, eye
and face protection for cataract prevention
 Provide drinking stations near work stations
 Air-conditioned rest rooms near the workstations
are valuable for use during rest periods.

GENERAL VENTILATION
 Installation of power roof ventilators for the removal of hot
and contaminated air.
 Opening of all windows/openings
 Provision of fans or blowers (spot coolers)
LOCAL EXHAUST VENTILATION

 Position the work table parallel to the position of the hood.
 Provide bench top fume extractor to capture airborne
contaminants
Other Methods of Control
 Good housekeeping
 Personal hygiene
 Employee training/education
 Rule compliance

Other Methods of Control
 Proper posting and labeling
 Proper storage of hazardous chemicals
 Group communications
 Workplace inspections
 Workplace monitoring (measurement)
 Worker’s medical examination/surveillance

Using a combination of controls

Managing controls

Summary

Measures that can be applied at the source of the
contaminant generation
Eliminate the source
SOURCE Substitution using a less harmful or less hazardous
chemical or process
Isolation / containment / enclosure – enclose sources or
the employee, or the source and some employees
together rather than all employees
Modification of the source or process
Automation – use robotic, remote or computer aided
products
Separation – place the source in a different location to
the employee
Local Exhaust Ventilation – using ventilation to capture
contaminant at the source to prevent it from dispensing

Measures that can be applied along the path where
contaminant is dispensing
AIR PATH Housekeeping (immediate cleanup)

General exhaust ventilation(roof fans)
Dilution ventilation (supplied air)
Increase distance between source and receiver
(semi-automatic or remote control)
Use of screen and partial barriers
Continuous area monitoring (pre-set alarms)
Adequate maintenance program

Worker based controls include
RECEIVER Training and education (most important)

Rotation of workers (split up dose)
Enclosure of worker (air conditioned crane
cabs)
Personal monitoring devices (dosimeters)
Personal protective devices (respirators)
Adequate maintenance program

Where control measures can be applied
SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER
 Substitution with a less  Housekeeping (immediate  Training and education

harmful material (water in cleanup) (most important)
place of organic solvent)  General exhaust ventilation  Rotation of workers
 Change of process (roof fans) (split up dose)
(airless paint spraying)  Dilution ventilation (supplied  Enclosure of worker
 Enclosure of process air) (air conditioned crane
(glove - box)  Increase distance between cabs)
 Isolation of process source and receiver  Personal monitoring
(space or time) (semi-automatic or remote devices (dosimeters)
control)
 Local exhaust ventilation  Personal protective
(capture at source)  Continuous area monitoring devices (respirators)
(pre-set alarms)
 Adequate maintenance  Adequate maintenance
program  Adequate maintenance program
program

Control measures can also be classified as
Source Elimination Prevention
Substitution
Source or process modification
Automation Engineering
Isolation / containment / enclosure
Local exhaust ventilation
Path General ventilation
Increase distance Procedures
Work scheduling
Worker Good working practice
Operating Procedures
Personal Protective Euqipment PPE
REMEMBER…
 All hazards can be controlled
 There are usually many
alternative methods of control
 Some methods of control are
better than the others
 Some situations will require
more than one control method
to obtain optimum results
QUESTIONS
Thank you very much !!!


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Environment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

 Protecting workers health from exposure

Department of Labor and Employment

SOURCE AIR PATH RECEIVER

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Pneumatic testing of pressure vessel

Department of Labor and Employment

Lead free soldering wire

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

 To ensure condition of thermal comfort

Department of Labor and Employment

 General or Dilution Ventilation

Natural Ventilation – utilizing roof ridge opening, doors windows, louvers

Department of Labor and Employment

Mechanical Ventilation utilizing fans, power roof exhausters, evaporative coolers

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

 Contaminants are relatively non-toxic

Department of Labor and Employment

Direction of clean air flow must remove contaminants

Department of Labor and Employment

 Local Exhaust Ventilation

Department of Labor and Employment

1. Enclose the contaminant

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

- typically used for laboratory

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

1. Air removed must be replaced by a

Department of Labor and Employment

4. Avoid cross drafts of air near local exhaust

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Department of Labor and Employment

Ventilation and exhaust equipment shall

Department of Labor and Employment

 For the corresponding type of hood

Department of Labor and Employment

* Industrial Ventilation – A Manual of Recommended Practices, published by the American Conference

Department of Labor and Employment

Type of Hood Air Velocity,

Department of Labor and Employment

Type of Hood Air Velocity,

Department of Labor and Employment

Method of Hood Installation Air Velocity,

Method of covering the direction of scattering of