Right triangle trigonometry (SOH CAH TOA)

opposite hypotenuse
sin θ = csc θ =
hypotenuse opposite

adjacent hypotenuse
cos θ = sec θ =
hypotenuse adjacent

opposite adjacent
tan θ = cot θ =
adjacent opposite

Trigonometric functions
y r
sin θ = csc θ =
r y
r
x r y
cos θ = sec θ =
r x
y x
tan θ = cot θ = θ
x y
x

Transformations

Vertical and horizontal shifting

Assume c > 0

to shift a function c units upward, find y = f (x) + c

to shift a function c units downward, find y = f (x) − c

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 to shift a function c units to the right, find y = f (x − c)

to shift a function c units to the left, find y = f (x + c)

Vertical and horizontal stretching and reflecting

Assume c > 1

to stretch vertically by a factor of c, find y = cf (x)

to shrink vertically by a factor of c, find y = (1/c)f (x)

to stretch horizontally by a factor of c, find y = f (x /c)

to shrink horizontally by a factor of c, find y = f (cx)

to reflect about the x-axis, find y = − f (x)

to reflect about the y-axis, find y = f (−x)

Reciprocal identities
1 1
sin θ = csc θ =
csc θ sin θ

1 1
cos θ = sec θ =
sec θ cos θ

1 1
tan θ = cot θ =
cot θ tan θ

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Quotient identities
sin θ cos θ
tan θ = cot θ =
cos θ sin θ

Pythagorean identities

sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1

1 + tan2 θ = sec2 θ

1 + cot2 θ = csc2 θ

Even-odd identities

sin(−θ) = − sin θ csc(−θ) = − csc θ

cos(−θ) = cos θ sec(−θ) = sec θ

tan(−θ) = − tan θ cot(−θ) = − cot θ

Co-function identities

(2 ) (2 )
π π
sin − θ = cos θ cos − θ = sin θ

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 (2 ) (2 )
π π
csc − θ = sec θ sec − θ = csc θ

(2 ) (2 )
π π
tan − θ = cot θ cot − θ = tan θ

Sum-difference identities

sin(α ± β) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β

cos(α ± β) = cos α cos β ∓ sin α sin β

tan α ± tan β
tan(α ± β) =
1 ∓ tan α tan β

Double-angle identities

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos2 x − sin2 x cos 2x = 2 cos2 x − 1 cos 2x = 1 − 2 sin2 x

2 tan x
tan 2x =
1 − tan2 x

Half-angle (power reducing) identities

1 − cos 2x 1
sin2 x = = (1 − cos 2x)
2 2

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 1 + cos 2x 1
cos2 x = = (1 + cos 2x)
2 2

1 − cos 2x
tan2 x =
1 + cos 2x

Product-to-sum identities
1
sin x sin y = [cos(x − y) − cos(x + y)]
2

1
sin x cos y = [sin(x + y) + sin(x − y)]
2

1
cos x cos y = [cos(x − y) + cos(x + y)]
2

1
cos x sin y = [sin(x + y) − sin(x − y)]
2

Sum-to-product identities

( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
sin x + sin y = 2 sin cos

( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
sin x − sin y = 2 cos sin

( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
cos x + cos y = 2 cos cos

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 ( 2 ) ( 2 )
x+y x−y
cos x − cos y = − 2 sin sin

Law of sines
sin A sin B sin C
= =
a b c

Law of cosines

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 − 2bc cos A

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 The Unit Circle

(0,1)

(2 2 )
3
( 2 2 )
1 3 1
− , ,

( 2 ) ( 2 2 )
2 2 π 2 2
− , ,
2 2

2π

π
90∘

3
3

60 ∘
3π

π
12

( 2 2) ( 2 2)
3 1 3 1
0

4
4

∘
− , ,

45 ∘
5π π
13
5
∘

6 15 ∘ ∘ 6
0 30

(−1,0) π 180∘ 0∘ 0, 2π (1,0)

∘ 33
0 0 ∘ 11
7π 21 π
6
( 2 2)
3
( 2)
3 1 6 1
5∘

− ,− ,−
31
22

2
5
∘
24 ∘

7π
30
5π

270∘
∘

4
4

5π
4π

3π
3
3

( 2 ) ( 2 2 )
2 2 2 2
− ,− 2 ,−
2

( 2 2 ) (2 2 )
1 3 1 3
− ,− ,−
(0, − 1)

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