Академический Документы
Профессиональный Документы
Культура Документы
Landslide
ABSTRACT
To improve human settlement, the behavior of geo-hazard requires to be investigated. The
geological, geotechnical and geomorphological of site, plays important role in
occurrence of landslide. The rainfall, earthquake, erosion, tectonic features, major uplift,
hurricanes, construction activities, sand/silt boiling air, volcanic gases, impulsive waves,
and snowmelt are among the important factor in trigger of landslide. Authors made an
attempt to review landslide phenomenon with consideration some important factors in
trigger types of landslide.
Keywords: Geo-hazard, Landslide, trigger of landslide, types of landslide.
INTRODUCTION
The recent improvement investigation finding has been made near clear understanding in
landslide, although much progress in reconnaissance is required be realize research priorities
and summarizing requirement knowledge. The earthquake, triggered landsliding in saturated
soil is a challenge of research in earthquake geotechnical engineering. The multidisciplinary
from engineering geology, geomorphology, geotechnical engineering, seismology,
hydrogeology and geophysics are required for solving and predicting geo-hazard mitigation
and disaster management. To improve human settlement, the geo-hazard mitigation has to be
investigated in detail.
It has been shown that the significant impact of landslide on landscape, regional and
urban planning (Varnes, 1984; Anbalagan et al., 2008; Korup et al., 2010). The landslide is
accelerated during rainy season in mountainous area due to heavy rainfall and severe rain
storms subsequently caused destruction of infrastructure, environmental degradation and
loosing life (Aleotti and Chowdhury, 1999; NCDR, 2004; Chen, 2009; Bui et al., 2011a; Song
et al., 2012). For example Morakot of Taiwan faces big amount of rainfall over 3400 mm
estimated annually. And sometimes extreme amount of rainfall not only caused severe
flooding in coastal areas, and also triggered landslides (Lin et al., 2011), the dam site is
generally located in valley and it is associated with potential landslide (Schuster, 2006), due
to over surcharge during heavy rain. Earthquake can induce landslide and in the Peruvian
earthquake of 31 May 1970 around half the 54,000 victims were due to a landslide (Kuroiwa
et al., 1973; Keefer, 2002; Yin et al., 2009; Chigira et al., 2010; Dai et al., 2011;), the
Terremoto delle Calabrie” earthquake in southern Italy is induced landslide (Sarconi, 1784).
The erosion and tectonic features are triggering landslide (Bozzano et al., 2008). The
tectonic features are prone to the landslides particularly in metamorphic rocks crop out, due to
the extent of fracture and reduction of shear strength of the rocks (Conforti et al., 2014). The
major uplift change site geomorphology and relocate clay sediment to the surface and due to
- 1519 -
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. G 1520
changing subsoil shear strength and drainage capability the landslide is expecting (Leroueil,
1997; Ma et al., 1999). The hurricanes is triggering landslide in submarine and imposed high
risk to offshore structures (Mulder and Alexander, 2001). The 1999 Chi-Chi, Taiwan
earthquake (Mw=7.6) caused in triggering around 26,000 landslides, over 2400 deaths and
many casualties (Wang et al., 2002). The Cameroon is facing landslides periodically, and
resulted in the loss of lives, flooding, failure of the transportation network, degradation of
agricultural land, and collapse to infrastructure (Che et al., 2012). And many other part of
world like are faced landslide frequently (North and Byrne, 1965; Guzzetti et al., 1999;
Pradhan, 2010a; Preuth et al., 2010; Lin et al., 2010; Burns et al., 2011). It has been reported
that China, Japan and Nepal have average over 150 deaths annually from direct and indirect
landslide hazards. And landslides in Canada, the United States, Japan and India bring huge
economic costs annually (Sidle and Ochiai, 2006). Due to landslide occurrence in many part
of the world for that especial attention given to issue by Holmes and the World Bank, while
there is an underestimation of landslide impact to the fact, subsequently United States
Geological Survey indicated that the landslides destructive effect may exceed all other losses
by natural hazard” (USGS, 2003). An attempt on landslide phenomenon with consideration
some important factors in occurrence types of landslide helps to improve human settlement
and mitigate geo-hazard. It is aimed to present suitable review on landslide in order to
minimize landslide effect on human life, in attention to current issues and future challenges
priorities in next generation of research.
(Gerardi et al.,
Calabria region in 6 February
1500 casualties Main seismic shock Rockslide and rockfall Disastrous tsunami 2008; Bozzano et
southern Italy 1783
al., 2011)
Tal valley of Garhwal Late January Rotation and slump (Bartarya and Sah,
- Uplift Shattered river bed
Himalaya in India 1990 movement 1995)
High death toll and In most cases were over 450 (Pallas et al., 2004;
NW Nicaragua October 1998 Hurricanes
damaging properties debris flows landslides Guinau et al., 2005)
Limbe,
Destroyed 120 houses and Minor earth tremor on (Ayonghe et al.,
Mount Cameroon, West 27 June 2001 planar sliding or mud flows Flooding
2800 people homeless volcanic cones 2004)
Africa
The large rockslides can be started by pore-water pressure. And submarine landslides and
rockslides may generate impulsive waves (Ataie-Ashtiani and Najafi-Jilani, 2008; Schulz et
al., 2012), such wave accelerate excess pore water pressure in the subsoil and resulted in slide
instability and reducing factor of safety. Galve et al., (2009) identified some large slides are
triggered due to water level variations in reservoirs, and it is depend on distance of reservoirs,
which is very important in hazard risk assessment. Ayalew et al., (2005) are realized that
landslides occur when additional moisture is induced during rainfall and snowmelt. Borgatti
and Soldati (2010) climate change increased landslide. It can be understand that the
gravitational force, and shear resistance of soil is changed. Lo et al., (2011) have been
indicated that the due to increasing degree of saturation in soil and under liquefaction
condition the effective stress and the shear resistance almost drops to zero, although low
friction along the sliding surface is the reduction of effective friction coefficient because of
pore-fluid pressure. Malet et al., (2005) has been declared slope failure process from starting
landslide up to end sufficiently high pore-pressure to reduce the effective stresses is required.
The water stored in sensitive layers influences on slope stability (Preuth et al., 2010), It is
due to the pore-water pressure data is important factor in landslide (Ohlemacher, 2007), and it
has to more investigate. The pore water pressure can change shear strength and shear stress,
duing rainfall (Crozier, 2010). The ephemeral stream in hill in rainy season is a factor for
water level (Che et al., 2011). The rainfall plays an important factor in reduce the soil suction
and increase the positive pore-water pressures (Corominas and Moya, 2008), the history of
rainfall can help in predicting pore water pressure in subsoil for mitigate seasonal landslide
disaster. This point has to consider in urban design, site planning and infrastructure planning
improving factor of safety. Schulz et al., (2012) has been find that rockslides not occurred
from gravitational loading and rising pore-water pressures. The rockslide formed from rising
pore-water pressures caused by seismic force.
Jamaludin et al., 2006; Pan et al., 2008; Yeon et al., 2010; Chauhan et al., 2010; Wang and
Niu, 2010; Bui et al., 2011a; Bièvre et al., 2011; Xu et al., 2012; Cheng et al., 2012; Bui et al.,
2012; Piacentini et al., 2012) still several factors have been left for precise understanding
fundamental of landslide prediction.
Figure 3: Rockslide on Road into Beichuan, China. Photo was taken around
October 21, 2008 (Photo by Dave Wald, U.S. Geological Survey).
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. G 1525
Figure 4: Photo of a large rock dislodged by earthquake shaking, due to the 2008,
May 12 Sichuan/Wenchuan Earthquake. The rock fell near the epicentral area (Photo
by Lynn Highland, U.S. Geological Survey).
REFERENCES
1. Abadie, S., Morichon, D., Grilli, S., Glockner, S., 2010. Numerical simulation of
waves generated by landslides using a multiple-fluid Navier-Stokes model.
Coastal Engineering 57, 779-794.
2. Aleotti, P., Chowdhury, R., 1999. Landslide hazard assessment: summary review
and new perspectives. Bull Eng Geo Environ 58, 21-44.
3. Anbalagan, R., Chakraborty, D., Kohli, A., 2008. Landslide hazard zonation
(LHZ) mapping on meso-scale for systematic town planning in mountainous
terrain. Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 67, 486-497.
4. Ataie-Ashtiani, B., Najafi-Jilani, A., 2008. Laboratory investigations on
impulsive waves caused by underwater landslide. Coastal Engineering 55, 989-
1004.
5. Ayalew, L., Yamagishi, H., Marui, H., Kanno, T., 2005. Landslides in Sado
Island of Japan: Part II. GIS-based susceptibility mapping with comparisons of
results from two methods and verifications. Engineering Geology 81, 432-445.
6. Ayonghe, S.N., Ntasin, E.B., Samalang, P., Suh, C.E., 2004. The June 27, 2001
landslide on volcanic cones in Limbe, Mount Cameroon, West Africa. Journal of
African Earth Sciences 39, 435-439.
7. Bartarya, S.K., Sah, M.P., 1995. Landslide induced river bed uplift in the Tal
valley of Garhwal Himalaya, India. Geomorphology 12, 109-121.
8. Bièvre, G., Kniess, U., Jongmans, D., Pathier, E., Schwartz, S., Westen, C.J.,
Villemin, T., Zumbo, V., 2011. Paleotopographic control of landslides in
lacustrine deposits (Trièves plateau, French western Alps), Geomorphology 125,
214- 224.
9. Bíl, M., Müller, I., 2008. The origin of shallow landslides in Moravia (Czech
Republic) in the spring of 2006. Geomorphology 99, 246-253.
10. Borgatti, L., Soldati, M., 2010. Landslides as a geomorphological proxy for
climate change: A record from the Dolomites (northern Italy). Geomorphology
120, 56-64.
11. Bosa, S., Petti, M., 2011. Shallow water numerical model of the wave generated
by the Vajont landslide. Environmental Modelling & Software 26, 40 6- 418.
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. G 1527
12. Bozzano, F., Lenti, L., Martino, S., Montagna, A., Paciello, A., 2011. Earthquake
triggering of landslides in highly jointed rock masses: Reconstruction of the 1783
Scilla rock avalanche (Italy). Geomorphology 129, 294-308.
13. Bozzano, F., Lenti, L., Martino, S., Paciello, A., Scarascia Mugnozza, G., 2008.
Self-excitation process due to local seismic amplification responsible for the
reactivation of the Salcito landslide (Italy) on 31 October 2002. Journal of
Geophysical Research 113, B10312.
14. Bui, D.T., Lofman, O., Revhaug, I., Dick, O., 2011a. Landslide susceptibility
analysis in the Hoa Binh province of Vietnam using statistical index and logistic
regression. Natural Hazards 59(3), 1413-1444.
15. Bui, D.T., Pradhan, B., Lofman, O., Revhaug, I., Dick, O.B., 2012. Spatial
prediction of landslide hazards in Hoa Binh province (Vietnam): A comparative
assessment of the efficacy of evidential belief functions and fuzzy logic models.
Catena 96, 28-40.
16. Bull, W.B., King, J., Kong, F., Moutoux, T., Phillips, W.M., 1994. Lichen dating
of coseismic landslide hazards in alpine mountains. Geomorphology 10, 253-264.
17. Burns, W.J., Mickelson, K.A., Saint-Pierr, E.C., 2011. SLIDO-2, Statewide
Landslide Infor-mation Database for Oregon, Release 2. Oregon Department of
Geology and Miner-al Industries. Portland, OR.
18. Chauhan, S., Sharma, M., Arora, M.K., Gupta, N.K., 2010. Landslide
Susceptibility Zonation through ratings derived from Artificial Neural Network.
International Journal of Applied Earth Observation and Geoinformation 12, 340-
350.
19. Che, V.B., Kervyn, M., Suh, C.E., Fontijn, K., Ernst, G.G.J., del Marmol, M.A.,
Trefois, P., Jacobs, P., 2012. Landslide susceptibility assessment in Limbe (SW
Cameroon): A field calibrated seed cell and information value method. Catena
92, 83-98.
20. Che,V.B., Kervyn,M., Ernst,G.G.J., Trefois, P., Ayonghe,S., Jacobs,P., Van
Ranst, E., Suh, C .E., 2011. Systematic documentation of landslide e vents in
Limbe area (Mt Cameroon Volcano, SW Cameroon): geometry, controlling and
triggering factors. Natural Hazards 59, 47-74.
21. Chen, C.C., Personal communications, 2011.
22. Chen, C.Y., 2009. Sedimentary impacts from landslides in the Tachia River
Basin, Taiwan. Geomorphology 105, 355-365.
23. Cheng, S., Yang, G., Yu, H., Li, J. and Zha ng, L., 2012. Impacts of Wenchuan
Earthquake induced landslides on soil physical properties and tree growth.
Ecological Indicators 15, 263-270.
24. Chigira, M., Wu, X., Inokuchi, T., Wang, G., 2010. Landslides induced by the
2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan, China. Geomorphology 118, 225-238.
25. Collins, B.D., Kayen, R., Tanaka, Y., 2012. Spatial distribution of landslides
triggered from the 2007 Niigata Chuetsu- Oki Japan Earthquake. Engineering
Geology 127, 14-26.
26. Corominas, J., Moya, J., 2008. A review of assessing landslide frequency for
hazard zoning purposes. Engineering Geology 102, 193-213.
27. Crozier, M.J., Deciphering the effect of climate change on landslide activity: A
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. G 1528
Kawamata, Y., Tanaka, Y., Koumoto, H., Abrahamson, N., Cluff, L., Tokimatsu,
K., 2009. Geoengineering andseismological aspects of the Niigata-Chuetsu Oki
earthquake of 16 July 2007. Earthquake Spectra 25 (4), 777-802.
44. Keefer, David K., 2002. Investigating landslides caused by earthquakes - a
historical review. Surveys in Geophysics 23, 473-510.
45. Korup, O., Densmore, A.L., Schlunegger, F., 2010. The role of landslides in
mountain range evolution. Geomorphology 120, 77-90.
46. Kuroiwa, J., Deza, E., Jaen, H., 1973. Investigations of the Peruvian earthquake
of May 31, 1970. Proceedings, Fifth World Conference on Earthquake
Engineering, Rome 1973; I: 447-457.
47. Legros, F., 2002. The mobility of long-runout landslides, Engineering Geology
63 301-331.
48. Leroueil, S., 1997. Geotechnical characteristics of eastern Canada clays. In:
Yoshikuni, H., Kusakabe, O. (Eds.), Proceedings of a Workshop on
Characterization of Soft Clays, Yokosuka. Japan. A.A, Balkema, Rotterdam, 3-
32.
49. Lin, C.W., Chang, W.S., Liu, S.H., Tsai, T.T., Lee, S.P., Tsang, Y.C., Shieh,
C.L., Tseng, C.M., 2011. Landslides triggered by the 7 August 2009 Typhoon
Morakot in southern Taiwan. Engineering Geology 123, 3-12.
50. Lin, C.Y., Hsu, H.m., Sheng, Y.F., Kuo, C.H., Liou, Y.A., 2010. Mesoscale
processes for super heavy rainfall of Ty pho on Morakot (2009) over southern
Taiwan. Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions 10, 13495-13517.
51. Lo, C.M., Lin, M.L., Tang, C.L., Hu, J.C., 2011. A kinematic model of the
Hsiaolin landslide calibrated to the morphology of the landslide deposit.
Engineering Geology 123, 22-39.
52. Ma, K.F., Lee, C.T., Tsai, Y.B., Shin, T.C., Mori, J., 1999. The Chi-Chi, Taiwan
earthquake: large surface displacements on an inland thrust fault. EOS Trans Am
Geophys Union 80, 605-11.
53. Malet, J.P., Laigle, D., Remaître, A., Maquaire, O., 2005. Triggering conditions
and mobility of debris flows associated to complex earthflows. Geomorphology
66, 215-235.
54. Martino, S., Mugnozza, G.S., 2006. The role of the seismic trigger in the Calitri
landslide (Italy): historical reconstruction and dynamic analysis. Soil Dynamics
and Earthquake Engineering 25, 933-950.
55. Metternicht, G., Hurni, L., Gogu, R., 2005. Remote sensing of landslides: an
analysis of the potential contribution to geo-spatial systems for hazard assessment
in mountainous environments. Remote Sensing of Environment 98 (2-3), 284-
303.
56. Mondini, A.C., Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., Rossi, M., Cardinali, M.,
Ardizzone, F., 2011. Semi-automatic recognition and mapping of rainfall induced
shallow landslides using optical satellite images. Remote Sensing of Environment
115, 1743-1757.
57. Mosher, D.C., Moscardelli, L., Baxter, C.D.P., Urgeles, R., Shipp, R.C., Chaytor,
J.D., Lee, H.J., 2010. Submarine mass movements and their consequences.
Advances in Nat-ural and Technological Hazards Research 28. doi:10.1007/978-
90-481-3071-9.
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. G 1530
58. Mulder, T., Alexander, J., 2001. The physical character of subaqueous
sedimentary density flows and their deposits. Sedimentology 48(2), 269-99.
59. Namdar, A., Gopalakrishna, G.S. 2008. Seismic Mitigation of Embankment by
Using Dense Zone in Subsoil. Emirates Journal for Engineering Research 13 (3):
55-61.
60. NCDR, 2004. Hazard investigations on Typho on Mindulle and the following
storm in 2004. NAPHM 2005 Annual Report, NCDR 93-11, Taipei, Taiwan (in
Chinese).
61. North, W.B., Byrne, J.V., 1965. Coastal landslides of northern Oregon. The Ore
Bin 27 (11), 217-241.
62. Ohlemacher, G.C., 2007. Plan curvature and landslide probability in regions
dominated by earth flows and earth slides. Engineering Geology 91, 117-134.
63. Ouimet, W.B., 2010. Landslides associated with the May 12, 2008 Wenchuan
earthquake: Implications for the erosion and tectonic evolution of the Longmen
Shan. Tectonophysics 491, 244-252.
64. Pallas, R., Vilaplana, J.M., Guinau, M., Falgas, E., Alemany, X., Munoz, A.,
2004. A pragmatic approach to debris flow hazard mapping in areas affected by
Hurricane Mitch: example from NW Nicaragua. Engineering Geology 72, 57-72.
65. Pan, X.D., Nakamura, H., Nozari, T., Huang, XZ., 2008. A GIS-based landslide
hazard assessment by multivariate analysis. Landslides-Journal of the Japan
Landslide Society 45(3), 187-195.
66. Piacentini, D., Troiani, F., Soldati, M., Notarnicola, C., Savelli, D.,
Schneiderbauer, S., Strada, C., 2012, Statistical analysis for assessing shallow-
landslide susceptibility in South Tyrol (south-eastern Alps, Italy).
Geomorphology 151- 152,196-206.
67. Pradhan, B., 2010a. Remote sensing and GIS-based landslide hazard analysis and
cross-validation using multivariate logistic regression model on three test areas in
Malaysia. Advances in Space Research 45 (10), 1244-1256.
68. Preuth, T., Glade, T., Demoulin, A., 2010. Stability analysis of a human-in fl
uenced landslide in eastern Belgium. Geomorphology 120, 38-47.
69. Preuth, T., Glade, T., Demoulin, A., 2010. Stability analysis of a human-
influenced landslide in eastern Belgium. Geomorphology 120, 38-47.
70. Qi, S., Yan, F., Wang, S., Xu, R., 2006. Characteristics, mechanism and
development tendency of deformation of Maoping landslide after commission of
Geheyan reservoir on the Qingjiang River, Hubei Province, China. Engineering
Geology 86, 37-51.
71. Sarconi, M., 1784. Istoria de’ fenomeni del tremuoto avvenuto nelle Calabrie, e
nel Valdemone nell'anno 1783. Reale Accademia delle Scienze, e delle Belle
Lettere di Napoli, Napoli.
72. Schulz, W.H., Galloway, S.L., Higgins, J.D., 2012. Evidence for earthquake
triggering of large landslides in coastal Oregon, USA. Geomorphology 141-142,
88-98.
73. Schuster, R.L., 2006. Interaction of dams and landslides. Case stu dies and
mitigation. U.S. Geological Surv ey Professiona l Paper 1723, 107.
74. Shannon, C.E., 1948. A mathematical theory of communication. The Bell System
Vol. 19 [2014], Bund. G 1531
92. Zhou, J.W., Xu, W.Y., Yang, X.G., Shi, C., Yang, Z.H., 2010. The 28 October
1996 landslide and analysis of the stability of the current Huashiban slope at the
Liangjiaren Hydropower Station, Southwest China. Engineering Geology 114,
45-56.
93. Zhu, L.F., Wu, X.C., Yin, K.L., Liu, X.G., 2004. Risk zonation of landslide in
China based on information content model. Journal of Earth Sciences and
Environment 26, 52-6.
94. Confortia, Ma., Pascale, S., Robustelli, G., Sdao, F., 2014. Evaluation of
prediction capability of the artificial neural networks for mapping landslide
susceptibility in the Turbolo River catchment (northern Calabria, Italy). Catena
113, 236-250.
95. Cevik, E., Topal, T., 2003. GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping for a
problematic segment of the natural gas pipeline, Hendek (Turkey).
Environmental Geology 44, 949-962.
96. Dai, F.C., Lee, C.F., Li, J., Xu, Z.W., 2001.Assessment of landslide susceptibility
on the nat-ural terrain of Lantau Island, Hong Kong. Environment Geology 40,
381-391.
97. Saha, A.K., Gupta, R.P., Arora, M.K., 2002.GIS-based landslide hazard zonation
in the Bhagirathi (Ganga) valley, Himalayas. International Journal of Remote
Sensing 23, 57-369.
98. Yalcin, A., 2008.GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical
hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): comparisons of
results and confirmations. Catena 72, 1-12.
Internet Sources
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/photos/international/landslides_from_the_sich
uan__wenchuan__earthquake__china__may_2008/img_0843.jpg
http://landslides.usgs.gov/learning/photos/international/landslides_from_the_sich
uan__wenchuan__earthquake__china__may_2008/wenchuanday2_164.jpg
© 2014, EJGE