Академический Документы
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SCIENCE AND
TECHNOLOGY
Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175
www.elsevier.com/locate/compscitech
a
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, Brisbane, Qld 4072, Australia
b
Nanyang Centre for Supercomputing and Visualization, School of Mechanical and Production Engineering, Nanyang Technological
University, Nanyang Avenue, Singapore 639798, Singapore
c
Department of Building and Construction, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, PR China
Received 24 May 2004; received in revised form 1 November 2004; accepted 24 November 2004
Available online 18 January 2005
Abstract
The material properties of functionally graded materials (FGMs) possess inherent randomness due to their complicated fabrica-
tion process, in which the total control of various design parameters is often impossible. The present work investigates the effect of
this randomness on the elastic buckling of FGM rectangular plates which are resting on an elastic foundation and subjected to uni-
form in-plane edge compressions. The interaction between the plate and foundation is included in the formulation with a two-
parameter Pasternak model. The elastic material properties (including the YoungÕs modulus and PoissonÕs ratio of each constituent
material) and the foundation stiffness parameters are modeled as independent random variables. First-order shear deformation plate
theory and a mean-centered first-order perturbation procedure are used to examine the stochastic characteristics of the buckling
load. Typical results are presented for plates with aluminum/zirconia two-phase functionally graded material to show the influence
of variation in material constants and foundation stiffness parameters, volume fraction index, edge in-plane forces, side-to-thickness
ratio, and plate aspect ratio on the second-order statistics of buckling loads.
2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
0266-3538/$ - see front matter 2004 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2004.11.012
1166 J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175
controlled segregation approach, that is, the separating (see, for example [14–22]), no work dealing with the sto-
of a mixture of metal and ceramic powders into a graded chastic buckling behaviour of FGM structures has been
profile on the basis of density. Segregation is a slow pro- reported. All of the aforementioned works on FGMs are
cess with poor gradient control, because segregation virtually deterministic since they did not account for the
rates largely depend on the particle size and morphology inherent randomness in the structures and assumed that
of the raw materials used. This inevitably creates uncer- all of the system parameters are completely determinate.
tainties in the effective material properties of an FGM, In this study, we investigate the buckling characteris-
which in turn leads to randomness in the structural re- tics of functionally graded plates that are supported by
sponses of the FGM components. Hence, deterministic an elastic medium in the presence of small random vari-
analysis cannot provide complete information on struc- ations in system variables, taking into account the trans-
tural responses. verse shear strains using the first-order shear
Over the last decade, there has been considerable deformation theory (FSDT). The elastic moduli and
interest in a broad range of research subjects concerning PoissonÕs ratios of the constituent materials and the
the macro-mechanical behavior of FGMs [1] and a few foundation supporting stiffness parameters are treated
investigations have reported on the buckling and post- as independent random variables. The two-dimensional
buckling of FGM plates and shells. Based on classical differential quadrature approach and the mean-centered
plate theory (CPT), Feldman and Aboudi [2] studied first-order perturbation technique are employed to
the optimization of buckling load for symmetrically determine the second-order statistics (mean and stan-
laminated plates containing FGMs, with effective mate- dard deviation) of the buckling load parameters of
rial properties being the function of spatial coordinates clamped FGM plates under uniaxial or biaxial edge
(x, y, z). Javaheri and Eslami [3] presented an analytical compression. The numerical results present the effects
buckling solution for simply supported FGM rectangu- of material properties, foundation parameters, volume
lar thin plates under compressive in-plane forces. Najafi- fraction index, and plate geometry on the mean buckling
zadeh and Eslami studied the elastic buckling of circular load and its dispersion with respect to various random
FGM plates that are subjected to uniform compression variables.
in radial direction [4] and three types of thermal loads
[5]. Closed-form solutions were given for FGM plates
with simply supported edges. Ma and Wang [6] solved 2. Formulations
the axisymmetric bending and the buckling of FGM cir-
cular plates based on the third-order shear deformation 2.1. Governing equations
theory (TSDT). Relationship between the TSDT results
for FGM plates and the CPT results for isotropic plates Consider a functionally graded rectangular plate of
were discussed. In the area of non-linear analysis where length a, width b and total thickness h, defined in the
geometric nonlinearity is involved, Yang and Shen [7] (x, y, z) coordinate system with x- and y-axes located
carried out a post-buckling analysis for FGM rectangu- in the middle plane and its origin placed at the corner
lar thin plates under a combination of transverse and of the plate.
in-plane loads and resting/not resting on an elastic foun- Let ðU ; V ; W
Þ be the displacements parallel to the
dation. A two-parameter model was used to represent (x, y, z) axes, respectively. The plate is supposed to be at-
the plate–foundation interaction, and results were pre- tached to the foundation so that no separation takes
sented for plates with general boundary conditions. place in the process of deformation. The interaction be-
Within the framework of TSDT, Liew et al. [8] investi- tween the plate and the supporting foundation follows
gated the buckling and post-buckling behavior of the two-parameter model (Pasternak-type) as
FGM laminated plates that are integrated with sur-
p ¼ k 1 W
k 2 r2 W
; ð1Þ
face-mounted piezoelectric actuators, and recently ex-
tended their work to the thermal buckling and thermal where p is the foundation reaction per unit area, the La-
post-buckling problems of FGM plates with tempera- place differential operator $2 = o2/ox2 + o2/oy2, and
ture-dependent material properties undergoing uniform k 1 and k 2 are the foundation stiffnesses. This model sim-
temperature change [9]. In the field of FGM shell struc- ply reduces to the Winkler type when k 2 ¼ 0.
tures, Shen conducted a series of studies on the post- It is assumed that the material composition in an
buckling of axially loaded FGM cylindrical panels [10] FGM plate varies in the thickness direction only, such
and cylindrical shells [11] and pressure loaded FGM that the top surface z = h/2 is ceramic-rich and the bot-
cylindrical panels [12] and cylindrical shells [13]. Com- tom surface z = h/2 is metal-rich. The effective mate-
prehensive TSDT-based results were provided for shell rial properties at an arbitrary point within the plate
structures in thermal environments. Although much domain, such as YoungÕs modulus E and PoissonÕs ra-
has been done on predicting the buckling characteristics tiom, are therefore position dependent and can be ex-
of composite plates with various system uncertainties pressed as
J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175 1167
ryz ¼ 6 06 0 Q44 0 7
0 7 eyz ; ð4Þ
>
> >
> 6 7>
> >
> Qyy A44 A45 eyz
>
> r >
> 4 0 0 0 Q 0 5>
> e >
> ¼ ; ð12bÞ
>
> zx >
> 55 >
> zx >
: ; : > ; Qxx A45 A55 ezx
rxy 0 0 0 0 Q66 exy
where
where rxx, ryy, ryz, rzx, rxy are the stress components,
8 0 9 8 oU 9 8 1 9 8 oux 9
exx, eyy, eyz, ezx, exy are the strain components and Qij > >
< exx >
> < ox >
= > = < exx >
> = >
< ou ox >
=
are the stiffness coefficients. 0
eyy ¼ oV 1
eyy ¼ y
oy ; oy :
The kinematic relations relating the strains to the dis- : 0 >
> : oV oU >
; > ; : 1 >
> ; >
> >
>
; V ; W
Þ are exy þ oy exy : ouy ou ;
placements ðU ox þ x ox oy
8 9 2 o
3
> exx > ox
0 0 ð13Þ
>
> >
> 6 78 9
>
> >
> 6 0 oyo 0 7> U Aij, Bij, Dij are the stiffness coefficients of the plate
< eyy >
> = 6 7< > =
60 o o 7 Z h=2
eyz ¼ 6 oz oy 7 V : ð5Þ
>
> >
> 6 7>:>; ðAij ; Bij ; Dij Þ ¼ Qij ð1; z; z2 Þ dz ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ;
>
> >
ezx > 6 o o 7
>
> > 4 oz 0 ox 5 W
: >
h=2
;
exy o
oy
o
ox
0 ð14aÞ
According to the first-order shear deformation plate the- Z h=2
ory, the displacement fields are assumed to take the Aij ¼ k i k j Qij dz ði; j ¼ 4; 5Þ; ð14bÞ
h=2
form of
8 9 8 9 8 9 where k 24 ¼ 5=6; k 25 ¼ 5=6 are shear correction fac-
<U >
> = > < U ðx; yÞ >= < ux ðx; yÞ >
> = tors to account for the effect of transverse shear
V ¼ V ðx; yÞ þ z uy ðx; yÞ ; ð6Þ strains.
:>
> ; > : >
; >
: >
;
W W ðx; yÞ 0 In this paper, we consider the elastic buckling of
FGM plates subjected to uniform edge compressive
where (U, V, W) represent the displacements at z = 0 in loads Px in the x-direction and Py in the y-direction.
the x-, y- and z-axes and (ux,uy) are the rotations of the Substituting Eqs. (12) and (13) into equilibrium equa-
cross-sections perpendicular to the y- and x-axes. tions (7)–(11) and introducing the following dimension-
The equations of equilibrium can be derived using the less quantities:
variational principal as follows:
oN xx oN xy n ¼ x=a; g ¼ y=b; b ¼ a=b; l ¼ h=a;
þ ¼ 0; ð7Þ
ox oy ðu; v; wÞ ¼ ðU ; V ; W Þ=h; ðk 1 ; k 2 Þ ¼ k 1 a2 ; k 2 =A11 ;
ðc1 ; c2 ; c3 ; c4 Þ ¼ ðA44 =A11 ; A55 =A11 ; A44 a2 =D11 ; A55 a2 =D11 Þ;
oN xy oN yy
þ ¼ 0; ð8Þ ðc13 ; c14 ; c15 Þ ¼ ðA22 ; A66 ; A12 þ A66 Þ=A11 ;
ox oy
ðc21 ; c23 ; c24 ; c25 Þ ¼ ðB11 ; B22 ; B66 ; B12 þ B66 Þ=A11 h;
oQxx oQyy o2 W 2
xy o W þ N
2
yy o W ¼ p; ðc31 ; c33 ; c34 ; c35 Þ ¼ ðB11 ; B22 ; B66 ; B12 þ B66 Þh=D11 ;
þ þ N xx 2 þ 2N ð9Þ
ox oy ox oxoy oy 2 ðc43 ; c44 ; c45 Þ ¼ ðD22 ; D66 ; D12 þ D66 Þ=D11 ;
oM xx oM xy ðkx ; ky Þ ¼ ðP x ; P y Þ=A11 ;
þ Qxx ¼ 0; ð10Þ
ox oy ð15Þ
1168 J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175
as well. The volume fraction index, however, is a con- equations can be converted into standard eigenvalue
stant since it is a design parameter. Consequently, kcr, equations as
Kij, V11, X1, and X2 in Eq. (25) are random.
We consider a class of problems where the random ^ d Xd ¼ kd Xd ;
K ð33Þ
11 1 cr 1
variation is small as compared to the mean part of a ran-
dom variable. The mean-centered perturbation tech- ^ d Xr þ K
K ^ r X d ¼ kd X r þ kr X d ; ð34Þ
11 1 11 1 cr 1 cr 1
nique is used to predict the second-order statistics of
the buckling loads of FGM rectangular plates. where
In general, any arbitrary random variable bk can be
^ d ¼ ðV
d Þ1 K
d ; ^ r ¼ ðV
d Þ1 ðK
r V ^d
r K
represented as the sum of its mean and zero mean ran- K 11 11 11 K 11 11 11 11 11 Þ: ð35Þ
dom part, denoted by superscripts ÔdÕ and ÔrÕ,
The mean value of the buckling load can be obtained as
respectively,
the lowest eigenvalue of Eq. (33) by using conventional
bk ¼ bdk þ brk : ð27Þ eigenvalue solution algorithms. The eigenvectors, after
being properly normalized, form a complete orthonor-
Similarly, all of the quantities in Eq. (25) can be split
mal basis and any vector in the space can be expressed
into
as a linear combination of these eigenvectors. Making
kcr ¼ kdcr þ krcr ; Kij ¼ Kdij þ Krij ; use of this orthogonality condition [25] in solving Eq.
(34) yields
V11 ¼ Vd11 þ Vr11 ; X1 ¼ Xd1 þ Xr1 ; ð28Þ
X2 ¼ Xd2 þ Xr2 : ^ r ÞXd ; X
krcr ¼ ððK ~ d Þ=ðXd ; X
~ d Þ; ð36Þ
11 1 1 1 1
^ d
krcr ¼ 0 r
b; Krij ¼ br ; oK11 d ~d
k
obk k k
obk k d
okcr obk
X1 ; X 1
¼ : ð37Þ
X oVd X oXd obk d ~d
ðX ; X Þ
Vr11 ¼ 11 r
bk ; Xr1 ¼ 1 r
bk ; ð29Þ 1 1
ob k ob k
k k Finally, the variance for the buckling load is evaluated
X oXd by
Xr2 ¼ 2 r
bk : " #
k
ob k X okd X okd
cr r cr r
Varðkcr Þ ¼ E b b
Putting the approximation into Eq. (25), equating the j¼1
obj j k¼1 obk k
coefficients of the zero- and first-order powers of brk , X X okd okd
and then conducting the condensation process, we ob- ¼ cr cr
Cov brj ; brk ; ð38Þ
obj obk
tain the zeroth- and the first-order generalized eigen- j¼1 k¼1
value systems
where E[ ] stands for expectation and Cov( ) is the cross
d
ðK d ÞXd
kdcr V ¼ 0; ð30Þ covariance between brj and brk . The standard deviation
11 11 1
(SD) is obtained as the square root of the variance.
d
kd V
r d
d rd r r d d The above solution method, although presented for
ðK11 cr 11 ÞX1 þ ðK11 kcr V11 ÞX1 ¼ kcr V11 X1 ; ð31Þ
FGM plates with fully clamped edges only, is quite gen-
in which eral and is applicable to the buckling problems of certain
d ¼ Kd þ Kd Sd ; V d ¼ Vd ; types of plates under more general boundary conditions
K 11 11 12 21 11 11 which are able to remain flat up to the bifurcation point
d 1 d r
S21 ¼ ðK22 Þ K21 ; K11 ¼ K11 þ Kr12 Sd21 þ Kd12 Kr21 ;
d r ð32Þ unless there is initial geometric imperfection. These in-
r ¼ Vr :
V clude isotropic plates, orthotropic plates and composite
11 11
laminated plates with symmetric cross-ply, symmetric
Note that Eq. (30) is the zeroth-order equation which in- angle-ply with more than 15 plies, and antisymmetric
volves mean quantities only and therefore represents the angle-ply layer-up schemes. In such cases, only the
deterministic part of the analysis, whereas the first-order out-of-plane boundary conditions (21) should be chan-
equation (31) corresponds to the random part. These ged accordingly.
1170 J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175
SD, λ0
comparison is also made in Table 2 between the mean 0.4
buckling load parameters kcr = Px b2/p2D0 for clamped
FGM rectangular plates (a/h = 20) obtained by the pres-
ent method using Nn · Ng = 10 · 10 and the HSDPT-
based semi-analytical approach [8]. The plate is made 0.3
of a mixture of aluminum (Al) and zirconia (ZrO2) with
the mean values of material constants being Em = 70 5%
GPa, mm = 0.3 for aluminum and Ec = 151 GPa,
0.2
mc = 0.3 for zirconia. Excellent agreement is achieved.
In another part of validation, the present approach is
applied to evaluate the variation in the buckling load of 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5
a simply supported, symmetrically cross-ply [0/90]s a/b
rectangular plate (a/h = 100) subjected to a uniaxial Fig. 1. Standard deviation of buckling load against plate aspect ratio
compressive edge force (sx = 1, sy = 0). The plate is for simply supported [0/90]s rectangular plates.
Table 1
Mean buckling load parameterkcr = Pxb2/p2D for clamped isotropic square plates
Source Uniaxial compression Biaxial compression
a/h = 20 a/h = 10 a/h = 20 a/h = 10
Nn · Ng = 7 · 7 3.4245 3.0481 3.2976 2.9407
Nn · Ng = 9 · 9 9.6253 8.4300 5.1369 4.5980
Nn · Ng = 10 · 10 9.3904 8.2563 5.0776 4.5303
Nn · Ng = 11 · 11 9.3919 8.2578 5.0804 4.5325
Wang et al. [26] 9.5526 8.2733 5.0840 4.5400
Table 2
Mean buckling load parameter kcr = Pxb2/p2D0 for clamped FGM rectangular plates
Material composition Source Uniaxial compression Biaxial compression
a/b = 1.0 a/b = 2.0 a/b = 1.0 a/b = 2.0
Zirconia Present 9.4035 4.6219 5.0890 3.5161
Liew et al. [8] 9.3922 4.6125 5.0789 3.5072
n = 0.2 Present 7.6595 3.7412 4.1497 2.8835
Liew et al. [8] 7.6484 3.7346 4.1413 2.8762
n = 2.0 Present 6.0621 3.0900 3.2775 2.2622
Liew et al. [8] 6.0544 3.0833 3.2711 2.2568
n = 5.0 Present 5.6863 2.8141 3.0702 2.1043
Liew et al. [8] 5.6770 2.8074 3.0658 2.0998
Aluminum Present 4.3589 2.1436 2.3597 1.6300
Liew et al. [8] 4.3544 2.1383 2.3545 1.6258
J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175 1171
parameter k0 = Px b2/4D22 versus plate aspect ratio a/b Figs. 2–7 display the scattering of dimensionless
as the normalized standard deviation (SD/mean) of all buckling load of graded rectangular plates (n = 0.2,
of the material properties reaches 5% and 10%. The 2.0, 8.0) against the SD/mean in various random vari-
dashed lines represent the results that Salim et al. [18] ables. Figs. 2(a)–(d) and 3 depict the effect of random-
obtained by using CPT and the first-order perturbation ness in individual material properties and foundation
procedure. Our results agree reasonably well with the stiffness parameters on the dispersion of the buckling
existing results. load. Figs. 4–7 demonstrate the variation in the buckling
In the following numerical examples, second-order load with all of the random material properties of con-
statistics of buckling load are presented for uniformly stituent materials changing simultaneously. Unless
compressed, clamped FGM rectangular plates that otherwise stated, the plate is of side-to-thickness ratio
are made of aluminum and zirconia and are resting a/h = 10 and aspect ratio a/b = 1.0, and is supported
on an elastic foundation. The mean buckling loads by an elastic medium with foundation parameters
are shown in Table 3, where D0 = D11 of an isotropic k1 = 0.5, k2 = 0.05. The solid line, the dashed line and
ZrO2 plate with h = 0.01 m. The influence of the scat- the dotted line represent the results for graded plates
tering in the material properties and foundation stiff- with n = 0.2, 2.0, 8.0, respectively. As shown by the
ness parameters on the buckling load is examined in numerical results, the buckling load dispersion of
Figs. 2–7 by varying the SD/mean of random variables FGM plates exhibits linear variation with the random
from 0% to 14%. variables.
Table 3 gives the mean values of the buckling load The buckling load sensitivity for the uniaxially com-
kcr = Pxb2/p2D0 for FGM square plates under uniaxial pressed (sx = 1, sy = 0) graded plates with varying stan-
compression along the x-axis (sx = 1, sy = 0), and equal dard deviations of YoungÕs moduli Ec and Em,
biaxial compression (sx = sy = 1). Results are given for PoissonÕs ratios mc and mm, are examined individually
plates with side-to-thickness ratio a/h = 10, 25 that are in Figs. 2(a)–(d) (i.e., with only one random variable
made of isotropic aluminum and zirconia and graded changing at a time). The effects of the material proper-
materials with volume fraction index n = 0.2, 2.0, 8.0. ties of zirconia (Ec and mc) on the buckling load disper-
Amongst the three foundation cases considered, sion decreases as n increases, whereas those of aluminum
(k1 = 0.5, k2 = 0.05) and (k1 = 0.5, k2 = 0.00) corre- (Em and mm) influence the buckling load dispersion in an
spond to the Pasternak-type and the Winkler-type opposite manner. Compared to the variation in Em, the
foundation, respectively, whereas (k1 = k2 = 0.00) indi- random change in Ec has a dominant effect on the buck-
cates that no elastic foundation is attached to the plate. ling load because its mean value is more than twice that
As expected, the buckling load shows a substantial in- of Em. The effects of randomness in PoissonÕs ratios are
crease as the plate becomes thicker, and decreases insignificant.
when the volume fraction percentage of higher modu- For the same FGM plates, Fig. 3 examines the influ-
lus zirconia declines with an increase in volume frac- ence of scattering in foundation stiffness parameters k1
tion index n. The effect of the supporting elastic and k2. The material properties of the constituent mate-
foundation is to effectively enhance the buckling load rials are kept constant. In such a case, the buckling load
carrying capacity of the plate. However, the difference becomes more sensitive to the variations in k1 and k2 as
between the buckling loads for the plates resting on a their mean values increase.
Winkler-type foundation and a Pasternak-type founda- Fig. 4 evaluates the effect of the elastic foundation
tion is not prominent. type on the buckling load dispersion of graded plates
Table 3
Mean buckling load parameter kcr = Pxb2/p2D0 for clamped FGM square plates resting on an elastic foundation
a/h Material composition Uniaxial compression Biaxial compression
k1 = 0.50, k1 = 0.50, k1 = 0.00, k1 = 0.50, k1 = 0.50, k1 = 0.00,
k2 = 0.05 k2 = 0.00 k2 = 0.00 k2 = 0.05 k2 = 0.00 k2 = 0.00
10 Zirconia 8.5542 7.9384 8.0408 7.4315 6.8235 4.5736
n = 0.2 7.0513 6.5030 6.5961 6.2727 5.7313 3.7600
n = 2.0 5.7123 5.3172 5.2788 4.7812 4.3907 2.9400
n = 8.0 4.8925 4.5680 4.6578 4.1809 3.8608 2.6649
Aluminum 3.9655 3.6801 3.7275 3.4451 3.1632 2.1202
25 Zirconia 0.9877 0.7405 0.6199 0.8997 0.6565 0.3295
n = 0.2 0.8121 0.5919 0.5068 0.7321 0.5156 0.2684
n = 2.0 0.6636 0.5048 0.3976 0.5926 0.4364 0.2124
n = 8.0 0.5747 0.4446 0.3672 0.5396 0.4116 0.1953
Aluminum 0.4579 0.3433 0.2874 0.4171 0.3044 0.1528
1172 J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175
0.08 0.035
uniaxial compression
0.030
uniaxial compression
a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10
0.06 (k1,k2)=(0.5, 0.05)
0.025 a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10
(k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.05)
SD/Mean, λcr
0.020
SD/Mean, λcr
0.04
0.015
: n = 0.2
: n = 0.2 0.010
: n = 2.0
0.02 : n = 2.0 : n = 8.0
: n = 8.0
0.005
0.000
0.00 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
(a) SD/Mean, Ec (b) SD/Mean, Em
0.0025 0.0025
uniaxial compression
uniaxial compression
0.0020 0.0020
a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10
(k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.05) a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10
(k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.05)
0.0015 0.0015
SD/Mean, λcr
SD/Mean λcr
0.0010 0.0010
: n = 0.2 : n = 0.2
: n = 2.0 : n = 2.0
0.0005 : n = 8.0 : n = 8.0
0.0005
0.0000 0.0000
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
(c) SD/Mean, νc (d) SD/Mean, νm
Fig. 2. Dispersion of the buckling load of clamped FGM square plates resting on elastic foundations: (a) with respect to Ec; (b) with respect to Em;
(c) with respect to mc; (d) with respect to mm.
under equal biaxial edge compression with all of the ran- Fig. 5 compares the buckling load variation of graded
dom material properties Ec, Em, mc, mm varying simulta- plates under different edge loading conditions. To this
neously. The foundation stiffness parameters are kept end, the results for plates subjected to uniaxial compres-
constant at their mean values. The line groups 1, 2 sion and equal biaxial compression are presented and
and 3 are for the cases (k1 = k2 = 0.00), marked as groups 1 and 2, respectively. The random
(k1 = 0.5, k2 = 0.00), and (k1 = 0.5, k2 = 0.05), respec- variables Ec, Em, mc, mm are assumed to undergo a simul-
tively. The results show that presence of an elastic foun- taneous change. The buckling loads of uniaxially com-
dation leads to a significant reduction in the variation in pressed plates are much more sensitive to the variation
the buckling load. The SD/mean of the buckling load of in random variables than those of the biaxially com-
the graded plates that are resting on a Pasternak-type pressed plates.
foundation is only around 30% of that of the plates Fig. 6 shows the influence of side-to-thickness ratio
without supporting foundations. on the dispersion in the buckling loads of graded plates
J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175 1173
0.05 0.100
1
uniaxial compression
1: uniaxial compression
3 2: biaxial compression
0.04
1: (k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.00)
2: (k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.05) 0.075
a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10
3: (k1, k2) = (1.5, 0.50) (k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.05)
0.03
S D/Mean, λcr
SD/Mean, λcr
: n = 0.2
: n = 2.0
: n = 8.0 0.050
2
0.02
1 2
0.025
0.01
: n = 0.2
: n = 2.0
a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10 : n = 8.0
0.00 0.000
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
SD/Mean, k1and k2 SD/Mean, (Ec, Em, νc, νm)
Fig. 3. Effect of randomness in foundation stiffness parameters on the Fig. 5. Dispersion of the buckling load of clamped FGM square plates
dispersion of the buckling load of clamped FGM square plates. resting on elastic foundations with all random variables changing
simultaneously.
0.14
1
biaxial compression
0.12 a/b = 1.0, a/h = 10 biaxial compression 1
0.08
SD/Mean, λcr
2
2
0.06
0.015
0.04 1: a/h = 10
3 2: a/h = 25
on elastic foundations. In this example, square plates The effect of plate aspect ratio on the dispersion of
with two side-to-thickness ratios (a/h = 10, 25) are ana- buckling load of graded plates is also studied. Fig. 7 dis-
lyzed. The buckling load dispersion of a thicker plate is plays the SD/mean of the buckling load of biaxially
greater than that of a thinner plate, thus indicating that compressed, graded rectangular plates with different val-
the randomness in basic variables has more effect on the ues of a/b (=0.5, 1.5) that are attached to elastic founda-
sensitivity of the buckling load as the plate thickness tions. A comparison of the results for the plates with
increases. a/b = 0.5, 1.5 shown in Fig. 7 and those for the plates
1174 J. Yang et al. / Composites Science and Technology 65 (2005) 1165–1175
1: a/b = 0.5
0.050 2: a/b = 1.5
The work described in this paper was supported by
grants from the Australian Research Council
(A00104534) and from the Research Grants Council of
the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
0.025
(Project No. CityU1039/04E). The authors are grateful
for this financial support.
a/h = 10, (k1, k2) = (0.5, 0.05)
0.000 References
0.00 0.03 0.06 0.09 0.12 0.15
SD/Mean, (Ec, Em, νc, νm)
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