Blood and Lymph

1. Blood contains red cells, white cell populations and plasma

2. Lymph normally contains only one type of white cell, lymphocyte. Fluid
passes from the blood into the tissues, and the lymphatic vessels return
that fluid to the circulation
3. Blood is a Connective Tissue with a Fluid Matrix (plasma)
4. Ability to form fibers - Fibrinogen -> Fibrin
5. Formed Elements (contains cellular component of tissue)
6. Wrights Blood Stain [Eosin, RED acid stain, Methylene Blue, basic stain]
a. Erythrocytes
b. Neutrophilic Polynuclear cells
c. Eosinophilic Polnuclear cells
d. Basophilic Polynuclear cells
e. Large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes
f. Monocytes
g. Platelets.

Red Blood Cells

1. Enucleated, Biconcave Disk 7.2um

Macrocyte diameter greater than 9um
Microcyte diameter less than 6um
2. Mature = Filled with hemoglobin, Transports Oxygen, No mitochondria,
NO protein synthesis
3. Flexable - to fit varible capillary diameter
4. Normal count Female = 4.5-5 x 106, Male = 5 x 106
5. 120 day life span then Death of RBC, removed by spleen & bone marrow
6. Produced in the RED Bone Marrow
Embryonic mesenchyme cell -> Hemocytoblast! (stem cell)
Adult, Flat bones (sternum, vertebrae, ribs, clavicles, bones of pelvis, skull)
Newborn, all bone marrow is red
7. Bone Marrow - Reticular connective Tissue (Reticular cells, sinusoidal
capillaries, adipose cells, RBC maturation cells [FREE cells]], remain in
groups, one cell predominates in different phases of development
8. RBC maturation in Bone Marrow Myeloid element

White Blood Cells - Leukocytes [7-9 X 103] Myeloid & Lymphoid elements
1. Neutrophilic Polynuclear cells
a. 60% - 70% circulating WBC. diameter 12um
b. Lobed nucleus, 2-5 shape variable, drumstick
[heterochromatin]
c. Granules,
1. purple with Wrights stain, [staining varies among mammals
2. [0.3-0.8um] size limit of light microscope
3. Formed by Golgi
4. azurophilic, 1st promyelocyte, lysosomal enzymes & peroxidase
5. neutrophilic, 1st myelocyte, alkaline phospahtase, bacterialcidal
substances, Phagocytins
d. Acute infection, highly mobile, highly phagocytic
Spherical in the blood, amebiform [forms pseudopodia]on solid
substrate
e. both types of granules fuse with phagosome, granules decrease in
number after phagocytosis
f. Functions in anerobic enviroment of necrotic tissue
g. Terminal cell, once it uses its proteins, can not be replaced
h. Myeloid element

2. Eosinophilic Polnuclear cells

a. 1% - 4% circulating WBC. diameter 9um
b. Bilobed nucleus
c. Granules,
1. Ovoid
2. Red with Wrights stain, Eosinophilic
3. Larger than neutrophils
4. No lysosome, acid phospahtase, ribonuclease, cathepsin
5. Elongated crystalloid [phospholipids & unsaturated fatty acids]
surrounded by unit membrane
d. Not highly mobile or phagocytic
e. Phagocytosis of Selective Antigen antibody complexes
f. Increses in number in allergic reactions and parasitic infections
g. Myeloid element

3. Basophilic Polynuclear cells

a. 0% - 1% circulating WBC. diameter 12um
b. Large twisted s shaped nucleus
c. Granules,
1. Irregular in size and shape
2. Blue/metachromatic staining Basophilic
3. Larger than other granuocytes
4. Histamine & Heparin
 5. Released in the presence of certain antigens
6. Surrounded by unit membrane
d. Not very active or phagocytic
e. Myeloid element

4. Large lymphocytes, small lymphocytes

a. 25% - 40% circulating WBC. diameter 6-8um
b. Heterogenous population of cells, small, medium, &
large
c. Round nucleus
d. Cytoplasm, some times small azurephilic granules
e. Origin Bone marow in later fetal and post natal life
1. Become immunocompetant out side of the bone marrow
2. Differentiate into B cells & T cells
3. Colonize other organs
f. B Cell Funtions [matures in Bursa in birds]
1. Activated by antigen
2. Differentiates into Plasma cells
3. Produces antibodies
4. Produces Memory cells
g. T Cell Funtions [matures in thymus gland]
1. Cell mediated immunity
2. Binds to foreign cells
3. Graft rejection
4. Produces Memory cells
5. T Helper & Surpressor cells
h. Lymphoid element

5. Monocytes
a. Nucleus - oval, kidney, horseshoe; chromatine stains
lightly, less condensed, 2-3 nucleoi
b. Basophilic cytoplasm with azurophilic granules
(lysosome)
c. Highlt mobile, highly phagocytophilic
d. Major cell of chronic infections (100 bacteria per cell)
e. Moves into the tissues from the blood after a few days, becomes a
histiocyte
1. Mononuclear phagocytic system (reticuloendothelial system)
2. Receptors on the plasma membrane for complement &
immunogloublins
6. Platelets "thrombocytes!"
a. Fragments of megakaryocyte cytoplasm
b. central zone - purple granule, granulomere
c. transparent zone blue stained, hylomere
d. Releases
1. serotonin - constricks blood vessels
2. thromboplastin - converts prothrombin -> thrombin
3. thrombosthenin - causes contraction of the clot