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Instead of supplying fixed commercial capacities, the FB Available Transfer Capacity (ATC)
methodology formulates the constraints which reflect the physical
limits of the grid. To this end, a simplified network model is 2 Days before delivery, a Congestion Forecast (D2CF) file is
constructed, represented by a combination of nodes and lines created by each TSO, providing a view on the expected power
(Fig. 2). In line with the European zonal approach, different nodes flows. Under the ATC regime, this file is constructed for only two
are aggregated into zones, indicated by the colored areas. Each timestamps, namely 3h30 and 10h30, and contains minimally the
TSO provides input data, which is combined at the regional level. following information:
Two elements are essential to the flow-based mechanism:
• Available grid topology (+ anticipated outages of
• Power Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs): Power components)
Transfer Distribution Factors (PTDFs) are introduced, • Generating units and their estimated output levels
denoting the physical flow induced on a transmission line, as (+ anticipated outages)
the result of power injected at a specific zone. This way, it can • Load forecast
be monitored which combinations of cross-zonal exchanges • Exchange programs
threaten to overload a specific line.
Next, all individual D2CF files are merged by Coreso, leading
to the so called base case7. This forecast is used to verify the
proposed NTC values. In the ATC regime, two base cases are
created given the two considered timestamps. The consecutive
verification step assesses local grid security and leads to
adaptations in case of security breaches. The ATC methodology
checks all the NTC corners, illustrated by the following example.
6
Physical capacity is the amount of power that can flow over a line Figure 3: ATC domain
without saturating it. Commercial capacity is the amount of trade that
pushes a critical network element to its maximum physical power flow. 7
Coreso (COoRdination of Electricity System Operators)
coupling algorithm. Fur thermore, when a TSO provides ATC offline simulated FB market coupling. Positive values for all
constraints, he needs to make a choice in advance on how to countries are observed. Congestion Revenue (CR) is the product
split the capacity among its borders (A to B and A to C), even of the price difference between two zones and the constrained
before the market par ticipants’ bids are known. In contrast, energy exchanged between them. As the network is less
under the FB approach, the entire Security of Supply domain constrained under FB market coupling, there is less CR. Overall,
is offered to the market. Driven by bids and offers, the market welfare (consumer + producer surplus + CR) in the CWE region
itself decides on the repar tition of commercial capacity among is higher for the simulated FB than for ATC market coupling.
market players.
Figure 6: Comparison of ATC versus FB trading domain FB market coupling leads to increased price convergence, which
can be interpreted as the percentage of time that prices are
Flow-based market coupling in practice equal across the entire CWE region. Fig. 8 pictures the price
convergence rate for each available week of 2014. A higher
While the flow-based approach is clearly beneficial compared to convergence rate can be identified for FB than for ATC for each
ATC from a theoretical point of view, practical considerations are week of 2014.
also taken into account. The ENTSO-E network codes recom-
mend the use of the FB approach for meshed grids, while ATC
should be maintained in areas where the distribution of power
flows is only slightly influenced by electricity trade in non-adjacent
bidding zones. For the Central Western European (CWE) region,
clearly the FB methodology is preferable.To test the FB procedure,
a parallel run has been organized by CASC to simulate the
outcome of FB day-ahead market coupling, while still operating
under the ATC regime10.This way, gradual improvements to the FB
market coupling mechanism can be made, before the final go-live.
Effect on market functioning Figure 8: Price convergence ATC versus FB in 2014 (Source: Parallel
run CASC)
Overall welfare gain
Main challenges for implementation
The objective of market clearing is to optimize welfare, defined as
the sum of the consumer and producer surplus and congestion Influential design parameters
revenue (CR). The producer surplus equals the benefit to
producers derived from selling at a market price that is higher The input parameters provided by individual TSOs influence the
than the least that they would be willing to sell for. The consumer FB market outcome. Consequently, transparency about the design
surplus is the gain obtained by consumers as they can purchase of all the parameters is necessary in order to allow a non-
electricity at a price that is less than the highest price that they discriminatory, efficient and market-based use of cross-zonal
would be willing to pay. Fig. 7 displays the average weekly capacity. Specifically, the freedom of the TSOs in this field should
welfare gain per country, comparing the actual ATC to the be limited to prevent them from making choices that could affect
the market outcome in a negative way11.
10
CASC is the central auction office for cross-border transmission ca-
pacity for CWE, the borders of Italy, Northern Switzerland and parts of
11
A. Marien, P. Luickx, A. Tirez and D. Woitrin, “Importance of Design
Scandinavia, providing a single auction platform and single point of contact Parameters on Flowbased Market Coupling
Unpredictable auction outcomes themselves determine capacity values based on forecasts and
historical data, the FB mechanism allows TSOs only to derive
The outcome of the FB market coupling algorithm is not always the impact that trade will have in terms of physical flows on the
intuitive. Although it is reasonable to assume that a low price network. Subsequently, it is the market who decides how
country exports electricity to a high price country, with FB market transmission capacity is allocated over market parties. More
coupling this is not always the case. As the FB algorithm optimizes capacity is offered to the market under FB market coupling,
welfare for an entire region, it does not take into account the resulting in an overall welfare gain and increased price
prices or volumes of each zone separately. This way, it can happen convergence.
that some electricity flows occur from high to low price zones.
Since this raised concern, an adapted algorithm – FB Intuitive However, the flow-based solution is less transparent than the ATC
(FBI) market coupling – has been tested during the parallel run mechanism. The necessary input data TSOs have to provide is
program. Although the FBI solution leads to less overall welfare complex and influences the market outcome. Also, the capacity
gain than the plain FB solution (but still higher welfare than ATC), calculation process is less straight-forward and flow-based market
it is more acceptable to market parties. Finally, it has been decided coupling occasionally leads to unpredictable auctions outcomes.
to go-live with the intuitive version of the FB market coupling This may be confusing for market parties.
algorithm12.
Finally, flow-based market coupling does not solve the problem
Conclusion of congestion management inside bidding zones. In this respect,
it might be necessary to review the current bidding zone
Flow-based market coupling leads to a more efficient use of configuration in Europe, reflecting also on the idealized nodal
generation and transmission resources. While under ATC, TSOs pricing solution.
Table 1: Summary of the key differences between the ATC and FB methodology. The highlighted boxes indicate at which step capacity is
allocated for both methodologies
12
http://www.casc.eu/media/140801%20CWE%20FB%20MC%20Appro-
val%20document.pdf