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Abstract
Reproductive rights refer to individual’s right to decide freely and responsively the
number, spacing and timing of having children as well as the right to attain the highest
standard of sexual and reproductive health. Women’s reproductive rights may also
include the right to legal and safe abortion, the right to birth control and freedom from
coerced sterilization and contraception. Maintenance of reproductive rights of women is a
major concern of the World Health Organization as well as women rights activists.
However, it is observed that thoroughout human history women could not practice
freedom in reproductive decision making. It was the sates’ and societies’ demands that
determined the couple’s choice regarding reproduction. Sometimes women were forced
to give more birth as well as to reduce birth. Since the independence, the government of
Bangladesh had adopted a population reduction policy. Until 1985 the state espoused a
coercive policy for permanent birth control method (mainly female sterilization and use
of Depo-Provera, the device which contained the risk of getting cancer) toward a
dramatic decline of birth rate. Due to their ignorance, poor women of Bangladesh were in
fact forced to do ligation and they had faced severe health hazards. However, such
policies had been highly criticized later. At present, the Government of Bangladesh gives
emphasis on reproductive rights and safe motherhood toward its population reduction
policy.

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Jagannath University Journal of Arts 51

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52 RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvit †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

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Jagannath University Journal of Arts 53

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†iU 2.3, cÖwZ bvixi)| AZx‡Zi GKRb bvixi Mo mšÍvb Drcv`b msL¨vi mv‡_ Zyjbv
Ki‡j wPÎwU Ggb `vuovq- 1975 mv‡j 6.3, 1989mv‡j 5.1, 1991 mv‡j 4.3, 1993
mv‡j 3.4, 1997 mv‡j 3.3, 2000 mv‡j 3.3, 2004 mv‡j 3, 2007 mv‡j 2.7 Ges
2011 mv‡j 2.3| cÖRbb‣g `¤úwZ‡`i kZKiv 62.4 fvM (wcj 27 fvM, ni‡gvb
B‡ÃKkb 12.4 fvM, wcwiqwWK Gew÷‡bÝ 6.2 fvM, KbWg 6.4 fvM, bvix‡`i ¯’vqx
eܨvKiY 4.6 fvM, cyiæ‡li ¯’vqx eܨvKiY 1.2 fvM Ges Ab¨vb¨ 4.6 fvM) Rb¥wbqš¿Y
c×wZ MÖnY Ki‡Qb , 1975 mv‡j GB nvi wQj kZKiv gvÎ 8 fvM|13 GB wPÎ GKwU
welq ¯úóZB mvg‡b Av‡b †h Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZi GLbI ch©šÍ g~j MÖvnK n‡‧Qb bvix|
1975 mv‡ji Mo mšÍvb Drcv`‡bi nvi (6.3) Ges Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi
nv‡ii (8 fvM) mv‡_ eZ©gvb nv‡ii (Mo mšÍvb Drcv`b 2.3 Ges Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ
MÖnY 62 fvM) Zyjbv Ki‡j evsjv‡`k‡K Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi †‣‡Î ixwZgZ mvdj¨ AR©bKvix
`…óvšÍ wn‡m‡e D‡jøL Kiv hvq| wKš` GK_v ej‡j AZz¨w³ n‡e bv GB mvdj¨ AR©b
54 RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvit †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

wbwðZ n‡q‡Q G‡`‡ki `wi`ª Awkw‣Z bvix‡`i A‡mPZbZvi my‡hv‡M Zv‡`i kix‡ii
Ici ivóªxq n¯Í‡‣‡ci gva¨‡g| hw`I Rb¥wbqš¿Y eZ©gv‡b ¯^vfvweK welq wn‡m‡e mgv‡R
AvZ¥¯’ Ges ivóªxq gZv`k© GwU‡K Ôbvixi wicÖWvKwUf ivBUmÕ wn‡m‡e cÖwZcv`¨ Ki‡Z
m‣g n‡q‡Q, wKš` GLvbKvi `wi`ª bvixmgv‡Ri Rb¨ Rb¥wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wPi cÖv_wgK
AwfÁZv wbg©g wQj| eZ©gvb †jLvq evsjv‡`‡ki Rb¥wbqš¿Y bxwZ I Kg©m~wPi cÖv_wgK
av‡ci IciB g~jZ Av‡jvKcvZ Kiv n‡e|
cvwK¯Ívb Avgj †_‡KB G A‡j Rb¥ wbqš¿Y wPšÍv-fvebvi AbycÖ‡ek N‡U| wKš`
cwð‡gi gZ GB wPšÍvi m~Î bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi ÔcÖRbb AwaKvi Ges bvixi kix‡ii
Ici wbqš¿YÕ GgbZi fvebvi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z wQj bv| A_©vr GLv‡b Rb¥wbqš¿Y Gi welq
bvixev`x Av‡›`vj‡bi †cÖ‣vc‡U ‰Zwi nqwb| wKsev mgv‡Ri †fZi bvix‡`i g‡a¨ e…nr
AvKv‡i G ai‡bi †PZbvI cwicyó nqwb|
AvšÍR©vwZK A_©mvnvh¨cyó RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi cÖ_g miKvwi c`‡‣c ïiæ nq
1952 mv‡j| GB mgq B÷ cvwK¯Ívb d¨vwgwj cø¨vwbs G‡mvwm‡qkb MwVZ nq| cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q Gi j‣¨ wQj RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ cwievi cwiKíbvi aviYv Ges Gi mv‡_ Lv`¨ ¯^íZv
I Dbœqb m¤ú‡K©i cÖv_wgK evZ©v †cŠu‡Q †`Iqv| GB mg‡q RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y‡K cyuwR K‡i
†e‡o DVv Dbœqb I e¨emvqx msMVb Ges Zv‡`i AvšÍR©vwZK †bUIqvK© weKv‡ki cÖv_wgK
ch©v‡q wQj| 1948 mv‡j ÔB›Uvib¨vkbvj cø¨vbW †c‡i›UûW AiMvbvB‡RkbÕ cÖwZwôZ
nq| mgmvgwqK mg‡q Rb wW iK‡djvi 3 b¨vkbvj GKv‡Wwg Ae mv‡qÝ Gi Aax‡b
we‡k¦i †W‡gvMÖvwd Ges RbmsL¨v we‡klÁ‡`i wb‡q GKwU Kbdv‡i‡Ýi Av‡qvRb K‡ib|
GB Kbdv‡i‡Ýi g~j D‡Ïk¨ wQj RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y‡K ‰eÁvwbK ‰eaZv †`Iqv hv
GmsµvšÍ fwel¨Z e¨emvi c_‡K AMÖmi Ki‡e| GB m‡¤§j‡bi dj¯^iæc ccy‡jkb
KvDwÝj MwVZ nq|14 mgmvgwqK ZrciZvi Ask wn‡m‡e 1954 mv‡j †iv‡g wek¦
RbmsL¨v m‡¤§jb AbywôZ nq| GB m‡¤§j‡b c…w_exi m¤ú‡`i Ici RbmsL¨vi Ae¨vnZ
Pv‡ci welq Zy‡j a‡i RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi welqwU‡K Av‡iK `dv ¸iæ‡Z¡i mv‡_ mvg‡b
Avbv nq| Gi ci †_‡K AvšÍR©vwZK RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y D‡`¨vMmg~n Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`‡k
†`‡k miKvi mg~‡ni mv‡_ ms‡hvM ¯’vcb ïiæ K‡i| RbcÖPviYv Ges RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Y
RbgZ msMV‡b GB gZv`k© mvg‡b Avbv nq †h, Z…Zxq we‡k¦i AwZ RbmsL¨v †`‡ki
Dbœq‡bi Rb¨ cÖwZeÜK Ges `vwi‡`ªi cÖavb KviY| GLv‡b †Lqvj Kiv cÖ‡qvRb, Z…Zxq
we‡ki RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y fvebvi g~j †cÖlYvi RvqMv wQj AvšÍR©vwZK wewfbœ Dbœqb ms¯’v
Ges Jla evwY‡R¨i wewb‡qvM I DcvR©‡bi bZyb †‣Î wn‡m‡e Rb¥wbqš¿Y‡K †e‡Q †bIqv
Ges GB bZyb †‣‡Îi m¤¢ve¨Zvi RvqMv cÖ¯`Z Kiv|
AvšÍR©vwZK RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y D‡`¨vM GB A‡j e¨vcK nv‡i cÖmvwiZ nq 1965-
70 mg‡qi g‡a¨| 1965 mv‡ji cvwK¯Ívb miKvi RbmsL¨v‡K fqvbK mgm¨v wn‡m‡e
wPwýZ K‡i Ges Z…Zxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq RbsL¨v wbqš¿Y‡K m‡e©v‧P g‡bv‡hvM
†`Iqv nq| Kg©m~wPi Ask wn‡m‡e MÖv‡g MÖv‡g cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©x‡`i Dcw¯’wZ ïiæ
nq, hv‡`i g~j KvR wQj RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y wel‡q gvbyl‡K AbycÖvwYZ Kiv Ges
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi †mev N‡i N‡i †cŠu‡Q †`Iqv| GB †mevcÖ`v‡bi †‣‡Î `ywU MÖv‡gi cÖvq `yB
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 55

nvRvi RbmsL¨vi Rb¨ GKRb avÎx Ges GKwU BDwbq‡bi wek nvRvi RbmsL¨vi Rb¨
GKRb bvix cwievi cwiKíbv cwi`k©K‡K `vwqZ¡cÖvß Kiv nq| Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ
wn‡m‡e GB mg‡q g~jZ AvBBDwW Ges ¯’vqx eܨvKiY‡K cÖvavb¨ †`Iqv nq| Rb¥wbqš¿Y
c×wZ MÖnY‡K DrmvwnZ Ki‡Z c×wZ MÖvnK, cwievi cwiKíbv gvVKg©x, mswkøó †mev
cÖ`vbKvix Wv³vi, †civ‡gwW• mK‡ji Rb¨ wewfbœ †¯‹‡j A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡Yv`bvi e¨e¯’v
Kiv nq| wKš` GB A_©‰bwZK cÖ‡Yv`bv m‡Ë¡I GB Kv‡R mvdj¨ Lye KgB wQj| hw`I
A_© cÖ‡Yv`bvi †hvMvb Ae¨vnZ ivL‡Z cwievi cwiKíbv Kvh©µ‡gi mv‡_ mswkøó
e¨w³e‡M©i Zid †_‡K AvBBDwW Ges ¯’vqx eܨvKi‡Yi fyjfvj wi‡cvU© cÖ`vb K‡i AwZ
mvdj¨ †`Lv‡bv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK †‣‡ÎB Ggb n‡q‡Q †h mšÍvb Drcv`b ‣gZv cvi n‡q
†M‡Q Ggb eq¯‹ bvix-cyiæl‡`i ¯’vqx eܨvKiY Kiv n‡q‡Q|
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi miKvwi cwiKíbvi GB cÖv_wgK Amvd‡j¨i cÖavb KviY GB wQj †h
mvaviY Rb‡Mvôx wb‡R‡`i †fZi †_‡K Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi †Kv‡bv ZvwM` †eva K‡iwb|
GgbwK mšÍvb Drcv`b Ô bvixi kixi I e¨w³ weKv‡ki cÖwZeÜKÕ GgbZi cwðgv
bvixev`x †PZbv GLv‡b bvix Av‡›`vj‡b †nwRgwbK AvKv‡i †`Lv †`qwb| Zvi †P‡qI eo
K_v MÖvgv‡ji AwaKvsk `wi`ª bvix hviv wQj Rb¥ wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wPi g~j j‣¨, Zv‡`i
Kv‡Q mšÍvb Drcv`b cÖwZeÜK GgbZi †PZbv ARvbv wQj| iv‡óªi be¨ bxwZ‡Z AwZ
RbmsL¨v eo P¨v‡jà wn‡m‡e wPwýZ n‡jI AwaKvsk Rb‡Mvôxi Kv‡Q A‡bK mšÍvb gv‡b
wQj fwel¨‡Zi A‡bK kÖ‡gi nvZ A_©vr A_©‰bwZK wbivcËv| ¯^vgxi cwiev‡i bvixi
wbivc` Aw¯ÍZ¡I wbf©ikxj wQj Zvi mšÍvb Drcv`b ‣gZvi Ici| d‡j RbmsL¨v
wbqš¿‡Yi ivóªxq Kg©m~wP hv‡Z cieZ©x mg‡q ¯’vbxq I we‡`wk †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vmg~n
e¨vcK nv‡i hy³ n‡qwQj, Zv g~jZ m¤úwK©Z wQj RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z
wewb‡qvMK…Z AvšÍR©vwZK cyuwRi ‣gZvi mv‡_| hw`I ïiæ‡Z wewfbœ Rb¥wbqš¿Y wWfvBm
miKv‡ii c‣ †_‡K cÖRbb‣g bvix-cyiæ‡li gv‡S webvg~‡j¨ weZiY Kiv n‡q‡Q; wKš`
†h welqwU cÖPviYvi Avov‡j †_‡K †M‡Q Zv nj miKvi‡K h_vh_ g~j¨ w`‡qB GBme
wWfvBm evB‡i †_‡K Avg`vwb Ki‡Z n‡q‡Q| Avi Zvi †P‡qI eo K_v †KvbI
evQwePvi Qvov Ges kix‡ii Ici cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqvnxb Dc‡hvwMZvi M‡elYvj× cÖgvYvw`i
wel‡q we‡ePbv bv †i‡LB GBme wWfvBm Avg`vwb Kiv n‡q‡Q| Avi Gme wWfvBm MÖnY
Ki‡Z eQ‡ii ci eQi a‡i cÖavbZ GLvbKvi bvix‡`i cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z G‡Ki ci GK
Kg©m~wP nv‡Z †bqv n‡q‡Q| A‡bK †‣‡ÎB bZyb D™¢vweZ Rb¥wbqš¿Y wWfvBmmg~‡ni
Kvh©KvwiZv cix¶vi Rb¨B †e‡Q †bqv n‡q‡Q evsjv‡`kmn Z…Zxq we‡k¦i `wi`ª bvixi
kixi| Avi Z…Zxq we‡k¦i ivóª-miKvimg~n Zv‡`i RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wPi gva¨‡g GB
D‡`¨v‡Mi mn‡hvMx n‡q‡Q|
¯^vaxbZv DËi evsjv‡`k I RbmsL¨v bxwZ
evsjv‡`k ¯^vaxb nIqvi ci cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~wP b‡ev‡`¨v‡M hvÎv ïiæ K‡i| cÖ_g
cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq ( 1973-78) †NvlYv Kiv nq †h RvZxq A_©‰bwZK m‣gZv‡K
we‡ePbvq †i‡L evsjv‡`‡ki RbmsL¨v wKQy‡ZB 15 †KvwUi †ewk Qvwc‡q hvIqv DwPr
56 RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvit †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

n‡e bv|15 GB †cÖ‣vc‡UB 1979 mv‡j RvZxq RbmsL¨v bxwZ MÖnY Kiv nq Ges mvaviY
¯^v¯’¨ †mevi mv‡_ Rb¥wbqš¿Y †mev‡KI AšÍf©~³ Kiv nq| AvBBDwW I ¯’vqx eܨvKiY
c×wZ MÖnY‡K mdj Ki‡Z cwievi cwiKíbv †mev cÖ`vbKvix gvVKg©x, Wv³vi Ges
MÖvnK mKj ch©v‡q c~e©Zb cÖewZ©Z A_© cÖ‡Yv`bv Ae¨vnZ _v‡K|
GB mg‡q Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi bZyb wWfvBm †W‡cv-cÖ‡fiv cÖewZ©Z nq| AvBBDwW Gi
gZ GwUI GKwU A¯’vqx eܨvKiY c×wZ| AvBBDwW †mev cÖ`vbKvix Wv³vi KZ©…K
bvixi †hvbx‡Z ¯’vcb Kiv nq| AvBBDwW e¨enviiZ Ae¯’vq D³ bvix mšÍvb avi‡bi
SyuwKgy³ _v‡Kb| Ab¨w`‡K †W‡cv-cÖ‡fiv GK ai‡bi ni‡gvb hv bvixi kix‡i
Bb‡RKk‡bi gva¨‡g GKwU wbw`©ó mgq AšÍi MÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv nq| Gi d‡j kix‡i
ni‡gvbvj cwieZ©b N‡U hv mšÍvb aviY cÖwµqv‡K evavMÖ¯Í K‡i| †emiKvwi ms¯’v
MY¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª G‡`‡ki bvix‡`i kix‡i †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi Dc‡hvwMZv cix‣v Kivi cÖ_g
D‡`¨vM †bq| GB D‡`¨v‡Mi Ask wn‡m‡e Zviv mv‡o mvZ nvRv‡ii Dc‡i bvix‡`i
kix‡i †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi AbycÖ‡ek NUvb|16 GB mg‡q †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi evwYwR¨K Drcv`K
DcRb †dWv‡ij WªvM GWwgwb‡÷ªkb (GdwWG) Gi mv‡_ jovB KiwQj Rb¥wbqš¿Y
†KŠkj wn‡m‡e †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi Aby‡gv`‡bi Rb¨| wKš` KyKy‡ii Dci cix‣vq †W‡cv-
cÖ‡fivi K¨vÝviRwbZ cvk¦©cÖwZwµqv _vKvq GdwWG †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi bZyb †Kv‡bv ai‡bi
Uªvqv‡ji Ici wb‡lavÁv Rvwi K‡iwQj| MY¯^v¯’¨‡K›`ª«I K‡qK eQ‡ii g‡a¨B †W‡cv-
cÖ‡fivi MÖvnK‡`i g‡a¨ G ai‡bi fq¼i cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqv j‣¨ K‡ib| Zwor D‡`¨vM
wn‡m‡e Zviv Zv‡`i M‡elYvaxb GjvKvq Gi e¨envi eÜ K‡i †`b; wKš` ZZw`‡b cÖvq
c‡bi nvRvi bvixi kix‡i †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi AbycÖ‡ek Kiv‡bv n‡q †M‡Q|17 wKš` Zvi
†P‡qI KiæY Dcnvm n‡jv GB mvwe©K cwiw¯’wZ Rvbv m‡Ë&eI ZrKvjxb miKvi e¨vcK
cwim‡i †W‡cv-cÖ‡fivi e¨envi evov‡bvi Rb¨ D‡`¨vM MÖnY K‡i Ges RbM‡Yi Kv‡Q
we‡klZ bvix‡`i Kv‡Q Gi K¨vÝviRwbZ fqvbK cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqvi welqwU cy‡ivcywi †P‡c
hvq|
GLv‡b GKwU welq Av‡jvPbvq Avbv Riæwi| †W‡cv-cÖ‡fiv, AvBBDwW, ¯’vqx-
eܨvKiY wKsev wcj hvB‡nvK bv †Kb, GBme Rb¥wbqš¿Y †KŠk‡ji Uv‡M©U cÖavbZ
G‡`‡ki Awkw‣Z `wi`ª« bvix| d‡j Zviv hLb †Kv‡bv c×wZ MÖnY K‡ib ZLb
Zv‡`i‡K c×wZ¸‡jvi cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqv m¤ú‡K© h_vh_vfv‡e AeMZ Kiv nq bv|
Ab¨w`‡K Zv‡`i KvQ †_‡KI GB wel‡q Pvc cÖ‡qv‡M m‡PZb f~wgKv _v‡K bv| Av‡iKwU
welqI j¶Yxq †h GBme wWfvBmmg~n Avgv‡`i †`‡ki bvix‡`i kix‡ii Dc‡hvwMZv
we‡ePbv K‡i cÖ¯`Z Kiv bq| d‡j A‡bK †‣‡Î Avg`vwbi mgq c¨v‡K‡Ui Mv‡q †Kv‡bv
cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqvi D†jøL bv _vK‡jI wKsev mvgvb¨ cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqvi K_v D‡jøL _vK‡jI,
Avgv‡`i †`‡ki AwaKvsk bvix hviv Acywómn bvbv †iv‡M †fv‡Mb, Zv‡`i kix‡i
Rb¥wbqš¿Y wWfvBmmg~‡ni cÖ‡qvM gvivZœK RwUjZv ‰Zwi K‡i| cwievi-mgv‡R bvixi
¯^v‡¯’¨i welq GZUvB ¸iæZ¡nxb †h bvixiv GBme RwUjZv †ewkifvM †‣‡Î wi‡cvU©B
K‡ib bv eis †P‡c hvb| ÔbvixgvÎB bvbvwea kvixwiK †e`bv mn¨ Ki‡Z n‡eÕ- GB
cyiælZvwš¿K mvs¯‹…wZK Ave‡ni Kvi‡Y Rb¥wbqš¿Y †mev cÖ`vbKvix gvVKg©x Ges
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 57

Wv³viMYI cvk¦©-cÖwZwµqvRwbZ bvix‡`i wi‡cvwU©s Gi ZZUv ¸iæZ¡ †`b bv| A‡bK

bvixi mv‡_ Avjvc K‡i †`Lv †M‡Q, AvBBDwW‡Z A¯^w¯Í †eva K‡i Ly‡j †dj‡Z PvB‡jI
mswkøó †mev cÖ`vbKvix Wv³vi GwU †Lvjvi wel‡q mn‡hvwMZv K‡ib bv ev MiivwR nb;
†hLv‡b MÖvn‡Ki wb‡Ri GKvi c‡‣ AvBBDwW civ- †Lvjv †KvbUvB m¤¢e bq| Gfv‡e
Am‡PZb, Awkw‣Z, `wi`ª bvixi kixi wkKv‡i cwiYZ nq ivóªxq Rb¥wbqš¿Y bxwZ Ges
eûRvwZK Rb¥wbqš¿Y Jla evwY‡R¨i| Avi G‡Ki ci GK cwievi cwiKíbv I G
msµvšÍ m‡PZbZvg~jK Kg©m~wPi e‡`Šj‡Z Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi aviYv mvgvwRK ‰eaZv cvq Ges
mgv‡Ri GKwU ¯^vfvweK NUbvq cwiYZ nq| GB Kg©m~wP GZB e¨vcKZv jvf K‡i †h
miKvwi D‡`¨v‡Mi cvkvcvwk †`wk-we‡`wk wewfbœ †emiKvwi Dbœqb ms¯’vI Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi
wewea we¯Í…Z Kg©m~wP wb‡q mˇii `kK †_‡KB ZrciZv ïiæ K‡i| BDGmGBW, †dvW©
dvD‡Ûkb, GdwcAvBG, Gwkqv dvD‡Ûkb, cv_dvBÛvi dvÛ, BDGbGdwcG,
AvBwcGwfGm, wek¦e¨vsK BZ¨vw` A_©mvnvh¨cyó AvšÍR©vwZK ms¯’vmn †`kxq kZ kZ
†emiKvwi ms¯’v cwievi cwiKíbvi eûwea Kg©m~wPi mv‡_ Rwo‡q Av‡Q, `xN© mgq a‡i
hv‡`i Aw¯ÍZ¡ I mvdj¨ wbf©i K‡i‡Q G‡`‡ki bvix‡`i g‡a¨ Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi Pvwn`v ‰Zwii
Ici|
RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges Gi we‡kølY
GB avivevwnKZvi me‡P‡q cÖKU `…óvšÍ †`wL 1978-85 mg‡qi g‡a¨, hLb miKv‡ii
c¶ †_‡K AwZ `ªæZ mg‡qi g‡a¨ RbmsL¨v e…w×i nvi Kgv‡bvi Rb¨ K‡Vvi Kg©m~wP MÖnY
Kiv nq| wØZxq cÂevwl©Kx cwiKíbvq †NvlYv Kiv nq µgea©gvb RbmsL¨vi Pvc
Kgv‡Z bvixi Mo mšÍvb Rb¥`v‡bi msL¨v (‡UvUvj dvwU©wjwU †iU) 5.85 †_‡K Kwg‡q
1985 mv‡ji g‡a¨ 4.1 G bvgv‡Z n‡e|18 GB j‣¨ c~i‡Y GB mg‡q wcj, AvBBDwW,
ni‡gvb B‡ÃKkb BZ¨vw` A¯’vqx Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZi Zyjbvq ¯’vqx eܨvKiY c×wZi
Ici AwaK ¸iæZ¡ Av‡ivc Kiv nq| ¯^fveZB ¯’vqx eܨvKi‡Yi g~j Uv‡M©U wQj
msL¨vMwiô cÖRbb¶g `wi`ª `¤úwZ we‡klZ bvixiv| GB mg‡q cwievi cwiKíbvi mv‡_
m¤úwK©Z KvVv‡gvMZ Av‡qvRb Ges Rbe‡ji e¨vcK e…w× I weKvk N‡U| ¯’vqx
eܨvKi‡Yi kj¨ Kvh©µ‡gi Rb¨ Gi RiæiZ wQj| cvkvcvwk `wi`ª `¤úwZ‡`i ¯’vqx
eܨvKi‡Yi wel‡q cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z e¨vcK cÖPvi Kvh©µg nv‡Z †bIqv nq| †iwWI,
†Uwjwfkb, msev`c‡Î †QvU cwiev‡ii myweav welqK bvbv weÁvcb, RbmsL¨v welqK
bvbv Abyôvb, bvwUKv BZ¨vw` G mg‡q MYgva¨‡gi Abyôvbm~wPi GKwU eo Ask Ry‡o
wQj| Ô‡QvU cwievi myLx cwieviÕ, Ôeyw×gvb †nvb, wVK KvRwU KiæbÕ--- ZLb N‡i N‡i
cwiwPZ †¯øvMv‡b cwiYZ n‡qwQj| cÖPvi-cÖ‡ivPYvi Kv‡R gmwR‡`i Cgvg‡`iI AšÍf©~³
Kiv nq| Gi GKwU we‡kl j‣¨ wQj| Rb¥ wbqš¿‡Yi mv‡_ ag©xq `…wófw½i we‡iva
mvaviY RbM‡Yi g‡a¨ Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi wm×všÍ MÖn‡Y A¯^w¯Í ‰Zwi Ki‡Zv| d‡j gmwR‡`i
Cgvg‡`i w`‡q GB wel‡q bZyb e¨vL¨v nvwRi Kiv nq| GB mg‡q jvL jvL Cgvg‡`i
cwievi cwiKíbv Kg©m~wPi Aax‡b cÖwk‣Y †`Iqv nq| ¯’vqx eܨvKi‡Yi nvi e…w× Kivi
j‡‣¨ jvB‡Mkb I †f‡mKUwgi Rb¨ cÖRbb‣g bvix-cyiæl‡`i cÖ‡ivwPZ Ki‡Z m‣g
58 RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvit †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

gvVKg©x Ges Acv‡ik‡bi mv‡_ mswkøó Wv³vi‡`i A_© cÖ‡Yv`bvi cwigvYI e…w× Kiv
nq| GKB mv‡_ ¯’vqx eܨvKi‡Yi MÖvnK‡`i Rb¨I ewa©Z nv‡i A_© cÖ`v‡bi e¨e¯’v Kiv
nq| G mgq GKRb bvix jvB‡Mkb Gi Rb¨ †c‡Zb 108 UvKv Ges GKwU kvox; Avi
GKRb cyiæl †f‡mKUwgi Rb¨ †c‡Zb 175 UvKv Ges GKwU jyw½| miKv‡ii Zid
†_‡K Gmgq †ewk †ewk K‡i jvB‡Mkb I †f‡mKUwgi MÖvnK a‡i Avb‡Z cwievi
cwiKíbv gvVKg©x‡`i Ici fxlY Pvc cÖ‡qvM Kiv nq| G Kv‡R mdjZvi Ici Zv‡`i
PvKywii wbðqZv wbf©ikxj wQj| 1980-81 mv‡ji g‡a¨ miKv‡ii RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y
Kg©m~Pxi Aax‡b cÖvq 230,000 ¯’vqx eܨvKiY m¤úbœ nq Ges jÿ¨gvÎv wVK nq †h
1985 mv‡ji g‡a¨ cÖRbb‣g `¤úwZ‡`i kZKiv 43 fv‡MiB (hv ixwZgZ we¯§qKi)
¯’vqx eܨvKiY Kiv‡bv n‡e, hvi g‡a¨ jvB‡MkbB n‡e cÖavb|19 GB jvB‡Mkb cÖwµqvi
Kvwnbx¸‡jvI wQj A‡bK KiæY| AwaKvsk `wi`ª« bvixB Rvb‡Zb bv Zv‡`i mv‡_ Kx
Kiv n‡Z hv‡‧Q| Acv‡ik‡bi Rb¨ Dchy³ hš¿cvwZ I ¯^v¯’¨Ki cwi‡e‡ki Av‡qvRb
AwaKvsk †‣‡ÎB m¤¢e n‡Zv bv| Ab¨w`‡K mswkøó gvVKg©x Ges Wv³vi jvB‡Mkb †kl
K‡iB Zv‡`i `vwqZ¡ †kl Ki‡Zb| Ac‡ikb DËi †ivMxi ¯^v¯’¨ SyuwK wb‡q Zv‡`i †Kv‡bv
gv_ve¨v_v wQj bv| Gfv‡e miKv‡ii RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi Pvwn`v c~i‡Y gvÎ 108 UvKv
Avi GKwU kvoxi wewbg‡q G‡`‡ki nvRvi nvRvi `wi`ª bvix‡`i Zv‡`i kix‡ii GKwU
¸iæZ¡c~Y© A½ †K‡U †d‡j w`‡Z cÖ‡ivwPZ Kiv n‡q‡Q; †hwU wbðqB wkw¶Z ga¨weË-
D‧PweË bvix‡`i †‣‡Î Kiv m¤¢e n‡Zv bv|
RbmsL¨v wbqš¿‡Yi cieZ©x avc¸‡jv‡Z (1996 mv‡ji ci) evsjv‡`k miKvi
Aek¨ G ai‡bi K‡Vvi `gbg~jK wbqš¿Y bxwZ †_‡K m‡i Av‡m| AvšÍR©vwZKfv‡eB bvix
AwaKvi Kg©x Ges RbmsL¨v bxwZ we‡klÁ A‡b‡KB Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z G ai‡bi
K‡Vvi `gbg~jK RbmsL¨v wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wPi mgv‡jvPbv K‡ib| Zviv GUvI mvg‡b wb‡q
Av‡mb †h Gi gva¨‡g Rb¥nvi Kgv‡bvi ev¯Íe j‣¨gvÎv AR©‡bi mvdj¨I Lye bMY¨|
`ªæZB Abyf~Z nq mgv‡Ri m‡PZb AskMÖnY Qvov Rb¥nvi wbqš¿Y Kg©m~wPi mdj
ev¯Íevqb m¤¢e bq| 1994 mv‡j RbmsL¨v I Dbœqb wel‡q AbywôZ AvšÍR©vwZK
m‡¤§j‡bI Z…Zxq we‡k¦i †`k¸‡jv‡Z Abym…Z `gbg~jK Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ †_‡K †ei n‡q
Avmvi wm×všÍ nq| GB mg‡q Rb¥wbqš¿Y wel‡qi mv‡_ gv‡qi I wkïi my¯^v¯’¨, bvixi
cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨, bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvi BZ¨vw` eûgvwÎK welqvw` AšÍf©~³ Kiv nq| gv‡qi
my¯’ ¯^v¯’¨ wbwðZKiY Ges my¯’ wkïi Rb¨ Nb Nb mšÍvb cÖme cwinvi Kiv; bvixi wbivc`
cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ wbwðZ Kiv wKsev cÖRb‡bi Ici bvixi AwaKvi I wbqš¿Y cÖwZôvi Rb¨
wbqwš¿Z Rb¥avi‡Yi ¸iæZ¡- BZ¨Kvi fvebv Ges Kg©m~wP cÖavbZ ¸iæZ¡ cvq|
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi wm×všÍ‡K Ôbvixi ‣gZvq‡biÕ cÖZxK wn‡m‡e wPwýZ Kivi cÖqvm j‣¨ Kiv
hvq Ges bvixi we‡qi b~b¨Zg eqm evov‡bv, bvix wk‣v I Kg©ms¯’v‡bi we¯Ívi BZ¨vw` Kx
Kx cÖfve‡Ki gva¨‡g bvixi GB Ô‣gZvqbÕ I ÔcÖRbb AwaKviÕ wbwðZ Kiv hvq Zv wb‡q
miKvi- RbmsL¨v welqK †`wk-we‡`wk GbwRI‡`i M‡elYv ZrciZv, B›Uvi‡fbkb
Kg©m~wP Ges Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z A_© mieiv‡ni e¨cK e…w× N‡U hv µgea©gvb avivq
Ae¨vnZ Av‡Q|
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 59

Dcmsnvi
Rb¥wbqš¿‡Yi mgmvgwqK Kg©m~wP¸‡jv‡Z Ôbvixi cÖRbb AwaKv‡iiÕ cÖm½‡K m~²fv‡e
Zwj‡q †`Lv Riæwi| mvaviYZ cÖRbb AwaKvi ej‡Z e¨w³we‡k‡li cÖRbb wel‡q wm×všÍ
MÖn‡Yi ‣gZv‡K †evSvq| m¯Ívb aviY wKsev bv aviY, Mf©cvZ, Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZi
e¨envi, h_vh_ †hŠb wk‣v Ges cÖRbb my¯^v‡¯’¨i AwaKvi BZ¨vw` Gi g‡a¨ c‡o| wKš`
bvix KZ©…K Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi cwimsL¨vbMZ nvi †`‡LB bvixi ÔcÖRbb AwaKviÕ
wbwðZ n‡‧Q GgbZi g~j¨vqb wVK n‡e bv| KviY ivóª-mgvR-cwiev‡i bvix †h ai‡bi
Aat¯Íb ‣gZv m¤ú‡K©i g‡a¨ evm K‡i Zv‡Z cÖRbb wKsev Rb¥kvm‡bi wm×v‡šÍ bvixi
e¨w³ ¶gZvi PP©vi †Kv‡bv ev¯Íe Ae¯’vB †bB| Gi †P‡qI eo K_v ÔcÖRbb AwaKv‡iiÕ
bv‡g Rb¥wbqš¿Y c×wZ MÖn‡Yi g~j `vqfvi wKš` bvixi IciB Pvcv‡bv n‡‧Q; †hLv‡b
bvixi Rb¥wbqš¿Y mswkøó AwaKvsk c×wZiB †Kv‡bv bv †Kv‡bv ai‡bi ¯^v¯’¨SyuwK i‡q‡Q|
Dcnv‡mi welq n‡‧Q ïay K¨vÝviRwbZ SyuwK Qvov cwievi cwiKíbv ¯^v¯’¨‡mevq Ab¨vb¨
SyuwK¸‡jv‡K we‡ePbv‡ZB †bIqv nq bv| gv_v Nyiv‡bv, welbœZv, gywU‡q hvIqv, †hŠb
Aemv` cÖwZw`‡bi GgbZi A¯^w¯Í †g‡b wb‡q †KvbI c×wZ MÖn‡Y cyiæl‡K ivRx Kiv‡bv
†hZ bv, GUv wbtm‡›`n| Zvi †P‡qI eo K_v GgbZi fvebv AvmvUvB `y¯‹i| KviY
cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR †PZbv Rv‡qR K‡i †h mšÍvb aviY †h‡nZy bvixi KvR, Rb¥wb‡iv‡ai
`vqI Zvi| GB ¯^v_©ci cyiælZvwš¿K †PZbv Avevi mšÍvb avi‡bi K…wZZ¡I bvix‡K w`‡Z
Pvq bv| mšÍvb g~jZ Zvi evevi| mšÍvb cÖwZcvj‡bi `vwqZ¡ gv‡qi wKš` mšÍv‡bi
AwffveK evev| d‡j GB cyiælZvwš¿K mgvR ev¯ÍeZvq mšÍvb hw` nq fwel¨‡Zi
wewb‡qvM (cwievi¸‡jvi mšÍvb MÖn‡Yi †‣‡Î GwU GKwU cÖavb fvebv) , †mB wewb‡qv‡M
bvixi †KvbI jvf †bB; †m GK †eMviLvUv k«wgK gvÎ|
Ggb ev¯ÍeZvq †`wL, †`‡ki bvix Dbœqb Kg©m~wPi †ewkifvM Ry‡o Av‡Q Ôwbivc`
gvZ…Z¡Õ, cÖRbb ¯^v¯’¨ Ges bvix‡K Rb¥wb‡iv‡a DrmvwnZKi‡Yi g‡a¨| bvix Dbœq‡bi
GBme bxwZ GUvB cÖgvY K‡i cyiælZvwš¿K ivóª-mgvR ÔcÖRbb AwaKv‡iiÕ bv‡g bvix‡K
g~jZ Zvi cÖRbb f~wgKvi g‡a¨B AvU‡K ivL‡Z Pvq| GLv‡b Av‡iKwU wRÁvmv
AeavwiZfv‡eB mvg‡b Av‡m-G hver mgvR-iv‡óªi Pvwn`v‡K Qvwc‡q cÖRbb AwaKvi
A_©vr mšÍvvb †bqv wKsev bv †bqvi wel‡q e¨w³we‡k‡li ¯^vaxb B‧Qvi ‣gZv KZLvwb
wQj? gvby‡li cÖRbb f~wgKv Kx †Kej e¨vw³MZ welq? GB wRÁvmvi AbymÜv‡bB mvg‡b
Av‡m bvix‡K cÖRbb f~wgKvq AvU‡K ivLv Ges G‡KB GKgvÎ bvixi gnr KZ©e¨ e‡j
iƒcvwqZ Kivi cyiælZvwš¿K ivRbxwZ|
gvby‡li cÖRbb f~wgKv wbQK †KvbI e¨w³MZ welq bq| kÖgkw³ Ges mvgwiK
kw³, mgv‡Ri wU‡K _vKvi GB `yB wfwËi Pvwn`v wbwðZ Ki‡Z PvB Ae¨vnZ mšÍvb
Drcv`b cÖwµqv| cyiælZvwš¿K mf¨Zv ïiæ †_‡KB GB Pvwn`v wbwðZ K‡i‡Q bvixi
kÖgRMr Ges cyiæ‡li kÖgRM‡Zi c…_KxKi‡Yi gva¨‡g| bvixi RMZ mxwgZ n‡q‡Q mšÍvb
Drcv`b, cÖwZcvjb Ges Mvn©¯’¨K‡g©; Ab¨w`‡K cyiæ‡li RMZ cÖmvwiZ n‡q‡Q
ÔDrcv`bkxj Kv‡Ri RM‡ZÕ Ges hyׇ‣Î, ivóª-ivRbxwZ‡Z| mgvR-iv‡óªi GB Pvwn`vB
wba©viY K‡i‡Q wewfbœ Av_©-ivR‰bwZK †cÖw‣‡Z ivóª bvixi Rb¨ Kx ai‡bi cÖRbb
60 RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvit †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

f~wgKv wba©viY K‡i‡Q: KL‡bv bvixi Kv‡Q AwaK nv‡i mšÍvb cÖme PvIqv n‡q‡Q; KLbI
Rb¥wb‡iv‡ai `vq Pvwc‡q †`Iqv n‡q‡Q; Avevi KLbI we‡kl wj‡½i mšÍvb cÖme `vwe
Kiv n‡q‡Q; mšÍvb jvjb cvj‡bi Rb¨ Zv‡K N‡ii Pvi †`qv‡j AvUKv‡bv n‡q‡Q, Zv‡K
ewÂZ Kiv n‡q‡Q Rbcwimi-hyׇ‣Î-ivó«-ivRbxwZ †_‡K; Avevi †`wL, eo eo hy‡×i
mgq hLb cyiæ‡liv MYnv‡i hy‡× †M‡Q, KviLvbv k~b¨, Ggb Ae¯’vq Zv‡K N‡ii evB‡i
G‡b KviLvbvi kÖwgK Kiv n‡q‡Q, GgbwK ‰mb¨NvUwZ †gUv‡Z KLbI KL‡bv Zv‡K
‰mwbK wn‡m‡e hyׇ‣‡ÎI Kv‡R jvMv‡bv n‡q‡Q (wØZxq wek¦hy‡× ivwkqv, wf‡qZbvg
†Mwijv hy‡× bvix‡`i AšÍf©~w³)20, Avevi hy× †k‡l Zv‡`i N‡i wd‡i †h‡Z eva¨ Kiv
n‡q‡Q|
hy‡M hy‡M cyiælZvwš¿K mf¨Zvi Pvwn`v AbyhvqxB bvixi wbqwZ wba©vwiZ n‡q‡Q| GB
wbqwZi g‡a¨ bvbv ˆewPΨ Av‡Q e‡U; wKš` GL‡bv ch©šÍ cÖRbb f~wgKvB bvixi cÖavb
wbqwZ| bvix †ckv‡‣‡Î-kÖg‡‣‡Î cÖ‡ek K‡i‡Q wVK, wKš` mšÍvb Drcv`b-jvjbcvjb
Avi Mvn©¯’¨ K‡g©i nvj kZfvM wVKVvK †i‡LB N‡ii evB‡i Rbcwim‡i Zvi AbycÖ‡ek‡K
Rv‡qR Ki‡Z n‡‧Q|
Z‡e wK cÖRbb f~wgKv‡K cÖZ¨vL¨vb Ki‡e bvix ? GUvB wK n‡e bvix AwaKv‡ii
mgv_©K?
wecø‡evËi ivwkqvq cwievi, mšÍvb aviY, jvjb-cvjb Ges bvix cyiæl m¤úK© wb‡q
ivóªxq bxwZ m¤úwK©Z Av‡jvPbvq Av‡jKRv›`ªv †KvjšÍvvB ZiæY fvB-fwMbxMY‡K Avk¦vm
w`‡q e‡j‡Qb ci¯úi‡K fvj‡e‡m Rxeb D`hvcb Kiv Zv‡`i AwaKvi| Zviv †hb
cwievi I mšÍvv‡bi `vq`vwq‡Z¡i `ywðšÍvq bvix-cyiæl fvjevmv m¤ú‡K©i g‡Zv `viæY
gvbweK welq‡K †njv bv K‡i| KviY, f‡qi wKQy †bB| mKj mšÍvb‡`i `vqfvi ivóª
MÖnY Ki‡e|21
GUvB‡Zv ¯^vfvweK| mKj wkïi gvbweK weKv‡ki `vq-`vwqZ¡‡Zv iv‡óªiB! KviY,
GivB ivóª-mgvR‡K wUwK‡q ivLvi fwel¨r Rbkw³| wKš` we`¨gvb cyiælZvwš¿K cyuwRev`x
e¨e¯’vq Zvi D‡ëvwU NU‡Q| GLv‡b Drcv`b n‡‧Q mvgvwRKfv‡e, `ywbqve¨vcx jvL jvL
kÖgRxex-‡ckvRxex gvby‡li mvgwóK kÖ‡gi wfwˇZ; wKš` gybvdv Avi †fvM Kyw¶MZ n‡‧Q
¸wUK‡q‡Ki nv‡Z| cyuwR-gybvdv-‡fvM Gi Dch©ycwi Djøçb Ges Kyw‣MZKiY wbwðZ
n‡‧Q c…w_exi AwaKvsk gvby‡li †eu‡P _vKvi by¨bZg gvbweK AwaKvi‡K cv‡q `‡j|
we`¨gvb cyuwR-m¤ú‡`i µgea©gvb weKv‡ki Rb¨ Ae¨vnZ kÖwgK mieivn Acwinvh© kZ©,
hvi †hvMvb wbwðZ n‡‧Q bvixi mšÍvb Drcv`b f~wgKvi gva¨‡g| d‡j mšÍvb Drcv`b
wbwðZfv‡eB mvgvwRK KvR| wKš` cyuwRev‡` gvby‡li cÖRbb f~wgKv Ges mšÍvb
cÖwZcvj‡bi `vq`vwqZ¡‡K cwievi¸‡jvi e¨w³MZ wel‡q ch©ewmZ Kiv nq-- †hLv‡b
mšÍvb Drcv`b, jvjb-cvjb Ges Gi mv‡_ m¤úwK©Z Mvn©¯’¨ K‡g©i Nvwb g~jZ bvixi
Kvu‡aB Pv‡c| Ab¨w`‡K ÔmšÍvb Drcv`b I cÖwZcvj‡biÕ mvgvwRK Acwinvwh©Zvi welq‡K
Avovj Ki‡Z bvixi cÖRbb I Mvn©¯’¨K‡g©i f~wgKv‡K ÔAKvRÕ e‡j g~j¨nxb Kivi gZv`k©
Rvwi _v‡K mgv‡R, cwiev‡i, weÁvc‡b...Rxe‡bi cÖwZ ci‡Z ci‡Z| G n‡‧Q cyuwRev`x
e¨e¯’vi †KŠkjMZ dvuwK| hvi gva¨‡g we`¨gvb ivóª-miKvi mKj wkïi gvbweKfv‡e
Jagannath University Journal of Arts 61

†e‡o IVvi Rb¨ Lv`¨, evm¯’vb, wk‣v, ¯^v¯’¨ Ges G‡`i fwel¨r Kg©ms¯’v‡bi
`vq`vwqZ¡‡K A¯^xKvi K‡i wKsev Ki‡Z m‣g nq| Ggb ev¯ÍeZvq mšÍv‡bi b~¨bZg †eu‡P
_vKv wbwðZ Ki‡Z cwievi¸‡jv ayu‡K ayu‡K g‡i, G‡‣‡Î gv wn‡m‡e bvixi cwiw¯’wZ nq
Av‡iv †kvPbxq Ges wbg©g; fvjevmv-m…wó-Avb‡›` GLv‡b Rxeb D`hvc‡bi cÖm½
AevšÍi| Gfv‡e AwaKvsk gvby‡li kÖg, we‡klZ bvixi cÖRbb I Mvn©¯’¨ kÖg‡K AvZ¥mvr
K‡i, G‡K ÔAKvRÕ wn‡m‡e Pvwj‡q cyiælZvwš¿K mf¨Zvi m…wó‡mŠa cwicyó n‡‧Q|
ivóª-mgvR hZw`b ch©šÍ mgv‡Ri mšÍvb‡`i `vq`vwqZ¡ MÖnY Ki‡Q ZZw`b ch©šÍ
cÖRbb I cÖwZcvj‡b bvixi GKK f~wgKv wbtm‡›`‡n bvixi gvbweK e¨w³ weKv‡ki c‡_
cÖwZeÜK| d‡j ÔcÖRbbÕ AwaKv‡ii `vwe ïay mšÍvb †bqv ev bv †bqv wKsev Rb¥wbqš¿Y
cÖm‡½i g‡a¨ mxwgZ ivL‡j Pj‡e bv| GwU cÖmvwiZ n‡Z n‡e mKj wkïi gvbweKfv‡e
†e‡o IVvi `vwe‡Z, bvixi wb‡Ri wk‣v, Kg©ms¯’v‡bi AwaKvi, cwievi-mgvR-m¤ú‡K©
mg¶gZvi PP©v, Rbcwimi-ivó«-ivRbxwZ-RbbxwZ‡Z Askx`vwiZ¡ m‡e©vcwi gvbyl wn‡m‡e
Zvi gh©v`v cÖwZôvi `vwe‡Z|
Z_¨ wb‡`©k
1. wm‡gvb `¨ †ev‡fvqvi, w` †m‡KÛ †m•, ûgvqyb AvRv` (Ab~w`Z), AvMvgx cÖKvkbx, 2006, c…. 43
2. wm‡gvb `¨ †ev‡fvqvi, cÖv¸³, c…. 51
3. Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, The Power of Women and the Subversion
of the Community, Falling Wall Press Ltd, England, 1975, p. 30
4. Mariarosa Dalla Costa and Selma James, ibid, p. 31
5. Gayle Rubin, “The Traffic in Women: Notes on the Political Economy of Sex” in
Ranya R. Reiter (ed.) Toward an Anthropology of Women, New York: Monthly
Review Press, 1975, p. 170
6. Silvia Federici, Wages Against Housework, Power of Women Collective and the
Falling Wall Press, Bristol, 1975, pp. 2-3
7. Heidi Hartmann, The Historical Roots of Occupational Segregation- Capitalism,
Patriarchy and Job Segregation by Sex, Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
Society, Vol. 1, Number 3, Part 2, 1976, p. 139
8. Women’s Global Network for Reproductive Rights (WGNRR), 1991 KZ…©K D‡jøwLZ
ch©v‡jvPbv, file:///C:/Users/sociologylab/Downloads/Yuval_Davis% 20(1).pdf,
Access-13.03.2017
9. Sinisa Malesevic, “Gendering of War” in The Sociology of War and Genocide,
Cambridge University Press, UK 2010, p. 298
10. William Beveridge, Report on Social Insurance and Allied Services, London:
HMSO, 1942, p. 103
11. Nira Yuval Davis, Nationalist Projects and Gender Relations, Nar. Umjet, 40/1,
2003, p. 13
12. Betsy Hartmann, Reproductive Rights and Wrongs: The Global Politics of
Population Control and Contraceptive Choice, New York: Harper and Row, 1987,
p. 35
62 RbmsL¨v bxwZ Ges bvixi cÖRbb AwaKvit †cÖwÿZ evsjv‡`k

13. Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey, 2014, pp. 53 & 74

14. Farida Akhter, Depopulating Bangladesh- Essays on the Politics of Fertility,
Narigrantha Probartana, 2005, p. 15
15. Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, First Five Year Plan, (1973-78):
Planning Commission, Bangladesh, p. 538
16. Mellisa Tennyson, Women, (Under)Development, Empire: The Other(ed) Margins
in American Studies, PhD thesis, Programme in American Studies, Washington
State Universirty, 2010, p. 207
17. Farida Akhter, op cit, p. 20
18. Government of People’s Republic of Bangladesh, Second Five Year Plan, (1980-
85): Planning Commission, Bangladesh, http://www.popline.org /node/501042,
Acess-16.03.2017
19. Farida Akhter, op cit, p. 26
20. Sinisa Malesevic, op cit, p. 301
21. Alexandra Kollontai. “Communism and the Family” in The Worker, 1920.
https://www.marxists.org/archive/kollonta/1920/communism-family.htm, Access-
15.03.2017