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Trivia Questions
What was the first
antimicrobial utilized to treat
an infection?
• SALVARSAN (ARSPHENAMINE)
• The "magic bullet" among chemical derivatives of
the dangerously toxic drug atoxyl.
• A treatment for syphilis.
•What was the first
antibiotic agent?
PENICILLIN
Upon examining some colonies of Staphylococcus
aureus, Dr. Fleming noted that a mold called
Penicillium notatum had contaminated his Petri
dishes. After carefully placing the dishes under his
microscope, he was amazed to find that the mold
prevented the normal growth of the staphylococci.
THOUGHTS TO PONDER ON…
WHAT IS THEN AN ANTIMICROBIAL DRUG?
2. ________________________
• Some interfere with biochemical reactions in
many different kinds of microorganisms, making
them useful in treatment of a wide variety of
infection.
Human immune response
• The goal of an antimicrobial therapy is reduction
of the population of the invading organism to a
point at which the human immune response can
take care of the infection.
• If the drug is aggressive enough to eliminate all
traces of any invading pathogen, it might be toxic
to the host as well.
Human immune response
• The immune response involves a complex
interaction among chemical mediators, cells,
antibodies and enzymes.
• When this response is completely functional, it
can isolate and eliminate foreign proteins,
including bacteria, fungi and viruses
Human immune response
• However, if a person is immunocompromised for
any reason, the immune system may be
incapable of dealing effectively with the invading
organisms.
• It is difficult to treat any infections in such
patients for two reasons:
Human immune response
1.The antimicrobial drug cannot totally eliminate
the pathogen without causing severe toxicity to the
host.
2. Synergism effect
Combination therapy
3. To address multiple infections.
(many infections are caused by more than one organism)
Therefore: Each pathogen may react to a different
antimicrobial.
Figure 20.7
Penicillin cont.
Penicillinase (β-lactamase): bacterial enzyme that
destroys natural penicillins
Penicillinase resistant penicillins: methicilin replaced by
oxacilin and nafcilin due to MRSA
Extended-spectrum penicilins: Ampicilin, amoxicilin; new:
carboxypenicilins and ureidopenicillins (also good against
P. aeruginosa)
Fig 20.8
Cephalosporins
Fungi of genus
Cephalosporium 4
Generations of
cephalosporins
1. More stable to
bacterial -
lactamases than
penicilins
2. Broader
spectrum used
against penicillin-
resistant strains
Vancomycin
Fig 20.16
Mechanism of Action of Acyclovir
Fig 20.16
Antiviral Drugs for Treating HIV/AIDS:
HAART
1. NRTIs and NNRTIs
2. Protease Inhibitors
3. Fusion Inhibitors
4. Integrase Inhibitors
Examples of Antihelminthic:
• Niclosamide and praziquantel: Tapeworm
• Mebendazole: broadspectrum antihelmintic
• Ivermectin: nematodes, mites, lice . . .
Antibiotic Assays to Guide
Chemotherapy
Agar Disk Diffusion Method determines susceptibility
of an organism to a series of antibiotics: Kirby-Bauer
test
More sophisticated methods available for clinical labs
Drug Resistance
Fig 20.20
Read Clinical Focus:
Antibiotic Resistance
Antibiotics in Animal Feed
Linked to Human Disease (p. 577)