Human Behavior Finals

Human Behavior
and
Crisis
Management
RYAN TIMBAL, SMRICrim, Ph.D.
Registered Criminologist
Human Behavior
Human behavior is anything an
individual does that involves self-initiated
action and/or reaction to a given situation.
It is an attitude that a person adopts in
order to fit the society’s idea of right or
wrong.
It can be also defined as the sum total

of man's reaction to his environment or the
way human beings act.
Ryan Timbal, MS Justice yhangviruz@yahoo.com
Definition of Human Behavior
It is a voluntary or involuntary attitude of
a person in order to fit the society’s idea of
right or wrong, partly determined by
heredity and environment, and modified
through learning.
It is the way also how human beings
act. Many people use the word behavior to
mean conduct. But in psychology and
other behavioral science, behavior is
regarded as any activity of a person.
Human Beings
Human beings are intelligent social
animals with the mental capacity to
comprehend, infer and think in rational
ways.

Two Basic Types of Behavior
• Inherited (Inborn) behavior – refers to any
behavioral reactions or reflexes exhibited by
people because of their inherited capabilities or
the process of natural selection. These behaviors
are modified through adaptation as the
environment acts on the individual. Most
scientists believed that both physical and mental
traits can be inherited by children from their
parents.

Two Basic Types of Behavior
• Learned (Operant) behavior – involves
knowing or adaptation that enhances human
beings’ ability to cope with changes in the
environment in ways which improve the chances
of survival. The key to this behavior depends in
its end results for the person and the
environment. Learned behavior may be acquired
through environment or training.

Social relationships
• In SOCIAL SCIENCE, a social relation
or social interaction is
any relationship between two or more
individuals or group.
• Human beings – as social animals – live

and work in groups.

GROUPS
• It is commonly defined as collection of
individuals who derive satisfaction from
interacting with each other in some
consistent and coordinated way as they
strive to achieve a common goal or
objective.
• GROUPS are held together by various
forms of social relationships.

• Social relations derived from individual
agency, form the basis of social structure
and the basic object for analysis
by social scientists.
• It exist when people reciprocal

expectations about one another so that
they act in a relatively patterned ways

LEARNING
• It is a dynamic process which shows itself
in changed behavior that is based on the
prior experience.

Classifications of Human Behavior
1. Voluntary
2. Involuntary.

Other Classifications of Human
Behavior
Habitual – refers to motorized behavior usually
manifested in language and emotion.
Instinctive – are generally unlearned and simply comes
out of man’s instinct which can be seen among instinct-
instinct survival behaviors.
Symbolic – are behaviors that are usually carried out
by means of unsaid words and shown through symbols
or body signs.
Complex – are those behaviors that combine two or
more of the classified ones.

Causes of conflict on Human Behavior
1. Physical Conflicts
It refers to natural causes, like a typhoons, an
earthquake, a fire, a flood, a storm.
2. Social Conflicts
Involve restrictions or rules in the home, in the school,
in the community. Many laws are intended for public
welfare, but they interfere with the adolescent’s desires or
interest.
3. Economic Conflicts
Result from one’s ability to have materials things
because of poverty or other financial obligations.

Basis of Human Behavior
A. Sensation – is the feeling or impression
created by a given stimulus or cause that leads
to a particular reaction or behavior.
Human Senses
a. Visual – sight
b. Olfactory – smell
c. Cutaneous – touch
d. Auditory – hearing
e. Gustatory – taste
Ryan Timbal, MS Justice, SMRICrim yhangviruz@yahoo.com

B. Perception – refers to the person’s
knowledge of a given stimulus which
largely help to determine the actual
behavioral response in a given situation
C. Awareness – refers to the
psychological activity based on
interpretation of past experiences with a
given stimulus or object.

Understanding
The
PROBLEMS of HUMAN
BEHAVIOR
in
Police Work
Three Types of Personality
a.Introvert – characterized by the
direction of interest toward oneself, and
one’s inner world experiences.
b.Extrovert – characterized by
interests toward the external environment
of people and things rather than toward
inner experiences and oneself.

c.Ambivert - a mixture of between
an extrovert and introvert. These type are
generally outgoing and sociable.

Introvert Extrovert
Like to be alone Like to talk things
with their thoughts out with others
Thinking things
Like to dive-in
through before
immediately
they speak
Get energized by Get energized by
being alone being with others
Don’t deal well with Are ok with being
interruptions spontaneous

Introvert Extrovert
Like advance
Like surprises
notice of changes
Like to get Like public
feedback in private acknowledgement

Attributes of Human Behavior
Duration – refers to the aspect of human behavior in
terms of function of time, how long or brief the interval
maybe
Extent – traits of human behavior which centers on
size, distance, location (spatial characteristics)
Intensity – features of human behavior which
focuses in terms of magnitude, mild, strong,
(disintegrative)
Quantity – refers to the aspect of human behavior
dealing with the normal and abnormal traits.

Psychological Positions or Behavioral
Patterns (Ego States)
• Parent ego state – which may be

characterized as protective, idealistic,
evaluative, righteous, refer to laws, rules and
standards.
• Adult ego state – which centers more upon
reason, factual, flexible, views as co-equal,
worthy, and reasonable human being.
• Child ego state – which may be easily
described as dependent, rebellious, selfish,
demanding, impatient and emotional.

Freud’s Theory of Personality
Factors that affect Human
Behavior
1.Heredity – it is the passing of traits to
offspring (from its parent or ancestors).
This is the process by which an offspring
cell or organism acquires or becomes
predisposed to the characteristics of its
parent cell or organism.

Factors that affect Human
Behavior
2.Environment – refers to surroundings of an

object. It consists of conditions and factors that
surround and influence behavioral pattern.
3.Learning – is the process by which an
individual’s behavior changes as a result of
experience or practice.

Psychological Explanations of
Human Behavior
1. The Mind and Its Relationship to
Crime
Before the development of more scientific
theories on human behavior and mental illness,
one of the most popular explanations was
demonology. Individuals were thought to be
possessed by good or evil spirit, which caused
good or evil behavior.

2. Psychiatric Approach
Psychoanalysis is a branch of
psychiatry, which employs a particular
personality theory and a specific treatment
method, usually individual case study.

3. Personality Theory
Emotional conflict and personality
deviation characterize many criminals,
especially habitual offenders, leading some
theorists to conclude that these deviations
cause human behavior to become criminals

4. Intelligence and Crime
It is argued that low intelligence causes
crime.
The relationship between crime and
intelligence is a “clear consistent link between
criminality and low intelligence.”
Low intelligence and crime appear
together, and low intelligence is the cause of
crime.

5. Cognitive Development
Theory
This approach is based on the belief that the
ways in which people organize their thoughts
about rules and laws results in either criminal or
non-criminal behavior.
Psychologists refer to this organization of
thoughts as moral reasoning.

6. Behavior Theory
Behavior theory is the basis for behavior
modification, one approach used in
institutionalized and non-institutionalized settings
for changing behavior

7. Learning Theory
Learning theory, acknowledges that
individuals have physiological mechanism that
permit them to behave aggressively, but whether
or not they will do so, and the nature of their
aggressive behavior, are learned.

Quiz…
Factors that Determine Human
Behavior
1. Values System
Values represent the ideas and beliefs
through which we define our personal
goals, choose personal courses of action
and judge our own behavior with that of
others.

Behavior
2. Perception
It is a mental screen or filter though which
information must pass before it can be integrated
in human thought processes and behavior.

Behavior
3. Motivation
The word motivation comes from the Latin
word “moveers” which means to move.
Motivation is the energizing force that directs
and controls our behavior towards the
achievement of our goals.

Types of Motivation
1. Intrinsic motivation
2. Extrinsic motivation

Personality Traits that
Affect Human Behavior
1.Extroversion – characterized by interests
directed toward the external environment
of people and things rather than toward
inner experiences and oneself.

2.Introversion – characterized by
direction of interest toward oneself and
one’s inner world of experiences.

3.Ambiversion – is a balance of extrovert
and introvert characteristics.

4.Neuroticism – this is an enduring
tendency to experience negative
emotional states.

5.Psychoticism – is characterized by cold
cruelty, social insensitivity, disregard
for danger, troublesome behavior,
dislike of others and an attraction
towards unusual.

Frustration in Human Behavior
Frustration refers to the situation which

blocks the individual’s motivated behavior.
Sustained frustration may be characterized
by anxiety, irritability, fatigue or depression.

Coping Mechanism
It is defined as the way people react to
frustration.

Frustration Tolerance
It is the ability to withstand frustration

without developing inadequate modes of
response such as being emotionally
depressed or irritated, becoming neurotic,
or becoming aggressive.

Manifestation of Frustration
• Unrealistic Goals – it can be seen when a
person’s level of aspiration is much higher than
his level of achievement.
• Harmful or Antisocial Goals – when a
person’s desire or intention to reach his goal is
harmful to others.
• Conflicting Goals – when two or more goals of
a person rebound to his personal interest and
the benefit of the goal is one sided.
• Environmental Difficulties – when goals
cannot be simply attained due to so many
hindrances within a person.

Broad Reactions to Frustration
• Fight – is manifested by fighting the
problem in a constructive and direct way by
means of breaking down the obstacles
preventing the person reaching his goals.
• Flight – it can be manifested by sulking,

retreating, becoming indifferent and giving
up.

Different Types of Reaction to
Frustration
A. Direct approach - can be seen among
people who handle their problems in a very
objective way.

Frustration
B. Detour - when an individual realizes that
in finding for the right solution of the
problem, he always end up with a
negative outcome or result.

Frustration
C. Substitution - most of time are resulted to

in handling frustration when an original plan
intended to solve the problem did not
produce the intended result, thus the most
practical way to face the problem, is to look
for most possible or alternative means.

Frustration
D. Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding

to running away from the problem or flight
which to some is the safest way.

Frustration
E. Developing feeling of inferiority - comes
when a person is unable to hold on to any
solution which gives a positive result.

Frustration
F. Aggression - is a negative outcome of a
person's inability to handle frustration rightly.
Manifestation in physical behavior can be
observed in one's negative attitudes towards
life both in the personal and professional
aspect.

Frustration
G. Use of Defense Mechanism – is the most tolerated
way of handling frustration. It is a man’s last result
when a person attempts to overcome fear from an
anticipated situation or event.
H. Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious

psychological process that serves as safety valve
that provides relief from emotional conflict and
anxiety.
• .

Common Defense Mechanisms
• 1.Displacement - strong emotion, such as
anger, is displaced onto another person or
object as the recipient of said emotion
(anger), rather than being focused on the
person or object which originally was the
cause of said emotion.

• 2.Rationalization - is the defense

mechanism that enables individuals to
justify their behavior to themselves and
others by making excuses or formulating
fictitious, socially approved arguments to
convince themselves and others that their
behavior is logical and acceptable

• 3.Compensation - is the psychological
defense mechanism through which
people attempt to overcome the anxiety
associated with feelings of inferiority and
inadequacy in one is of personality or
body image, by concentrating on
another area where they can excel.

• 4.Projection - manifest feelings and ideas
which are unacceptable to the ego or the
superego and are projected onto others so
that they seem to have these feelings or
ideas, which free the individual from the
guilt and anxiety associated with them.

• 5.Reaction formation - is defined as the
development of a trait or traits which are
the opposite of tendencies that we do not
want to recognize.

• 6.Denial – when a person uses this, he

refuses to recognize and deal with reality
because of strong inner needs.

• 7.Repression – is unconscious process

whereby unacceptable urges or painful
traumatic experiences are completely
prevented from entering consciousness.

• 8.Suppression - which is sometimes

confused with that of repression, is a
conscious activity by which an individual
attempts to forget emotionally disturbing
thoughts and experiences by pushing
them out of his mind.

• 9.Identification - an individual seeks to

overcome his own feelings of inadequacy,
loneliness, or inferiority by taking on the
characteristics of someone who is important
to him.

• 10.Substitution - through this defense

mechanism, the individual seeks to
overcome feelings of frustration and
anxiety by achieving alternate goals
and gratifications.

• 11.Fantasy - this is resulted to whenever

unfulfilled ambitions and unconscious
drives do not materialize.

• 12.Regression – a person reverts to a

pattern of feeling, thinking or behavior
which was appropriate to an earlier stage
of development.

• 13.Sublimation – is the process by

which instinctual drives which
consciously unacceptable are diverted
into personally and socially accepted
channels.

Mental disorder from sociological
viewpoint is the persistent inability to
adapt oneself to the ordinary
environment. It is the individual’s loss
of power to regulate his actions and
conduct according to the rules of
society.

Normal Behavior
This refers to a lack of significant
deviation from the average. Another
possible definition is that "a normal" is
someone who conforms to the
predominant behavior in a society.
Social norms – rules that a group uses

for appropriate and inappropriate values,
beliefs, attitudes and behaviors.

Who are Normal Persons?
From the viewpoint of human adjustment, a normal
persons is one behaves according to the norms and
standards of society.
Characteristics of Normal Persons

1. Free expression of personality.
2. Adequate security feelings.
3. Efficient contact with reality.
4. Adaptability to group norms.
5. Emotional maturity.
6. Adequate self-knowledge.
7. Integrated and consistent personality.
Who are Abnormal Persons?
Are individual can be called abnormal when he fails to
meet the above stated characteristics of a normal persons.
Characteristics of Abnormal Persons
1. He may compromise with reality by developing

imaginary ailments, phobias, obsessions, or compulsions.
2. He may withdraw from the real world into a world of
fantasy and make-believe where his hidden or unexpressed
desires may be fulfilled.
3. Instead of compromising with reality or withdrawing
into as kind of shell, the person may go to the other extreme,
and become very aggressive to others.

Abnormal Behavior
Literaly means "away from the

normal". It implies deviation from some
clearly defined norm. In the case of
physical illness, the norm is the structural
and functional integrity of the body.

ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
• Since “AB“ means away from.
Abnormal behavior - can be defined as

behavior which is away from or deviating
from normal behavior.
– It is one that is within the concept as his
own behavior which he or she sees
normal, and that people who behave as
they do, are likewise normal and those
that do not behave similarly are
abnormal.
In this regard, behavior which is
ineffective, self-defeating, self-destructive,
and which separates the individual from
those who are important to him is
regarded as “abnormal”.

COMMON
MISCONCEPTIONS
ABOUT ABNORMAL
BEHAVIOR

“There is something “evil” about mental illness
and people who suffer from such illness are
themselves evil, violent, and homicidal”
The truth is, there is nothing at all evil about

mental illness and that large majority of mentally
ill are neither violent nor dangerous. It is the
“evil” idea that leads people to have that fear.
If the police officer recognizes this fear, he
can use it when taking a person into custody by
offering his help and protection instead of
fighting him.
“mental illness is an “all or do
nothing” affair”
The concept of mental illness is

easily divided. A person is often
regarded as insane or normal or
classified as such. Nothing could be
further from the truth.
“if the person is mentally ill,
he will always be mentally ill
and his condition will not
vary significantly from to day”
Mental illness can be treated and

individuals can become normal or
functional again. Like physically ill patients,
they may also get sick again, receive
appropriate treatment and recover again.
“the feelings and behavior of mentally ill
persons have no relationship to the
feeling and behavior of the mentally
healthy. Some mentally ill persons
experience delusions”
A delusion is defined as false belief

which is strongly held despite all tests of
reality.
GUIDELINES FOR JUDGING
ABNORMAL BEHAVIOR
1. APPROPRIATENESS
Normal behavior tends to be
appropriate to the situation; abnormal
behavior tends to be inappropriate.
The basis of behavior’s
appropriateness includes assessment of
not only the behavior itself but the
situation in which it is happening.
• Sample of appropriateness…
A traffic police officer praying inside the
church, then enters a man, sits beside him, and
started to pray. This is appropriate behavior since
it is taking inside the church.
But, if the place changes, but the behavior
remains; such as when the traffic officer is
manning traffic in a busy street, then a man
suddenly walk towards him, kneel and started to
pray in front of him.
Note that the behavior itself has not changed,
only its appropriateness changed. yhangviruz@yahoo.com
Ryan Timbal, MS Justice
2. FLEXIBILITY
Normal behavior regardless of the
place tends to be flexible and can be
changed in order to fit in a given situation.
For instance…
The COP behavior varies on each
situation and place. Just like with his
behavior from his work place, residence,
place of entertainment, etc.

3. IMPULSIVITY
Abnormal Behavior since it is

related to uncontrolled or partially
controlled needs and drives, tends to be
impulsive.
Normal Behavior is more likely to be
a result of a consideration of its
consequences, with important decisions
being given careful thought before
implementation.

Symptoms of Mental Disorders
Enumerated hereunder are some of the
symptoms of mental disorders:
1. Physical
Physical symptoms of mental and emotional

disorders include rapid changes in pulse, temperature,
respiration, nausea, vomiting, headaches, dizziness, loss
of appetite, marked changes in weight, excessive fatigue,
pain, cough, lack of motor coordination, and speech
disturbance.

2. Mental
Symptoms of mental and emotional disorders include
flight of fancy, loss of understanding, loss of memory,
strong irrational fears, compulsion to engage in some form
of behavior, obsessions, and false perceptions.
3. Emotional
Some symptoms of mental and emotional disorders
are apathy—indifference, accompanied by expressions of
worry, crying, refusal to eat or speak, unnatural state of
happiness, behavior symptoms—psychomotor activity,
crying, laughing, constant repetition of act, and profane
language.

Classifications of Mental Retardation
Mental retardation is defined as an IQ of
approximately 70 or below:
1. Idiot
Usually congenital and it is due to the defective
development of the mental faculties. Mentality never exceeds
that of a normal child over 2 years old. The I.Q. is from 0 to
20.
Severely/Profoundly - Many require life-long care and

supervision and are often confined to institutions
Classifications of Mental Retardation
2. Imbecile
Although the mental defect, is not severe as that of idiots.
He cannot manage his own affairs. The mental age may be
compared to a normal child from 5 to 8 years old. The I.Q. is
21 to 40.
Moderately (Trainable) - cannot learn academic subjects

in school.
3. Feeble-Minded (Mildly (Educable)
A person whose mental defect is so pronounced, such
that he needs care, supervision, and control for his
protection and for the protection of others. He has mentality
similar to that of a normal child between 8 to 12 years old.
The I.Q. is 41 to 70. learn to approximately 6th grade level.
4. Morally Defective
In addition to the mental defect, there are strong
vicious and criminal propensities, so that the person
requires care, supervision and control for the protection of
others.

Two Basic Views in the Determination
of Abnormal Behavior
1. Abnormal as Deviation from Social Norm
This view was formulated by Ullman and
Krasner. They maintained that abnormal is simply
a label given to behavior that is deviant from
social expectations. They also maintained that
behavior cannot be considered abnormal so long
as society accepts it.

2. Abnormal as Maladaptive
• Adaptive behavior – is a type of behavior that is

used to adjust to another type of behavior or
situation.
• Maladaptive behavior – is a behavior or trait that

is not adaptive — it is counterproductive to the
individual. Maladaptivity is frequently used as an
indicator of abnormality or mental dysfunction.

BEHAVIORAL DISORDERS
I. PSYCHOSOMATIC DISORDER
A disorder in which the physical illness is
considered to be highly associated with emotional
factors. The individual may not perceive that his
emotional state is contributing to his physical illness.
A physical disease that is thought to be caused, or
made worse, by mental factors.” The term is also used
when mental factors cause physical symptoms but
where there is no physical disease. For example,
chest pain may be caused by stress and no physical
disease can be found

II. NEUROSIS
Neurosis is a class of functional mental disorders
involving distress but neither delusions nor
hallucinations, whereby behavior is not outside the
socially acceptable norms.
The distinguishing feature of neurosis:

- anxiety
- fear
- endless troubles that carries significant aspects
of the individual’s life.

III. ANXIETY DISORDERS
Anxiety disorders are blanket terms

covering several different forms of abnormal
and pathological fear and anxiety. People
experience excessive levels of the kind of
negative emotions that we identify as being
nervous, tense, worried, scared, and
anxious. These terms all refer to anxiety.

Forms of Anxiety
• Phobias
This is an intense, unrealistic fear. In this
case, anxiety is focused so intensely on some
objects or situations that the individual is acutely
uncomfortable around it and will often go to
great pain to avoid it.

Forms of Anxiety
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
Obsession – This is an anxiety provoking thoughts
that will not go away. Thoughts and impulses which
occur in the person’s mind despite attempts to keep
them out. They seem uncontrollable, as if they do
not belong to the individual's mind. (Person keeps
on thinking about)
Compulsion – It is an urge wherein a person is

compelled to perform some actions against his free
will and with duress as a result of external factors.
This is an irresistible urge to engage in certain
pattern of behavior.
• IV. SOMATOFORM DISORDERS
"Soma" means body, and somatoform
disorders involve a neurotic pattern in which
the individuals complain of bodily symptoms
that suggest the presence of a physical
problem, but for which no organic basis can
be found. Such individuals are typically
preoccupied with their state of health and
with various presumed disorders or diseases
of bodily organs.
Three Distinct Somatoform
Patterns
• A.Somatization Disorder
This is an intensely and chronically
uncomfortable condition that indirectly creates a
high risk of medical complications. It takes the
form of chronic and recurrent aches, pains,
fever, tiredness and other symptoms to bodily
illness. Individuals frequently experience memory
difficulties, problems with walking, numbness,
block-out spells, nausea, menstrual problems and a
lack of pleasure from sex.

Patterns
• B.Conversion Disorders and Somatoform Pain
Disorders
Conversion disorders – are somatoform disorders in which
individuals experience serious somatic symptoms such as
functional blindness, deafness, paralysis, fainting, seizures,
inability to speak or other serious impairments in the
absence of any physical cause.
Somatoform pain disorders – are somatoform disorders in
which the individual experiences a relatively specific and
chronic pain that has a psychological rather than physical
cause. It is very similar to conversion disorders except that
the primary symptom is pain that has no physical cause.
Patterns
• C.Dissociative Disorders
This covers a broad category of loosely
related rare conditions involving sudden
alterations in cognition, characterized by
change in memory, perceptions or "identity".

Types of Dissociative Disorders
a. Amnesia – This refers to loss of memory that can
have either physical or psychological cause. It most
often occurs after a period of intense stress and
involves loss of memory for all or part of the stressful
experience itself.
b. Psychogenic Fugue State – This resembles

amnesia in that there is a loss of memory but the loss
is so complete that the individuals cannot remember
his or her identity or previous life.

c. Depersonalization – This refers to

experiences in which the individual feels
that he or she has become distorted or
"unreal" or that distortions have occurred in
one's surroundings. One might feel that
she is a real robot - even though she
knows she is a real person - or that her
room is not real or that her parents are not
real people.
d. Multiple Personality – This is a

dissociative disorder in which the individual
shifts abruptly and repeatedly from one
personality to another as if more than one
person were inhabiting the same body. This
is commonly known as "split personality
disorder."

BEHAVIORAL
DISORDERS
V. PERSONALITY DISORDERS
Personality disorders, formerly referred to as
character disorders, are a class of personality types
and behaviors that the American Psychiatric
Association (APA) defines as “an enduring pattern of
inner experience and behavior that deviates
markedly from the expectations of the culture of the
individual who exhibits it”. This category includes
those individuals who begin to develop a
maladaptive behavior pattern early in childhood as a
result of family, social, and cultural influences.

Types of Personality Disorders
• 1.Paranoid Personality – This is

characterized by suspiciousness,
hypersensitivity, rigidity, envy, excessive
self-importance, and argumentativeness
plus a tendency to blame others for one's
own mistakes and failures and to ascribe
evil motives to others.

• 2.Schizoid Personality – Individuals with

this personality disorder neither deserve
nor enjoy close relationship. They live a
solitary life with little interest in developing
friendships. They exhibit emotional
coldness, detachment, or a constricted
affect.

• 3.Schizotypal Personality – Individuals

with this type of personality disorder
exhibit odd behaviors based on a belief in
magic or superstition and may report
unusual perceptual experiences.

• 4.Histrionic Personality – This is

characterized by attempt to be the center
of attention through the use of theatrical
and self-dramatizing behavior. Sexual
adjustment is poor and interpersonal
relationships are stormy.

• 5.Narcissistic Personality – Individuals

with this type of personality have a
pervasive sense of self-importance. They
are preoccupied by fantasies of unlimited
success, power, and they often demand
excessive admiration and attention.

• 6.Antisocial Personality – This is

characterized by a lifelong history of
inability to conform to social norms. They
are irritable and aggressive" and may have
repeated physical fights. These individuals
also have a high prevalence of morbid
substance abuse disorders.

• 7.Borderline Personality – This is
characterized by instability, reflected in drastic
mood shifts and behavior problems. Individuals
with this type of personality are acutely
sensitive to real or imagined abandonment and
have a pattern of repeated unstable but intense
interpersonal relationships that alternate
between extreme idealization and devaluation.
Such individuals may abuse substances or
food, or be sexually promiscuous.

• 8.Avoidant Personality – Individuals with

this personality are fearful of becoming
involved with people because of excessive
fears of criticism or rejection.

• 9.Dependent Personality – This is

characterized by inability to make even
daily decisions without excessive advice
and reassurance.

• 10.Compulsive Personality – This is

characterized by excessive concern with
rules, order efficiency, and work coupled
with insistence that everyone do things
their way and an inability to express
warm feelings.

• 11.Passive-Aggressive Personality –
The individual with personality disorder is
usually found to have overindulged in
many things during the early years to the
extent that the person comes to anticipate
that his needs will always be met and
gratified.

VI. AFFECTIVE DISORDERS

The term affect is roughly equivalent
to emotion or to mood. The affective
disorders are mood disorders in which
extreme and inappropriate levels of
mood – extreme elation or deep
depression.

Milder Forms of Affective
Disorders
• Sadness
• Discouragement
• Pessimism
• Sense of Hopelessness

Severe Affective Disorders
• Neurotic Affective Disorders – are disorders
of mood in which the person is seriously
incapacitated, but not to the extent that
contacts with reality is impaired.
• Psychotic Affective Disorders – are general
disorganization of the individuals’ emotional
make-up, sensory and motor disturbances,
and usually disturbance and deterioration of
intellectual activities. Psychotics have a
serious deterioration of reality which interferes
with their ability to function adequately.
VII. SCHIZOPHRENIA
The schizophrenias are a group of
psychotic disorders characterized by gross
distortions of reality, withdrawal from social
interaction and disorganization and
fragmentation of perception, thought, and
emotion. Schizophrenic disorders were at
one time attributed to a type of "mental
deterioration" beginning early in life.

Types of Schizophrenia
• 1.Simple Schizophrenia – is characterized by
a gradual deterioration of drive, ambition,
and the ability to function, reflected in the
absence of social relationship or to work
effectively at a job.
• 2.Paranoid Schizophrenia – is characterized

principally by delusions of persecutions
and/or grandeur. Hallucinations, usually
auditory, are most of time present.

Types of Schizophrenia
• 3.Hebephrenic Schizophrenia – manifests
severe integration of personality and can be
observed through inappropriate giggling and
smiling which to an untrained observer may
only be childish playfulness.
• 4.Catatonic Schizophrenia – manifests

extreme violence and shown with excessive
motor activity, grimacing, talkativeness and
unpredictable emotional outburst.
VIII. PARANOIA
Paranoia refers to cases showing delusions
and impaired contact with reality but without the
severe personality disorganization characteristic
of schizophrenia.

COMMON TYPES OF PARANOIA
• 1. Persecutory Paranoia – having delusions of
persecution.
• 2. Litigious Paranoia – both delusions of persecution
and grandeur
• 3. Erotic Paranoia – delusion that a certain person is in
love with him or her.
• 4. Exalted Paranoia – with great power of importance.
• 5. Jealous Paranoia – characterized by irrational
jealousy.

DIAGNOSTIC CATEGORIES OF
MENTALLY-DISTURBED PERSONS
1. Anti-Social Personality – is a mentally disturbed person
who is opposed to the principles upon which society is
based.
A person with an anti-social personality is also

known as a sociopath or psychopath.
Sociopath – is a person who lacks any sense of social

or moral responsibility due to mental illness.
Psychopath – is a person having personality disorders

characterized by anti-social behavior, indifference to
immorality and abnormal changes in mood or activity.

Characteristics of Psychopath
• He is the classic manipulator or con artist.
• One of the most significant characteristics
of this personality is the absence of
conscience or any guilt feelings.
• The person has not incorporated the moral
values of society into his life.
• He is often a glib and convincing speaker
and presents himself extremely well.

• The anti-social personality is selfish and
strives for physical pleasure.
• Most of his pursuits revolve around
manipulating people to acquire personal
gains.
• He is often impulsive and demands
immediate satisfaction.
• He is unable to learn from past experiences.
• He is also a chronic liar.

Two Types of Psychopath
• 1.Primary Psychopath – engages in antisocial behavior as
a result of a genetic or biological predisposition directed by
the particular psychodynamic forces that occur in infancy.
The primary psychopath forms no human attachments
as a result of early developmental obstruction, and thus is
capable of harming others with little or no anxiety.
• 2.Secondary Sociopath – antisocial behavior is the result

of strictly environmental forces that occur in developmental
stages beyond infancy. The secondary psychopath forms
human attachments, possibly to deviant groups or possibly
not.

2. Paranoid-Schizophrenic – is a mental disease resembling
paranoia, but is also characterized by autistic behavior,
hallucinations and a gradual deterioration of the personality.
Characteristics of a Paranoid-Schizophrenic
• Disturbed to a degree such that he is out of touch of reality,
mentally deranged or insane.
• There are usually two primary symptoms, i.e., hallucinations
and delusions.
Hallucinations – involve hearing or seeing things that
are not really there.
Delusions – involve a false system of beliefs that
persists despite evidence to the contrary.
3. Inadequate Personality – is a person who

does not fit a particular purpose.

Characteristics of an Inadequate
Personality
• Throughout his life, the person with an
inadequate personality shows ineffective and
inept responses to social, emotional and
physical stresses.
• He is often a high school dropout and may
have a succession of jobs, having been fired
from each one because of poor performance.
• He sees himself as a loser or as someone
who always fails.

• Taking hostages may be a last attempt to
prove that he can succeed.
• Hostage-taking may invite attention from
authority figures and the media, and could be
the high point of his life.
• This person will try to show that he can really
do something.
• He usually has clear, but immature thought
patterns, can understand the consequences
of his actions, and can be negotiated with
successfully.

4. Manic-Depressive – is characterized by
alternating accounts of mania and
depression.
Mania is a kind of insanity characterized

by great excitement, while depression is a
disorder characterized by prolonged feelings
of despair and rejection, often accompanied
by fatigue, headaches and other physical
symptoms.
Characteristics of the Manic-Depressive
• A manic-depressive is usually depressed,

and is out of touch of reality, is suffering from
psychosis, is mentally deranged or is insane.
• He may consider himself unworthy to live. He
feels guilty for past sins and often has
delusional beliefs.
• He may believe that he is responsible for all
the sufferings in the world and his current
depression is his punishment for living a
• The potential for suicide is extremely high
as the potential for killing hostages.
• He takes hostages who are members of
his own family or persons known to him.
• The person's speech and movements may
be extremely slow. He may take 15 to 30
seconds or longer to answer a question.
• He speaks about his unworthiness, his
sinfulness or his feelings of guilt.
Copycat Crime
Copycat crime is crime inspired by

another crime that has been publicized in
the news media or fictionally or artistically
represented in which the offender
incorporates aspects of the original
offense.

SEXUAL DEVIANCY
It may be defined as a sexual act that
seeks gratification by means other than
heterosexual relationship.
HETEROSEXUALITY/ SEXUALITY
It is the normal sexual relationship
between members of the opposite sex which
could lead to reproduction.

VARIETIES OF DEVIANT
SEXUAL BEHAVIOR
a. Homosexuality
- refers to the sexual relationship
between members of the same sex.
b. Fetishism
- the fetishist derives sexual
gratification and excitement by
substituting inanimate object or part of the
body for the human love object.
c. Transvestitism
- the transvestite derives sexual
excitement and gratification from, at
times, wearing clothes and enacting the
role of the opposite sex.
d. Sadism
- the sadist obtains sexual gratification
by inflicting pain upon the sexual partner.
He may achieve sexual gratification by
engaging in serious criminal acts like
torture, rape, and homicide
e. Masochism
- Masochist achieves gratification by
enduring pain upon themselves. The
combination of Sadism and Masochism
could lead to highly dangerous behavior.
f. Exhibitionism
- attains sexual gratification by
impulsively exposing some private parts
of his body or his entire body.

g. Voyeurism
- achieves gratification by watching a
nude man or woman in some form of
sexual act. Also known as “peeping tom”.
h. Incest
- a practice of sexual acts between
closely related person of the opposite
sex whose marriage is prohibited by law

i. Pedophilia
- like incest, the choice of the love
object inappropriate. The “pedophile” or
child molester as he is commonly known,
may engage only in slight physical
contact such as a pat on the head or, in
extreme, he may engage in intercourse or
“SODOMY”.

j. Bestiality
- the attainment of sexual gratification
from intercourse with living animal which
includes the practice of sodomy.
k. Necrophilia
- a desire to engage sexual intercourse
with a dead body. It is also an indication
of serious mental illness. It became a
police problem due to the fact that they
desecrate the gravesites.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT
Crisis
This refers to unstable and dangerous
social condition characterized by an
impending abrupt change involving
economic, military, political, police, societal
or personal affairs that is approaching
emergency level event.
Crisis Management
It refers to the action undertaken to unify
and coordinate resources and efforts to
effectively and efficiently quell a given
criminal/life threatening situation. Also
defined as the expert handling of emergency
or crisis to reduce or eliminate danger or
damage.
Simply defined as good management
under pressure.
OTHER DEFINITION:
Crisis management in the face of a

current and real crisis includes identifying
the real nature of a current crisis,
intervening to minimize damage and
recovering from the crisis.
It is the expert handling of crisis or

emergency so as to reduce or eliminate
danger or damage, or the likes, especially
on the part of the government.
Objectives of Crisis Management
1. Resolve without further incident.
2. Safety of all the participants.
3. Apprehension of all the perpetrators.
4. Accomplish the task within the framework of
current community standards.
Negotiation
• means to communicate on a matter of
disagreement between two parties,
with a view to first listen to the other
party's perspective and to then attempt
to arrive at a resolution by consensus.
Definition of Hostage Situation
A hostage situation is a set of

circumstances wherein a suspected law
violator is holding a person captive with the
use of force, or threat of violence and the
police are in close confrontation with the
suspect and his captive.
Differences Between Hostage
Taking & Kidnapping
1. The police are not aware of the
captive location.
2. The police are not in close
confrontation with the perpetrators.
3. The police cannot exert any pressure
on the suspects.
Motives of Hostage Taking
Hostage taking is a by-product of the varied
motives, as follows:
1. In political terrors, the reasons include showing the
public that the government is not able to protect its
own citizenry.
2. Hostage taking guarantees immediate media

coverage, and after repeated hostage incidents, it
is the hope of the terrorist that the government
might overreact and become excessively
restrictive with its own citizens, thus causing civil
discontent and a grassroots movement to
overthrow the government.
Motives of Hostage Taking
3. Warring nations seeking peace after
exchange of hostages as a guarantee of a
reciprocal good faith.
4. In urban guerilla warfare hostages are taken

with little regard to law and order, but not all
hostage takers will be urban guerilla.
Robbery sometimes involve hostages and
certain guidelines of behavior must be laid
down to effectively deal with a hostage
confrontation situation.
5. Law enforcement officers will most likely to
encounter hostage incidents that involve either
criminal acts or the mentally disturbed.
a. If the hostages are taken in a criminal situation, it

is usually because the criminal was unable to
complete the crime and escape before the police
respond, thus, making the hostage taking a
spontaneous event.
b. The criminal primary reasons for taking hostages
is to ensure own safety; the demands are
invariably for safe passage and a means of
escape in return for the hostage lives; and it is
also very common for them to demand additional
money.
6. A husband or wife may take a child hostage in
custody out of a domestic dispute
7. A mentally disturbed person may take hostages in

order to right what he believes to be wrong.
8. Whatever the initial reason for hostage taking, it is

clear that the motive for holding the hostage may
change.
a. The act of robbing a bank may initially demand

a great deal of money, but latter reduce this
demand for guarantee of physical safety or
clemency in court.
b. Other times, it may initially demand an
immediate change in a government policy
or in a prison situation. These demands
eventually change to an agreement for
talks with appropriate officials about the
condition.
c. No matter what the original reason for

taking hostages, it is not uncommon for
the hostage taker, after some period of
time to be willing to accept a lesser goal.
Distinct Categories of Hostage
Takers
1. Persons in Crisis
These are people who take hostages
during a period of prolonged frustrations,
despair and problems that affect their emotion
and behavior to act in accordance with norms
and conducts in a society.
2.Psychotics
These are mentally ill people who take
hostages during a period of psychiatric
disturbance.
3. Common-Criminals
These are people who take hostages for personal
reasons rather than ideological gain.
4. Prisoners
These are people who take hostages because of
dissatisfaction and discontentment as regard their
living conditions while in prisons.
5. Political Terrorists
These are ideologically inspired individuals or
groups of people-the political terrorists that take
hostage because of political and ideological beliefs.
Generic Categories of Hostage
Takers
In addition to the five district categories of hostage
takers, there are also three generic categories, as
follows:
1. Common Criminal
a. The common criminal will generally concede to
police negotiations if there is no way out,
hostages will generally be unharmed.
b. This type is classed as a rational creative
thinker, able to reason consequences and
discriminate how much force is against them,
and acts accordingly.
2. The Psycho
a. The enforcement officer should try to regain as
much information as possible concerning
motives, past life history, medical and arrest
records, etc.; and skilled psychological police
negotiators should be trained to talk and record
all the things at his level of understanding if
this is all possible.
b. This type of person is generally described as

full of inner conflict and frustrations by which
are transferred to his immediate reality,
distorted to suit own illusions; and this person
is much more unpredictable and may resort to
violence depending upon his mood.
c. Some of this type will derive vicarious
pleasure at being the focus of attention; he will
want to “dictate terms” and will also want to be in a
“very important persons” category; and in other
cases he will be motivated by a strong death wish
and offers to allow his escape will diminish the
importance of the situation in which he finds
himself.
d. Bringing a priest, wife, sweethearts may

plunge the psycho right back into the environment
from which he is desperately seeking refuge and
the reaction may be negative to the point of
killing the hostage and himself.
3. The Fanatics
a. This category includes the one who falls on
the extreme side of the violence; and he is
the most dangerous as the law in his mind
has no basis of legality; and the group he
belongs is to judge by its peers through acts
of manliness and honor, thinly veiled
violence constituting those acts.
b. He can be a true revolutionary and a total
anarchist reflecting the attitude: “The
government to be torn down and
overthrown. I do not recognize the laws of
an illegally elected body, therefore none of
the actions I perform will be illegal action.”
c. This mental orientation has the
foundations in seeing after a misdirected
social justice for all against the prevailing
order of things; and this type will rationalize
deviance in terms of revolutionary zeal often
parlayed by feeling of inadequacy.
d. The law enforcement officer may have to

resort to ego flattering if he can approach
close enough, and if the fanatics condescend
to talk to him from his Ivory Tower of illusory
superiority.
Types of Crisis
1. Natural crisis – is typically natural
disasters considered as acts of God, such
as environmental phenomena as
earthquakes, volcanic eruptions,
tornadoes and hurricanes, floods,
landslides, tsunamis, storms, and
droughts that threaten life, property, and
the environment itself.
Types of Crisis
2. Technological crisis – a crisis caused by
human application of science and
technology. Technological accidents
inevitably occur when technology becomes
complex and coupled and something goes
wrong in the system as a whole
(Technological breakdowns).
Types of Crisis
3. Confrontation crisis – occurs when

discontented individuals and/or groups
fight businesses, government, and
various interest groups to win acceptance
of their demands and expectations.
Types of Crisis
4. Crisis of Malevolence – occurs when
opponents or miscreant individuals use
criminal means or other extreme tactics for
the purpose of expressing hostility or anger
toward, or seeking gain from, a company,
country, or economic system, perhaps with
the aim of destabilizing or destroying it.
Ten (10) steps to take during
crisis
• Assess the situation – by knowing the
following: what is happening and why; what is
likely to happen and how quick the response
should be to avoid further damage in all aspects;
who are involve and who else; and resources at
hand.
• Draw Preliminary Plan of action – step by step
and have contingency plan for a eventualities
• Line up a crisis management team – deal with
the situation.
Ten (10) steps to take during
crisis
• Set up a crisis management center –
• Set up communication system – to have an
immediate access to all members of the team
• Prioritize matters
• Face problem one at a time
• Prepare detailed plans
• Continuously monitor what is exactly happening
• Evaluate action and reaction
Stages of Crisis
Hostage
Is a person held as a security
for the fulfillment of certain terms
Points to Consider in Hostage
• A living being, and not an inanimate object,
is at risk. It takes a living person to make
an incident a hostage incident. The goal of
hostage negotiation is saving lives not
preservation of property.
• It is important to understand that the

person is held. The hostage is not held
voluntarily.
Points to Consider in Hostage
• The person is held as security – as
guarantee. The hostage is the hostage takes
currency, his power. The hostage has no
value to the hostage taker as a person.
• The person is held as security for certain
terms. This means that there is an
expected return – a quid pro quo for the
hostage taker. The hostage taker has needs
in return for the safety, security and /or
release of the hostage.
Negotiate
It means to arrange or settle by conferring

or discussing
Crisis Negotiation - means the use of

communication techniques and strategies to
influence a person to change his behavior in
accordance with goals within legal, ethical
and moral constraints.
Hostage Incident
It is any incident in which people are

being held by another person or
persons against their will, usually by
force or coercion, and demands are
being made by the hostage taker.
Crisis Negotiation Bargaining
Techniques
• The use of time to increase basic needs,
making it more likely that the subject will
exchange a hostage for some basic needs.
• The use of time to collect intelligence on the

subject will help develop a trade.
• The use of time to reduce the subject’s

expectation of getting what he wants.
• Trades can be made for food, drink,
transportation and money.
• Trades cannot be made for weapons or the
exchange of hostages.
• The boss does not negotiate.
• Start bidding high to give yourself room to
negotiate.
• Quid pro quo; get something for everything.
• Never draw attention to the hostages, it gives
the subject too much bargaining power.
• Manipulate anxiety levels by cutting off power,
gas, etc.
Guidelines for Developing a
Working Negotiating Team
• Limit the size of the team.
• Select people for the skills they bring to
the job.
• Be sure all members of the team have a
clear idea of the goals and are committed
to them
• Hold each other accountable.
Implementation of Methods to Deal with Hostage
situation
Rule 22. Hostage Situation, of the revised PNP
operational procedures
• Sec.1. Procedures to be followed in a Hostage
Situation – the following steps shall be
undertaken:
• A crisis management task group shall be
activated immediately
• Incident scene shall be secured and isolated
• Unauthorized persons shall not be allowed entry
and exit to the incident scene
• Witnesses’ names, addresses, and other
information shall be recorded. Witnesses shall be
directed to a safe location.
• Sec.2. Ground Commander – there shall be
only one Ground Commander in the area.
• Sec.3. Negotiators – negotiators shall be

designated by the Ground commander. No one
shall be allowed to talk to the hostage-taker
without clearance from the negotiating panel or
Ground Commander
• Sec.4. Assault team – an assault team shall be
alerted for deployment in case the negotiation
fails. Members of the assault team shall wear
authorized and easily recognizable uniform during
the conduct of the operation Bonnets shall not be
used.
• Sec.5. Assault plan – the assault shall be

planned to ensure minimal threat to life for all
parties.
• Sec.6. Support Personnel – an ambulance with

medical crew and a fire truck shall be detailed at
the incident.
• Sec.7. Coordination – proper
coordination with all participating
elements shall be done to consolidate
efforts in solving crisis.
• Sec.8. Safety of Hostage(s) – in

negotiating for the release of a hostage,
the safety of the hostage shall always
be paramount.
• Sec.9. Procedures to be followed during
negotiations.
• The following shall be undertaken in the
conduct of negotiations:
– Stabilize and contain the situation;
– Select the right time to make contact with the
hostage-taker;
– Take time when negotiating;
– Allow hostage-taker to speak;
– Don’t offer the hostage-taker anything. What
he will ask for will be part of the negotiation;
– Avoid directing frequent attention to the
victim when talking to the hostage taker;
– Do not call them Hostages. Be as honest
as possible; avoid tricks; be sincere;
– Never dismiss any request from the
hostage-taker as trivial or unimportant;
– Never say “NO”
– Soften the demand
– Never set deadline; try not to accept a
deadline;
– Do not make alternate suggestions not
agreed upon in the negotiation;
– Do not introduce outsiders (non-law
enforcement officers) into the negotiation
process, unless their presence is extremely
necessary in the solution of the crisis;
provided that they shall be properly
advised on the do’s and don’ts of hostage
negotiations;
– Do not allow any exchange of hostages,
unless extremely necessary; in particular, do
not exchange a negotiator for a hostage;
– Avoid negotiating face-to-face; and
– Law enforcement officers without proper
training shall not be allowed to participate
in hostage negotiations.
Stockholm Syndrome
It is the development of unique

relations between the hostages
and the hostage taker.
CRISIS MANAGEMENT TEAM
Crisis Management Team
• Team – is a small group of people with

complementary skills who are
committed to a common purpose,
performance goals and approach for
which they hold themselves mutually
accountable.
The Negotiating Team
• Negotiator Supervisor – is responsible for
the overall functioning of the negotiating
team. In addition to his supervisory skills,
the supervisor must have leadership ability
He should see to it that the situation is

negotiable, appropriate personnel is
available, intelligence is gathered in timely
manner, communications are established,
negotiation strategy is working-out, an
appropriate record of the negotiation is
kept and the commander is well informed.
• Primary Negotiator – is the direct

communication link to the hostage taker
and is responsible for developing verbal
tactics, monitoring and assessing the
hostage taker’s level of emotional
arousal and helping the hostage taker
engage in problem solving.
• Secondary Negotiator – is the pipeline

between the negotiation team and primary.
He helps to develop verbal tactics, provides
moral support for the primary.
• Intelligence Officer – is responsible for

gathering intelligence from various
sources, interviewing all relevant
persons involved in the incident,
collating and disseminating that
information, maintaining and updating
status boards and making sure that all
response units are receiving accurate
and timely intelligence.
• Mental Health Consultant – is responsible for

evaluating the personality of the hostage
taker, recommending negotiation strategies,
monitoring team stress, monitoring stress
among the hostage takers and hostages.
• Equipment Officer – is someone who

understands technical information
regarding radios, computers, phone
systems, mechanical systems, etc. and
can make minor repairs.
Command Post
It is the position from which a unit

commander and his staff exercise
command over the hostage incident.
Ground Commander is the

designated senior officer in command of
the incident. Also termed “incident
commander”
Inner and Outer Perimeter
• Inner Perimeter – is the immediate area

of containment as designated by the on
ground commander
• Outer Perimeter – is a secondary

control area surrounding the inner
perimeter, providing a safe zone for
access to the inner perimeter.
The Tactical Team
Is an assault team responsible in

carrying out assault operation
whenever negotiation fails.
A unit of specially selected,

appointed, trained and equipped
officers that provides assistance in
those incidents that would require
special tactics, techniques and
Tactical Team Components
• Tactical Supervisor – is responsible for the
mobilization of the members of the team,
deployment of the containment team, development
of the tactical plan and operation of the assault
and arrest teams.
The tactical team is divided into three major

components:
1. First Component – this component is

responsible for maintaining perimeter control both
inner and outer. Also called containment sub-
team.
Three Major Components of
Tactical Team
2.Second Component – the second

component is apprehension and
assault team. Members of this sub-
team make an undetected approach
to the location, plan and prepare for
the release of hostages, and make an
assault if necessary. Also called
apprehension and assault sub-team.
Three Major Components of
Tactical Team
3. Third Component – is the sniper /

observer sub-team. The sniper/observer
sub-team (third component) has two
responsibilities:
• Provide intelligence on factors present at
the location. These factors may include
physical layout, placement of walls,
furniture, specific location of hostages
and hostage takers, clothing and mental
state of hostages and hostage takers.
• Prepare for a shot on the hostage taker.
Munich Olympic Hostage Crisis
Hostage Drama in Manila
Manila Hostage Crisis
Characteristics of a Negotiable Incident
• There must be a need to live on the part of a
hostage taker.
• There must be a threat of force on the part of the
authorities.
• There must be demands by the hostage taker.
• The negotiator must be seen by the hostage taker
as a person who can hurt the hostage taker but is
willing to help him.
• There must be time to negotiate.
• A reliable channel of communication must exists
between the hostage taker and the negotiator.
• Both the location and the communications of the
incident need to be contained in order to
encourage negotiation.
• The negotiator must be able to deal with the
hostage taker making the decisions.
Types of Sieges
1. Deliberate Siege – in deliberate siege,

the subject initiate the confrontation.
The incident is designed to bring the
attention to the subject’s cause or point.
It involves substantive demands and the
people involved are hostages in the true
sense of being held as bargaining chips.
Types of Sieges
2. Spontaneous Siege – in this siege, the
subjects does not want or anticipate
the authority’s involvement. The
subjects do something that
unexpectedly draws the attention of
the law enforcement. The motivation is
usually personal, demands are
expressive and the person held is
usually a victim in the making or a
hostage.
Types of Sieges
3. Anticipated Siege – in this type, the

subject expects the authorities to
initiate the encounter. The subject’s
goals are to survive the encounter and
maintain their freedom. The demands
are generally substantive and the
people involve are usually followers or
family members.
The Engagement
Engagement means connecting and
communicating with the actor on a
personal level. It means using the skills
appropriate to the task. In engaging
negotiation with the subject, the
negotiator should be able to build
rapport. He should project an attitude of
acceptance, understanding and
patience to the subject.
The Assessment
Assessment is the evaluation of

risk of suicide and aggression
including subject’s resources and
sense of self-efficacy.
The Contracting
In contracting, the subject and the
negotiator should have developed a
relationship and the subject is open
about his situation. A basic strategy in
this step is Developing Discrepancies
and focusing the actor on the positives
of surrender and the negatives of not
surrendering.
The Transfer
The responsibility of transporting
surrendered hostage takers to the jail or
mental health institution need not be the
duty of the crisis management team. It is so
considering the volume of responsibilities
of the team after the incident like the
preparation of report and debriefing.
“Memory research shows that the

amount of detail remembered after an
event decreases by 80 percent within 72
hours of the event.”
Verbal Tactics in Crisis
Communications
• A. Concerned attitude – the negotiator

communicates with an attitude that he has
genuine interest in the hostage taker.
Example: “Tell me what happened” “That
must have been hard/sad/threatening” and
“I’d really like to help you”
Communications
• B. Reasonable-problem solver – the

negotiator assumes the role of a leader.
Example: “Let’s work together to be
sure everyone is safe” “What would you
like to do about this” Let’s see what
other solutions are possible”
Communications
• C. Buddy-fellow traveler – it is one of

commiseration with the hostage taker
and works well with trapped felons,
impulsive people and antisocial
personalities. Example: “Man I hear
you, bosses never understand” “You
know how they are about”
Communications
• D.Columbo-dumb but trying persona –

the negotiator does not have all the
answer but is trying to do the best he
can. Example: “I know it’s taking a
long time but we are trying” “I hate
that I can’t help any faster but ____”
Communications
• E. Non-judgmental and directing – the
negotiator is compassionate but firm
and competent. It is good with
depressed persons, disoriented or
dependent people. Example: “You
sound pretty excited, take a deep
breath and relax” “Let’s take this next
step slow so nobody gets hurt” “Check
on your people for me to be sure
everyone is alright”
Active Listening Techniques
• 1.Open-Ended Questions/Statements –
question or statements directed at the
hostage taker designed to get him to
open up and give a long, verbal
answer.
• 2.Effective Pauses – not saying
anything when the hostage taker
finishes talking, encouraging him to fill
the empty or blank space with
additional communications or
information. Periods of silence that is
used to emphasize a point or to
encourage the subject to say more.
• 3.Minimal Encouragement – saying

yes, ok or other verbal indicators that
the negotiator is actually listening to
the hostage taker. Brief, well-timed
response that let the subject knows
the negotiator is paying attention. It is
a neutral non-threatening response
that can be used with any subject.
• 4.Mirroring (Reflecting Feelings) – a

response in which the negotiator
mirrors back to the hostage taker the
emotions of the hostage taker in
communicating, the negotiator
repeats the last word or phrase.
• 5.Paraphrasing – a response in which

the negotiator gives the hostage taker
the essence of his message in the
negotiator’s words. The negotiator
repeats the subject’s meaning in the
negotiators words. It shows that the
negotiator is listening and
understands the content of the
subject’s message.
• 6.Emotional Labeling (Reflecting
Meaning) – a response in which
negotiator let the hostage taker know
he understands the facts and the
feelings the hostage taker is
communicating. The use of
emotionally descriptive words to
show that the negotiator understands
the feelings the subject is
experiencing.
• 7.I-Messages – a response in which the

negotiator expresses his emotions in
response to the hostage taker. These
are messages that personalize the
negotiator without becoming a
personal attack and allow negotiator to
introduce new ideas without raising
excessive resistance.
• 8.Summative Reflections – a
response in which the negotiator
summarizes the main facts and
feelings that the hostage taker has
expressed over a relatively long
period.
The After-effects of Captivity
• A. Emotional After-effects – the hostage taker is

unable to emotionally relax, remains fearful of
the future, and becomes apprehensive, tense,
and nervous, experiencing an anxiety like
attack. The ex-hostage may shake
uncontrollably, experiencing unexplained fear.
• B. Cognitive After effects – the hostages

believed they failed themselves, co-
workers, friends and family. That
somehow they are less of a person for
having been captive. Self-criticizing and
second-guessing are common.
Statements such as “if only I had done so
and so I wouldn’t have been captured”,
are commonly heard.
• C. Behavioral Aftereffects – this

include social and self-isolation,
uncontrollable crying, and increase or
decrease in aggression, poor
concentration, intrusive thoughts,
trouble with authority figures, an
increase startle response and alcohol
and drug abuse.
• Physical Aftereffects – this include the following:
a. Sleep disorder – most common physical

aftereffects. Some cannot sleep the entire night,
some sleep too much than they did before
captivity, some sleep much less, some can only
cat-nap. Some requires medication to sleep.
Some do not enter into Stage 4 sleep and some
very seldom engage in Rapid Eye Movement
(REM) sleep.
Stage 4 Sleep – is the deep sleep
that immediately precedes REM sleep,
it is necessary for the body to
replenish itself and it is the sleep
where the greatest physiological
benefits are derived.
b. Nightmares – include sights, sounds,
smells, tastes, physical pains and
emotions of captivity.
c. Withdrawal from Close Personal

Relationship – the ex-hostage may
erect an invisible wall and not allow
anyone inside that wall.
• D.Medical After-effects – majority of
hostages do not experience medical
aftereffects, however to a few who
experienced prolonged, severe, and
physical abusive captivity, medical
aftereffects may be an issue.
• E.Positive After-effects – some

hostages may experienced positive
effects of the incident in which instead
of having lowered self-esteem, have
heightened self-esteem. They believed
themselves to be better people for
having suffered and endured captivity
and it made them a better person.
• Upon arrival at the scene of
incident the negotiator should
execute/act immediately the
following:
• Containment – controlling situation and area by
people involved. Other people/bystanders must
be obliged to get out from the area as they may
add more problems.
• Establish Contact – immediately after

positioning at the advantage position,
communicate with the leader, he may introduce
himself by saying “My name is __________, I am
__________. I am willing to help. Never tell him
your rank; the hostage taker might think you can
give. So that he may ask for impossible demand.
Neither, should the negotiator give the feeling
that he has the authority to decide. Do not bluff.
• Time Lengthening – give more time to the police
to organize and coordinate plan of action.
• Telephone Negotiation Technique – be the caller,

plan and prepare, be ready with graceful exit and
discipline yourself to listen. Where a demand is
impossible to get, stall time by explaining that you
need to talk other people. Hold on to your
concession. But when concession is granted try
to get something in return. Say a grant of food;
get the release of sick or old people in exchange.
Then there is no demand, hostage taker may have
no demand at all.
• Need for face-to-face conversation –
Don’t be ever anxious prepare for
proper psychological, physical and
emotional confrontation. Wear body
armor, posses a weapon, but if asks to
come without weapon, ensure that they
too should lay down arms before
entering. In entering, see to it that you
are protected with tactical back-up. And
consider that hostage taker might have
body trap in some portions of the area –
door or window of the building.
• Coming up on face-to-face situation,
maintain proper distance, and observe
their movement. Elicit a promise or
motivate them to surrender. In
retreating, or in getting out of the room,
face hostage takers slowly back out of
the door with good cover or tactical
back-up.
GOLDEN RULE IN SIMPLE
HOSTAGE TAKING SITUATION
• “Do not open the demand or never

adduce a demand”
Cardinal rule in negotiation
A Commander should not be the
designated negotiator and negotiator
should not command.
Reasons:
• Hostage taker will have sense of
importance.
• He may make impossible demand, knowing
that he is dealing with commander.
• Conflict with being a negotiator and
commander at the same time and will have
no more fall back.
Telephone Negotiation Technique
• Be the caller (talk with the leader only)
• Plan and prepare
• Be ready with graceful exit
• Discipline yourself to listen.
• Do not tell that you are the commander, neither your
rank
• Just tell “My name is…I am a police negotiator and
willing to help.
• Delay tactic – to wear down hostage taker, physically,
psychologically and emotionally. Will also give more time
for police organize and coordinate plan course of action.
• In case hostage taker won’t talk, continue negotiating.
Don’t loss hope!
Advantage of communication
(between the hostage taker and
negotiator)
• lessens tension of hostage taker

• Gives more time for authorities to plan and
coordinate course of action
Advantage of Telephone
Conversation
• easier to say NO
• easier to conclude the conversation
• conversation is quicker
• important items are more easily
committed
• caller has the advantage
Disadvantage of Telephone
conversation
• Impersonal – cannot see the hostage, reaction
• Hostage taker – Negotiator Relationship
• Trust and rapport – while trust must be there,
beware of it.
• deceit – tell lies but don’t be caught
Face-to-face Negotiation
• Don’t be over anxious
• wear body armour
• have tactical back-up (snipers)
• traps at doors or windows
• entering without gun being pointed, at you
• Face-to-face, mountain distance;
– Persons distance – 1 to 3 feet. Intimate
distance – about 6 inches
• Withdrawing, facing hostage taker slowly
backing 0ut of the door
Effects of time
• hostage taker will wear down emotionally,
psychologically
• hostage taker have more demand for food and
water
• anxiety reduce, hostage taker given chance to
organize his true self
• hostage takers’ rationality increase
• hostage taker – negotiator relationship
improves
• Hostage takers’ demand may be reduced
• Stockholm Syndrome may develop
• What is negotiable?
Money, food, drinks, transportation, or
even swapping of prisoners.
• What is non-negotiable?
Weapons and ammunition
• Walkie talkies –
Set in single frequency are still considered
to be one of the best telephone negotiation
and in giving orders
• If attack has been decided upon, it should

be carried within 7 seconds upon decision
What is important in hostage
taking situation?
• Dry run – one way to insure hostage
negotiating unit is capable of
establishing control over a situation.
• Considerable screening – members;
one chosen, the team members –
should be given free reign in handling
and evaluating of any incidents; for
should a senior office begins
countermanding orders in the site, the
• Patrol units, assault unit, etc., should know
exactly whose command they are under.
• Rescue efforts have to run strictly from the
top down.
• If chemicals are to be used in assault, it
should be enough only to maim the
perpetrators in order to incapacitate to
disable them.
• Assault when decided upon should be carried
within 7 seconds.
• Presence of linguist is necessary, if negotiator
is not
CROWD DISPERSAL
MANAGEMENT
Riot Control Rounds
• Pepper ball rounds - A paint ball gun is
slightly modified to fire pepper ball
spray pellets instead of paint balls. When
these strike someone, the severe burning
sensation in the eyes and nose will
incapacitate most people without doing
permanent harm.
• Stinger rounds - A Stinger round is loaded
with small, rubber pellets that disperse on
impact
• Sponge Round - Bullet-shaped round with
• Aerosol grenades - Officers rarely throw
these directly into a crowd since it can
increase panic.
• Ferret rounds - Ferret rounds are made to
penetrate windows or wooden barricades,
where they can then deposit the gas.
• Dye rounds - These are used to mark
certain people in a crowd so that other
officers can identify them or so that they
can be caught later if they leave the scene.
• These rounds are loaded with a gas that
causes severe irritation to the eyes, nose
and throat, and even causes contact skin
burns in some cases.
• Terrorists – are persons who take hostages for
political purpose instrumental to achieving
their objectives.
• Common tactics of terrorist

Bombing, kidnapping, assassination,
hostage taking, ambush, hijacking,
arson
Components of an organized
terrorist group
• Active cadre – the active cadre are the
DOERS the men of action who carry out
the orders from higher command.
 supporters – these active supporters provide the
logistics support needed to sustain the terrorist
operations. They provide safe hose, weapons,
ammunition, vehicle, medical support, food money
etc.
• Passive supporters – are the most difficult
element to define and recognize. They are
consist of those people who are sympathetic
to the cause but those who will often will not
stand up and be counted through the fear of
becoming involve
The terrorist group is one of the
most widely publicized groups, but the
least understood of our time. At the
same time, it is true that important
changes have taken place concerning
the motives, character, and aims of
terrorist acts.
Definition of Terrorist Negotiations
It is a complicated crisis
intervention process comprises of a system
of inter-related conditions, activities, and
behaviors needed to resolved a highly
volatile terrorist incident.
Considerations in Negotiating with Terrorists
Hereunder are the considerations in negotiating with the

terrorists:
1. Their mission has been well planned.
2. There is one leader of the group and he is
probably the spokesman.
3. Only “mid-level” personnel should negotiate with
the terrorists.
4. The terrorists have a great deal of information
about their stronghold; they normally placed a
defensive perimeter of personnel or explosives.
5. Attempt to convince the terrorists that their point
has been taken, demands heard, and any further
injuries will only discredit them in the eyes of the
public.
Difficulties in Dealing with Terrorists
Enumerated are difficulties encountered in dealing with

terrorists:
1. Terrorists are usually highly trained combatants,

who have been politically and/or ideologically
indoctrinated toward the cause for they have
committed.
2. They act as a part of a groups, their individual

behavior will be pressured by the group
dynamics.
3. Most of them received training in the techniques

that will be used against them in the country
chosen for the attack.
4. Because of the advances made by the
security forces around the world, it is not
unusual for one member of the terrorist group
to be accountable for keeping the terrorist
communicating with the authorities “on
track.”
5. Unless proper interception procedures are

used, the terrorist themselves may be
“controlled” by an outside entity through
radios, telephone or media transmission.
Principles in Negotiating with Terrorists
Laid down below to guide the negotiators are the

different principles involved in negotiating with
terrorists:
1. It is a cynical to pretend that negotiations

with terrorist engaged in this particularly offensive
type of criminal behavior is welcomed for their own
sake.
2. On the contrary, bargaining under these

odious circumstances goes against all natural
inclination and both public and private sensibilities.
Problems in Negotiating with Terrorists
There are also some problems encountered in

negotiating with terrorists, and they are as follows:
1. The growing vulnerability of society, coupled with

the extra-ordinary advances in technology have combined
to offer an individual a real prospect of making an effective
challenge to the government monopoly on the use of force.
2. The terrorist hostage-taking drama is capable of

producing acute conflicts of principles that are not easy to
resolve.
3. The terrorist are able to place the state in
the inconvenient position of declaring the value they
place on human life but are also obliged to declare
its relative importance, for them, to the values
deemed worthy of protection.
4. By placing human life in jeopardy the

hostage-takers sets-up a bargaining position.
Considerations in Negotiating with
Terrorist
To serve as guide to the negotiators, hereunder

are some of the considerations in negotiations with
terrorists:
1. Only a society that holds human life to be of

no account can maintain at all costs, a truly flexible
hard line policy of no negotiations.
2. Accepting the importance of negotiation, it

is a must to devise tactics and techniques that will
ensure the lives of the hostages, and preserve the
integrity of the state.
Tactics in Dealing with Terrorists
Briefly presented are the tactics in dealing with

terrorist:
1. Terrorists are not worrying about their

personality description, and by being flexible, modify his
behavior through manipulation, if he doesn’t respond
satisfactorily to one proposal, try another.
2. The negotiator is not, and above all should not

be bent on understanding the terrorist psychologically.
Negotiating Requirements with Terrorists
To effectively deal with terrorists, the hereunder

negotiating requirements must be considered:
1. Control
The control component represents a condition
whereby there is management of law enforcement
resources and control of all activities, responses and
behaviors of persons at or near the target location. It
includes the following activities:
a. Absolute containment of the perpetrator; and

evacuation and isolation of the target area
surrounding the target location.
b. Deployment of Special Weapons,
Attack & Tactics (SWAT) Team responsible of
providing specialized and highly skilled tactical
techniques when required.
c. Prepare intelligence gathering, crime

scene management and case preparation; and
timely, effective and continuing communications with
the terrorists.
d. Effective command and control

activities for the purposes of active coordination and
proper decisions making.
2. Anxiety
The anxiety component represents a condition wherein there

is anxiety on the part of the terrorists and whereby provisions are
made by the authorities for the management of that anxiety. Anxiety
includes the following behaviors and conditions:
a. The differences between fear and anxiety is
that, fear results when the object of the threat is known, anxiety
results when the object of the threat is unknown.
b. The presence of fear on the part of the
terrorists through awareness that there is likelihood of the use of
force by the authorities; and the presence of frustration caused by
conflicting or blocked goal attainments by the terrorists.
c. The encouragement through ventilation of

feelings by the authorities as a non-violent means of venting
both fear and anxiety.
3. Time
The time component represents a condition

where there is a passage of time and involves the
following activities and behaviors. Time involves the
following activities and conditions:
a. Control of responses and activities of

persons at or near the target location.
b. Problem solving on both the part of
the terrorists and the government through the
efforts of the negotiators.
4. Communications
The communications component represents a condition

whereby there is a dialogue between the terrorists that
enhance the negotiating effort and enables the attainment
of the negotiating goal. Communications involves the
following activities and conditions:
a. Attending
Demonstration of the negotiators attention,
interest, and concerns to the terrorist by listening in
conjunction with verbal and non-verbal wordings.
b. Paraphrasing
This is a statement that mirrors the terrorist
statements in exact or similar wording.
c. Reflection of Feelings
These are statements by the negotiators that
express the essence of the terrorists feeling either
expressed or implied.
d. Probing
The negotiators responses that directs the
terrorist attention inward in order to examine the
situation or a specific issue in greater depth.
e. Summarizing
A brief review by the negotiator of the main
points discussed about an issue, demand, threat or
ultimatum.
f. Association
The expression of the negotiators feelings,
opinions, attitudes and experiences for the benefits
of the terrorist.
g. Interpreting
A presentation to the terrorists of a
different or alternative way of looking at the situation
or at a specific issue.
h. Confrontation
A negotiators statement or question which
point out contradictions on the part of the terrorists
or that induces the terrorist to face an issue he is
avoiding.
5. Dependency
The dependence component represents a condition

wherein the terrorists develop a reliance on the
negotiator. Dependency consists of the following
activities and conditions:
a. An isolation of the terrorist from any and all

external stimuli.
b. The presence of anxiety caused by fear and

frustration.
c. Problem solving successes on the part of the

terrorists.
6. Trust
The trust component represents a condition wherein a

redirection of feelings between the terrorists and the
negotiator occurs so that a relationship of confidence can be
developed. Trust involves the following activities and
conditions:
a. The passage of time; and the presence of realistic

communication between the terrorist and negotiator.
b. An ability by the negotiator to influence others

opinion; and a belief or commitment to trust on the terrorist
part.
c. Transference of feelings or identification between

the terrorist and negotiator.
7. Problem Solving
Problem solving component represents a

condition whereby the attainment of acceptable goals
is encouraged. Problem solving involves the following
conditions and activities:
a. A focus on the apparent problem

experienced by the terrorists.
b. The collection and evaluation of information

relative to the apparent problem.
c. The selection and implementation of a

choice.
Negotiation Stages with Terrorists
Enumerated and briefly discussed as guide to

would-be negotiators are the different negotiation
stages with terrorists, to wit:
1. Introductory Stage
This stage represents behavior on the part of the
negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to get
attention, develop trust and deal with anxiety.
2. Information Gathering Stage

This stage represents behaviors on the part of the
negotiating participants wherein the purpose is to
inquire about, to listen, and offer feedback, information
relative to the situation.
3. Problem Solving Stage
This stage represents the behaviors on
the part of the negotiating participants
wherein the purpose is to identify and
evaluate available choices to resolve the
incident.
4. Decisions and Commitment Stage

This stage represents the behaviors on
the part of the negotiating participants
wherein the purpose is to select between
Parameters in Selecting a Negotiator
Hereunder are the parameters in selecting a negotiator:
1. He should be a mid level member of a law

enforcement agency who is a volunteer and in excellent
mental and physical condition; and possess emotional
maturities that will allow him to accept abuse, ridicule and
insulting statements without responding emotionally.
2. He must be an officer who understands his role as

a police negotiator; a good listener and have excellent
interviewing skills; a person who can easily establish
credibility with others; and have the ability to use logical
arguments to convince others that his viewpoint is rational
and reasonable.
3. He should be well read and well versed in
many areas critical to communicating with terrorist
from varied interests; and be able to communicate with
persons from highest to lowest socio-economic class.
4. He should be able to appear sympathetic and

understanding to win trust and be able to avoid judging
or condemning the other person; and have the ability to
cope with uncertainty and be willing to accept
responsibility with no authority.
5. He must be able to understand and accept
that if negotiations are not progressing and lives are in
imminent danger, and may well have to assist in
supporting an assault or counter sniper action to
rescue the hostages.
6. He should be mature in appearance and

voice qualities; a clear intelligence speaking voice that
is neither horse nor high-pitched; a person who has a
quick mind, vivid imagination and sharp memory; and
have a total commitment towards the negotiation
concept; and he should have “practical intelligence,”
“common sense,” and be “street-wise.”
FIRST RESPONDER’S &
BARRICADE MATRIX
The first responders are patrol
officers who are responding to
emergency situations in remote
settings; while barricade matrix is the
dos’ and don’ts in relation with the said
condition.
The First Responder’s Role
As a patrol officer, you are not expected to
diagnose the individual, nor you’re expected to
distinguish between the many variation of psychoses
an neuroses. Your principal concern is for your own
safety and then that of the individual, and making an
effort to see that the person receives appropriate
professional attention. The patrol officers are likely to
encounter the mentally or emotionally disturbed
individual under almost any type of circumstances.
Many people are emotionally upset for the moment
because of the nature of the situation, such as an
intense family fight or repossession confrontation, but
they return to a state of relative normality fairly and
quickly.
First Responder’s Guidelines
Hereunder are the guidelines to be observed:
1. Approach the subject with extreme caution; and

maintain a calm and casual manner; and speak to the
subject by name, if you know it. Your tone of voice should
be soothing, but firm and businesslike.
2. Say or do nothing that might threatens or

intimidate; and avoid arguing or scolding the subject, and
don’t allow anyone else to do so; and whenever possible,
try to stall until you have a follow-up officer on the scene;
and this type of situation might be more volatile than a
routine arrest.
3. Make use of friends or relatives who know
how to talk to, and deal with the subject, unless there is
friction between them. The subject might have more
trust and confidence in you if you appear to be getting
along with friends or relatives.
4. If the situation warrants it, and you take the

subject into custody, do so carefully. Avoid pain-
producing holds, if possible, and keep your gun and
other weapons out of the subject reach.
5. When you transfer custody to psychiatric

personnel, give these people as much information
about the symptoms you observed and all the details
about their behavior. This will help in the diagnosis.
Do the same when you prepare your reports.
The Barricade Matrix
Although each and every hostage

situation is a separate and totally
unique entity upon itself, there is a
certain generic series of events that
takes place. The reason for formulating
such a “matrix” is to enable police
officers responsible for the planning
and response to such incidents to have
a “starting point” from which to begin
However, the student should understand
that the overall time frame or individual
segments that certainly expand or contract
during actual events. It should also be
understood that the first thirty minutes
segment of time is probably the most
dangerous of the entire operation. The
actions taken during these preliminary
stages will ultimately affect the subsequent
events that will lead to the successful or
unsuccessful resolution of the problem.
THANK YOU!

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Human Behavior

It can be also defined as the sum total

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• Human beings – as social animals – live

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• It exist when people reciprocal

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• Parent ego state – which may be

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2.Environment – refers to surroundings of an

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Frustration refers to the situation which

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It is the ability to withstand frustration

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• Flight – it can be manifested by sulking,

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C. Substitution - most of time are resulted to

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D. Withdrawal or retreat - is corresponding

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H. Defense Mechanism – is an unconscious

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• 2.Rationalization - is the defense

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