CEBU INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY – UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND ARCHITECTURE

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

PRODUCTION OF DISHWASHING LIQUID DETERGENT (BASE)

TITLE
Experiment No.: 1

· CHE 326 · INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY

Date started: Nov. 18, 2016 Group no. 5
Date finished: Nov. 19, 2016 Members:
1. Bathan, Brent Andre P.
2. Tenebro, Jonjay B.
3. Intud, Kymberly A.
4. Sanchez, Hyacinth T.
5. Eleccion, Nicely Jane R.

I hereby attest that this report is true and correct and that I am one of those who
participated in this laboratory project.

ELECCION, NICELY JANE R.

CHE 3
I. TITLE: Production of Dishwashing Liquid Detergent (base)

II. OBJECTIVES:

General:

To produce dishwashing liquid detergent base

Specific:

1. To compute the amount of chemicals needed in the production of a

dishwashing liquid detergent base

2. To produce dishwashing liquid detergent with scent variants

3. To demonstrate how the liquid detergent can be further enhanced from

its basic formulation.

III. MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT:

A. Materials

For 1 liter of detergent per student plus one liter per group:

Q.S. Distilled/deionized/purified water

140 g Sodium Lauryl Ethyl Sulfate (SLES)
25 ml Cocodiaethanolamide (CDEA)
A few drops Colorant – Water based, FD & C
1.5 – 5 ml Fragrance oil/scent
25 to 30 g Sodium chloride, technical grade
0.1 ml Benzalkonium chloride(anti-bac)

B. Equipment

1 pail for mixing, about 5-liter capacity a stainless steel ladle

1 – 100 ml graduated cylinder 1 – 25 ml graduated cylinder
1 – 500 ml beaker 2 stirring rods
1 funnel stove and match
1 stock pot (for heating water) or boiling PET bottles, 1 liter - PET
water kettle bottle/student
1 stick blender for mixing
IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE PROCESS:

A. Summary of the procedure

All materials were measured first and were placed in their

respective containers. The industrial salt was divided into two parts. The

first half part of the salt was mixed with the SLES. The mixture was stirred

until it is white and has a snow-textured consistency. Heated water of

75ºC was added gradually to the mixture and was stirred slowly and gently

in order to avoid the formation of very large bubbles and until the solution

is uniformly mixed. After which, CDEA was added and was stirred slowly

and gently to uniform consistency. The colorant, which was in powdered

form was dissolved first in water, was added to the mixture. The mixture

was gently stirred and was made sure that no solid particles of the

colorant were suspended in the solution. The mixture was then cooled to

room temperature, and the scent, that is downy mystique, was added and

the mixture was gently stirred. The other half part of the salt was then

added. It was made sure that the bubbles in the mixture were subsided.

The mixture is then ready for packing into PET bottles and labelling. The

yield and production cost was then computed.

B. Draw the flow chart of the process (lab scale)

MEASUREMENT HALF PART OF

OF ALL THE SALT ADDED
MATERIALS WITH SLES

ADDITION OF ADDITION OF
CDEA WATER (75°C)

ADDITION OF COOL TO ROOM

COLORANT TEMPERATURE

ADDITION OF ADDITION OF
THE OTHER SCENT
HALF PART OF
SALT

PACKING AND
LABELLING PRODUCT
V. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND

Throughout the history of our civilization, the need for efficient washing

of skin and clothes pushed many inventors and scientist to create many types of

substances that facilitated that need.

The production of synthetic detergents, known today as simply detergent,

boomed in the 1916 in Germany in response to a World War I-related shortage of

fats in soap-making. Detergents are non-soap washing and cleaning products that

are synthesized or put together chemically from various raw materials. The

breakthrough in the development of detergents for all-purpose laundry uses

came in 1946. The first “built detergent contains a surfactant or builder

combination, which was introduced in the U.S. The surfactant is a detergent

product's basic cleaning ingredient, while the builder helps the surfactant to

work more efficiently.

Since then industry of detergents started to grow exponentially,

introducing many new ways of washing and reaching all four corners of the world.

Here are some of the most notable detergent related inventions in the

last 60 years:

1950s - Creation of automatic dishwasher powders, fabric softeners

1960s - Prewash stain removers, enzyme presoaks

1970s - Multifunctional products (detergent + softener), liquid soaps

1980s - Detergents with support for cold water washing, concentrated

washing powders

1990s - Aromatic gels, ultra – fabric softeners, super concentrated

powders and liquid detergents

2000s - Biodegradable and green friendly products, water conservation

washing machines, laundry detergent "all in one" tablet.

VI. DATA AND OBSERVATIONS :

Tabulated data and computations:

Raw materials Amount Unit Price Cost

Water 7.1 L Php 10.00 Php 10.00

SLES 1 kg Php 90.00 / kg Php 90.00

CDEA 178 mL Php 120.00 / L Php 21.36

LABS 50 mL Php 110.00 / L Php 5.5

Salt 178 g Php 4.50 / 400 g Php 2.00

scent 20 mL Php 55 / 30 mL Php 36.67

Total Raw ------ ------- Php 165.53

Material cost

Yield: Volume 7.6 L ------- --------

Raw material ------ ------- Php 21.78 / L

cost/ volume

Observations:

Color Scarlet

Texture Sllimy

Smell Downy mystique

Volume 7.6 L

Weight ------

Time: raw materials preparations/

30 mins.
equipment preparation

Time: processing 120 mins.

Time: packing 45 mins.

VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS:

Detergents are sodium salts of long chain benzene sulfuric acids. They are

emulsifying agents that are scientifically referred to as sodium dodecyl benzene

sulphonate and has a chemical formula of C18H29NaO3S. This chemical

compound has an incredible foaming ability, and can be easily compounded with

various other additives.

Detergents work because they are amphiphilic; partly hydrophobic and

partly hydrophilic. The hydrophobic region of the detergent will easily react and

attract other molecules that are present in its surrounding environment; thus,

causing it to clump to the detergent while the hydrophilic region of the detergent

ensures that the entire compound, along with the attracted particles, can be

easily carried away with water.

Due to the amphipathic nature of detergent molecules, detergents can be

used for a variety of different cleaning purposes. It has also been recommended

or degreasing leather since the hydrophobic regions will easily attract grease and

other fatty molecules, which are made up of a primarily carbon tail.

Although similar to soap, detergents are actually quite different. Soaps

are made from natural resources like fats and oils while detergents are

synthetically made.

Detergents can also be defined as surfactants or a mixture of surfactants

with “cleaning properties in dilute solutions”. Surfactants are defined as wetting

agents that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading and

lower interfacial tension between two liquids. These surfactants are primarily

produced from petrochemicals. An example of a surfactant is SLES (Sodium

Lauryl Ether Sulfate), which is an anionic surfactant commonly used in

laundering, dishwashing liquids and shampoos. Since it is anionic, the head of

the dual nature of the detergent is negative (-).

 SLES is prepared by the ethoxylation of dodecyl alcohol. The resulting

ethoxylate is sulfonated to get the ester of the sulfuric acid which is neutralized

by conversion to the sodium salt. It is given by this equation:

Sulfonation:

CH3 (CH2 )11 (OCH2 CH2 )n OH + SO3 CH3 (CH2 )11 (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 H

Neutralization:

CH3 (CH2 )11 (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 H + NaOH CH3 (CH2 )11 (OCH2 CH2 )n OSO3 H + H2 O

Like many other products, SLES is an irritant. SLES is also environmentally

friendly since it is biodegradable.

Another ingredient that primes the production of detergent is CDEA.

Cocodiethanolamide, or simply CDEA, is used as a foam stabilizer & viscosity builder

used in detergents, shampoos, bubble baths & other personal care products. It is

used as a lubricant agent, thickening agent and wetting agent. It is also used as an

emulsifier & corrosion inhibitor. It also has a good cleaning resistance to hard water,

and antistatic performance.

Another way of producing liquid dishwashing detergent that would not use

SLES is by the use of soap nuts. They are biodegradable and petroleum-free. They

contain saponins that are natural surfactants (opposed to chemical surfactants such

as SLES or SLS). In addition, alkaline salts may be used to enhance the liquid

dishwashing detergent’s property of dishwashing. It has high pH which helps to

dissolve, but overtime, it strips away glazes on cookery and wears away glassware,

making it look cloudy and scratched when used too much.

Potential for commercialization:

a. Small scale manufacture

Liquid Dry
ingredients ingredients

BLENDING PROCESS

DETERGENT

b. Commercial/ big scale manufacture

Production of dishwashing detergents can be done by batch or continuous

process; however, continuous process is highly preferred today because of its

flexibility, speed and economics.

VIII. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER WORKS:

For further researches and experimentation in lab scale, it is highly

recommended to work as a group and maximize the time of experimentation in

order to attain the objectives on time. It is also recommended to follow all

necessary precautions in the production to have quality products. It is also

important to have other ways of improving the product by further research and

allowing ideas to become useful products.

IX. REFERENCES/BIBLIOGRAPHY:

Detergent History – from Ancient soaps to modern detergent. Retrieved from

http://www.soaphistory.net/detergent-history-facts/history-of-detergent/

2016. What is the chemical formula for detergent? Retrieved from

https://www.reference.com/science/chemical-formula-detergent-

258029c5514d5f83#

2016, Sept. 2. Sodium Laureth Sulfate. Retrieved from

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodium_laureth_sulfate

FABRIKING E. I. PVT. LTD. Cocodiethanolamide. Retrieved from

http://fabrikingei.tradeindia.com/cdea-cocodiethanolamide--890352.html

2013. Ballestra, D. S. Liquid Detergents. Retrieved from

http://www.desmetballestra.com/index.php/detergents-surfactants-

chemicals/detergents/liquid-detergents