I.

Introduction

A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY

Continuous rain, floods, water flows almost filled the land constantly. It is the water that

killed lives and damaged properties but supposed to provide electricity. In its excessive resources,

still rotational brown outs, and high electricity bills prevails. People all over are exhausted on too

much demand for high electricity cost. But the fact remains, that everybody is still dependent on

electricity. It is rather a must that living in today’s society require a very much demandable source of

electricity.

With this condition, the researchers thought of going back in their previous project; make

some revisions and improvements to make it more functional than its early version. With the concept

of hydropower in mind, they thought of using the water flows whether naturally made or manmade

water flow (say, heavy rains, flood water, or water system in the farm), as vessel to produce certain

voltage using their constructed device. Moreover, to find ways to sustain this voltage to step up in

much higher voltage that can be used to run electrical devices without so much dependent on viable

source of electricity.

1|Page
B. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

This study aims to construct an improvised micro-hydro device that could generate an initial

voltage that when sustain and increase to a much higher voltage, i.e. 220v, this electrical energy will

be able to run simple electrical devices such as lamps, radio, DVD, televisions and the like with the

use of water coming from the natural and man-made sources across the streets, farms and canals.

Specifically it answers the following questions:

1. Is the construction of the improvised micro-hydro device practical, and economical?

2. Using water to run the alternator, is the improvised micro-hydro device capable of generating

voltage?

3. How much rotation per minute (rpm) is needed to sustain the initial voltage output?

4. Is there any significant difference on the performance of the electrical devices using the

conventional current and the micro-hydro device?

Hypothesis:

Ho: There is no significant difference on the performance of the electrical devices using the

conventional current and the improvised micro-hydro device.

Ha: There is a significant difference on the performance of the electrical devices using the

conventional current and the improvised micro-hydro device.

2|Page
C. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

This study would be a great help for common people especially those who lives on farms,

fields, and other remote areas who are suffering from lack of supply of electricity. Furthermore, this

will lead on the functional usage of the water that flows in the environment most especially those

considered squander in generating initial voltage that when sustained can be used to generate the

necessary voltage to run simple electrical devices without worrying much on high cost of electric

bills. Besides, its price is incomparable to other small cost hydropower generator when it comes to

expenses, but when fully polished can be equal in terms of performance.

D. SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS

This research study is limited to prove the capacity of the improvised micro-hydro device to

generate an initial voltage output that can be used to run simple electrical devices when properly

sustained and increased to the right amount of voltage required. In addition, it attests the fact that

water can be a useful and powerful source of electricity in a manner that it would not cost too much

and upon application of the right technology. The testing of the project was limited only on the use

of tap water in running the blade to initiate the charging of the 12v alternator. With the aid of the 12v

inverter and batteries, the initial voltage was then raised to the required amount that runs the simple

electrical devices. It is rather unfortunate that the hydropower device never had a chance to test it

along the streams and fields due to some personal considerations, however, the researchers can prove

its competence through actual demonstration. Anything other than the exemplified scopes and

limitations would not be considered as part of this project.

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E. REVIEW OF THE RELATED LITERATURE

HYDROPOWER

The use of moving water to supply energy was as old as in using the wind energy.It was said

that way back 3,000 years ago, the Archaeologist have discovered the used of water wheels in

grinding grains. Today, the energy of falling water is used mainly to drive electrical generators and

as long as snow and rainfall continue to fill streams and rivers, water can be a renewable source of

energy.(http://www.re-energy.ca/hydro-generator)

Hydro energy is described as a form of energy that uses water

stored in dams and flowing in rivers to create electricity thru the Photo from
(http://www.originene
construction of Hydro- electric plants which basically use the energy
rgy.com.au/4235/Hydropower)

from the falling water to turn turbine blades. As the rotating blades Fig.1: Water falls

spin, the generator converts the mechanical energy of the spinning turbine into electrical energy. The

amount of electricity generated from each power plant depends on the quantity of the flowing water

and the height it falls from the reservoir to the turbines.In Australia, around 7% of their National

Electricity market comes from their more than 100 hydro-electric plants. Most of their hydro-electric

power plants were built between 1950s and 1960s. The Australia’s biggest hydropower generator is

the Snowy Mountains Hydro-electric Scheme which contributes almost half

Credit: US Army Corps of
of the country’s total hydro output and has a capacity of 3,800 megawatts. Engineers

However, Hydropower generation depends on rainfall patterns and varies

from year to year. (http://www.originenergy.com.au/4235/Hydropower)

Fig.2: Hydroelectric power
Some defined hydropower as energy from the flowing water that
generates about 10% of the
can be captured and turned into electricity. Similarly, hydroelectric nation's energy.

power plant uses a dam on a river to store water in a reservoir, released and flows through a turbine,

4|Page
spinning it, which in turn activates a generator to produce electricity. But hydroelectric power

doesn't necessarily require a large dam. Some hydroelectric power plants just use a small canal to

channel the river water through a turbine. A small or micro-hydroelectric power system can

produce enough electricity for a home, farm, or

ranch.(http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/hydropower)

According to Build Your Own Hydroelectric Generator Page 1 of 9,

A Renewable Energy Project Kit The Pembina Institute, “Most machines

that make electricity need some form of mechanical energy to get things

started. Mechanical energy spins the generator to make the electricity. In Taken from: http://www.re-
energy.ca/docs/hydroelectri
the case of hydroelectricity, the mechanical energy comes from large c-generator-cp.pdf

Fig. 3: Hydropower
volumes of falling water. For making small amounts of electricity without generator

building a dam, the small-scale hydroelectric generator is often the best solution, especially where

fast-fl owing streams on steep slopes are close by. A small-scale hydro system usually consists of an

enclosed water wheel or turbine, which is made to spin by jets of highvelocity water. The water is

taken from the stream and moved down slope to the turbine through a long pipe called a penstock.

Water

fl owing through the penstock picks up speed, and is directed at the blades of the turbine by nozzles.

The turbine spins continuously, as long as there is water to drive it. The turbine is connected to an

electrical generator, and the electricity is then available for running appliances or charging batteries.

The spent water is returned to the stream. This kind of system is called a “run-of-stream hydro” or

“low-impact hydro.”(http://www.re-energy.ca/docs/hydroelectric-generator-cp.pdf

5|Page
Electricity

It is described as the flow of electrons in a metal wire, or some other conductor. Electrons

are tiny particles found inside atoms. The fl ow of electrons through any conductor is called a

“current of electricity.” Each electron carries a tiny negative charge. When electrons move through a

conductor, they produce an invisible fi eld of magnetic force, similar to that found around a magnet.

The strength of that fi eld depends on how many electrons are in motion. A stronger field can be

produced by winding the wire in a tight coil with many loops or turns. This causes many more

electrons to be in motion in a small space, resulting in a stronger fi eld. Magnetic field can also be

strengthened by placing a piece of iron in the middle of the coil, turning the iron into a powerful

magnet. While it is true that electrons moving through a conductor produce a magnetic fi eld, the

reverse is also true. You can make electrons move in a wire by “pushing” them with a moving

magnet, which is how an electrical generator works. Electrical generators usually contain powerful

magnets that rotate very close to dense coils of insulated wire. The coils develop a fl ow of electrons

that becomes an electrical current when the generator is connected to an electric circuit.

(http://www.re-energy.ca/docs/hydroelectric-generator-cp.pdf)

Alternator

An automotive charging system is made up of three major

components: the battery, the voltage regulator and an alternator. The

Photo by: the Researchers
alternator works with the battery to generate power for the electrical Fig. 4: The Alternator

components of a vehicle. An alternator gets its name from the term alternating current

(AC).Alternators are typically found near the front of the engine and are driven by the crankshaft,

which converts the pistons' up-and-down movement into circular movement. Most alternators are

mounted using brackets that bolt to a specific point on the engine. One of the brackets is usually a
6|Page
fixed point, while the other is adjustable to tighten the drive belt.Alternators produce AC power

through electromagnetism formed through the stator and rotor relationship. The electricity is

channeled into the battery, providing voltage to run the various electrical systems.

(http://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm)

INVERTER

An inverter is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to

Photo by Warren Gretz
alternating current (AC); the converted AC can be at any required voltage courtesy of US Department
of Energy/NREL
(DoE/NREL)
and frequency with the use of appropriate transformers, switching, and

control circuits .During the 19th century, there was a battle on which type of Fig. 5: An Inverter

electricity will be used to power the buildings. Electrical pioneer, Thomas Edison (1847-1931)

demonstrated that direct current (DC) was a better way to supply electrical power than alternating

current (AC).However his arc-rival Nikola Tesla (1856–1943), did the other way round. Edison tried

all kinds of devious ways to convince people that AC was too dangerous however Tesla's system

won the day and the world have used AC power ever since.The only trouble is, though many of our

appliances are designed to work with AC, small-scale power generators often produce DC. That

means if you want to run something like an AC-powered gadget from a DC car battery in a mobile

home, you need a device that will convert DC to AC—an inverter, as it's called.(Courtesy of US

Department of Energy/NREL (DoE/NREL).

One of Tesla's legacies and his business partner George Westinghouse, boss of the

Westinghouse Electrical Company is that most of the appliances are specifically designed to run

from AC power. Appliances that need DC but have to take power from AC outlets need an extra

piece of equipment called a rectifier, typically built from electronic components called diodes, to

convert from AC to DC. An inverter does the opposite job. The electric current will actually be

7|Page
flowing the opposite way. Inverters can also be used with transformers to change a certain DC input

voltage into a completely different AC output voltage (either higher or lower) but the output power

must always be less than the input power: it follows from the conservation of energy that an inverter

and transformer can't give out more power than they take in and some energy is bound to be lost

as heat as electricity flows through the various electrical and electronic components. In practice, the

efficiency of an inverter is often over 90 percent, though basic physics tells us some energy—

however little—is always being wasted somewhere! (http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-inverters-

work.html)

An inverter generator is a power generator that can process raw power into a power feed

similar to the power received through power lines. The generator part of an inverter generator is

usually powered by gasoline or diesel fuel. "Inverter" means that the power is converted from direct

current (DC) into alternating current (AC). Inverters are in direct contrast to rectifiers which turn AC

power into DC power. Companies that manufacture inverter generator machines include Honda®

and Cummins Onan®.

Both rectifiers and inverters are types of power converters, devices that change current from one

type to another. Direct current is current that flow only one direction in a circuit. Batteries are

charged using DC power. Alternating current is current that switches direction on a circuit. It is the

type of current distributed to homes and businesses over power lines. An example of a power

inverter without a generator would be a device that plugs into a car's cigarette lighter and outputs

power through a standard electrical outlet. In this case, the inverter is changing the DC power from

the car battery. The car battery can be drained of power while the car is not running, but it stays

charged by the alternator while the car is being driven.(http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-inverter-

generator.htm)

8|Page
 How can an inverter give a high voltage alternating current from a low voltage direct

current? In its simplest form, an alternator would have a coil of wire with a rotating magnet close

to it. As one pole of the magnet approaches the coil, a current will be

produced in the coil. This current will grow to a maximum as the magnet

passes close to the coil, dying down as the magnetic pole moves further

away. However when the opposite pole of the magnetapproaches the coil,

the current induced in the coil will flow in the opposite direction. As this

process is repeated by the continual rotation of the magnet, an alternating

current is produced. A transformer also causes an electric current to be

induced in a coil, but this time, the changing magnetic field is produced by
Fig.6: How an alternator
works
another coil having an alternating current flowing through it. Any coil

with an electric current flowing through it will act like a magnet and produce a magnetic field. If

the direction of the current changes, then the polarity of the field changes. The voltage produced in

the secondary coil is not necessarily the same as that applied to the primary coil. If the secondary

coil is twice the size (has twice the number of turns) of the primary coil, the secondary voltage will

be twice that of the voltage applied to the primary coil. We can effectively produce whatever

voltage we want by varying the size of the coils

If we connected a direct current from a battery to the primary coil it would

not induce a current in the secondary as the magnetic field would not be

changing. However, if we can make that direct current effectively change

direction repeatedly, then we have a very basic inverter. This inverter would

produce a square wave output as the current would be changing direction

Fig.7: The basic
inverter
suddenly. This type of inverter might have been used in early car radios that

9|Page
 needed to take 12 volts available in the car and produce the higher voltages required to run radio

valves (known as tubes in America) in the days before transistors were widely used.

(http://www.solar-facts.com/inverters/how-inverters-work.php)

BATTERY

A battery is a device that creates electrical energy by means of chemical

reactions. There are two types of batteries: wet cell and dry cell. A wet

cell battery operates by means of a liquid electrolyte solution, while in

Photo taken a dry cell battery the solution is in the form of a paste. Some wet cells can
fromhttp://www.wisegeek.c
om/what-is-a-wet-cell- be recharged, while others are only good for a shorter period of time.
battery.htm

Eventually, however, all such batteries become unusable and have to be

replaced. There are a number of different types of wet cell batteries

categorized as "primary" or "secondary." A primary battery can be used

Fig. 8: The Battery
only until its chemicals are exhausted and cannot react with each other

anymore. In contrast to this, a secondary battery can be recharged by effectively reversing

theinternal chemical process used to generate a charge. When a load is attached to the terminals of

the wet cell battery, a chemical reaction between the lead, lead oxide, and electrolyte solution

occurs. As a result of the reaction, electricity flows through the terminals to the load, and sulfuric

acid is removed from the solution and bonded to the plates. When the battery is recharged by passing

a reversed current through it, the bonds between the plates and the sulfuric acid are broken and the

sulfuric acid returns to the liquid solution, letting it provide more electricity.

( http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wet-cell-battery.htm)

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SHEET METAL

It is a metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the fundamental

forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes. Countless everyday

objects are constructed with sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly; extremely thin

thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in) are considered plate.

Sheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The thickness of sheet metal is commonly

specified by a traditional, non-linear measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the

thinner the metal. There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such

as aluminum, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheet_metal)

F. DEFINITION OF TERMS

Alternating current-is current that switches direction on a circuit. It is the type of current

distributed to homes and businesses over power lines.

Alternator-An alternator gets its name from the term alternating current (AC).Alternators

produce AC power through electromagnetism formed through the stator and rotor

relationship. The electricity is channeled into the battery, providing voltage to run the

various electrical systems.

Battery- is a device that creates electrical energy by means of chemical reactions.

Direct current-is current that flow only one direction in a circuit. Batteries are charged using DC

power.

Electricity-is described as the flow of electrons in a metal wire, or some other conductor.

11 | P a g e
Electrons -are tiny particles found inside atoms. The flow of electrons through any conductor is

called a “current of electricity.”

Hydro energy- is described as a form of energy that uses water stored in dams and flowing in

rivers to create electricity. It is also defined as energy from the flowing water that can be

captured and turned into electricity.

Hydropower plant- It is the production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational

force of falling or flowing water.

Inverter - is an electrical device that converts direct current (DC) to alternating current (AC); the

converted AC can be at any required voltage and frequency with the use of appropriate

transformers, switching, and control circuits."Inverter" means that the power is converted

from direct current (DC) into alternating current (AC).

Sheet metal - is a metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the

fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of

shapes.

Voltage- Given two points in the space, called A and B, voltage is the difference of electric

potentials between those two points. From the definition of electric potential it follows

that: Voltage is electric potential energy per unit charge, measured in joules per coulomb

(= volts).

12 | P a g e
 II. METHODOLOGY

This study was conducted at Cabcaben, Mariveles, Bataan from November 2013 to

September 2014. Respondents were 10 chosen people who have the background on electricity and

electronics as well as those who have personal knowledge and experience in those fields. The raw

materials were gathered from some junkyards and backyards of those people who helped in making

this project.

A. Materials and equipments

2 pcs. 22” and 27” L-shaped metal bar 1 pc. 16” L-shaped metal bar,

12 pcs. of 15” flat metal bars 1 pc. 2” metal tube (2.25” diameter)

12 pcs. of 7” round metal bars 2 pcs. 18” square metal bars

1 pc. 15.5” metal tube (2” diameter) lubricant

2 pcs. metal ring (16” diameter) 1 pc.17” square metal bar

40 pairs of bolt and knot 10” and a 12” L-shaped metal bar

1 set of sprocket and chain 1 pc. 21” flat metal bar

12 pcs. of liso sheets (12”x14”) 1 alternator

2 pcs. of 8” L-shaped metal bar 2 meters of wire

1 pc. inverter

13 | P a g e
B. Procedure

I. Making the Support (done at fabrication)

To make the base, two 22” and 27” L-shaped metal bar (2”) was cut. The four pieces of bars

was welded into a rectangular shaped base.

Then to make the wheel, 12 pieces of 15” flat metal bars, 12 pieces of 7” round metal bars,

15.5” metal tube (2” diameter), 2 pieces metal ring (16” diameter), 36 pairs of bolt and knot,

sprocket, and 12 pieces of flat sheets (12”x14”) was prepared. Three holes are drilled at the middle

part of the flat sheets (landscape) and another three on the bottom part. Also, three holes are drilled

on the flat metal bars. Six pieces of 7” round metal bars was welded at both ends of the metal tube

(60 degrees apart); then, the 2 metal rings around the round bars on the ends of the metal tube and

finally, the 15” flat metal bars on the wheel. The metal bars should be 30 degrees apart from each

other. Then, flat sheets ware attached on the wheel using knots and bolts. The first piece of sprocket

was weld on one side of the wheel.

After the wheel, make the wheel stand. It serves as the support for it. Two pieces of 8” L-

shaped metal bar, a 16” L-shaped metal bar, the wheel stand (where the wheel will rotate), a 2”

metal tube (2.25” diameter), 2 pieces 18” square metal bars, lubricant, and a17” square metal bar

was prepared. The 2 pieces of 8” L-shaped metal bar and 16” L-shaped metal bar was welded

rectangular on the metal base. Then, the wheel stand was attached on the welded stand. On the other

side of the base, two pieces 18” square metal bars and 17” square metal bar was welded to make

support of the wheel. At the top of the 3 square metal bars, the 2” metal tube (2.25” diameter) was

then put into place. This serves as the holder of the wheel as it rotates.

14 | P a g e
 Finally, the alternator stand located at the top part of the metal support was made. A 10” and

a 12” L-shaped metal bar were cut. Also, 21” flat metal bar was prepared. The 10” and a 12” L-

shaped metal bars was welded perpendicularly (10” bar is horizontal). The flat bar and welded L-

shaped bars were attached on the wheel stand. The excess part of the flat bar located at the top of the

alternator stand was bent. To finish the stand, all the welded metal parts were painted for protection

against rust.

II. Connecting the Wires and electrical work

The alternator at the alternator stand was attached with bolts and knots. Then, the other

sprocket piece was positioned on the rotating part of the alternator.

The wheel was placed on the wheel stand. Then, the sprockets on the wheel and alternator were

connected using the chains.

The positive and negative wires of the alternator were attached to the battery storage. The

wires of the inverter were also connected to the battery.

15 | P a g e
C. Application

The micro-hydro device used the water flows to run. This water source enabled the blade of

the device to turn and provide energy through the alternator. The voltage being produced by the

micro-hydro device was observed using a voltmeter.

To test its efficacy, respondents consisted of 10 people; who have a background on electricity

and electronics as well as those who have personal knowledge and experience in those fields.

The device was tested to run 220 volts electric fan, cell phone, a DVD player, laptop and

radio.

Also, separated testing was done to determine the required rotation per minute the device

must have to sustain the initial voltage it produces.

16 | P a g e
A.MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

Metal Stand/Base Wheel Holder Alternator

Sprocket and chain Water wheel Flat sheet

Battery Inverter Welding Device

17 | P a g e
B. PROCEDURE

Making the rectangular Making the Attachment of the

Metal base metal stand wheel holder

Attachment of the wheel Putting the wheel on the Welding the

wheel holder wheel holder

Attachment of the Attached wheel stand Attachment of flat sheets

wheel stand

Attachment of inverter Connecting electrical wires Complete wheel with

flat sheets

18 | P a g e
C. APPLICATION

Preparing the micro- Set the alternator

hydro device

Place water on the Connect the inverter

blade and the battery

Lighting a bulb

Fig. 9: Flow Chart of the Micro-Hydro Device

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20 | P a g e
Fig. 10: Measurements of the Improvised Micro-Hydro Device

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 12 V

12 V

battery

alternator

inverter

Fig. 10: Schematic Diagram of the Improvised Micro-Hydro Device

22 | P a g e
 III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presents the results, analysis and interpretation of data in an attempt to answer the

questions being stated on this project.

Q 1: Is the construction of the improvised micro-hydro device practical, and economical?

Table __: addasfdgfdfhfsdhffds

According to the table ………………………………… …………………………

………………………………………… ……………… …………………………………
………………… ……………………… ………………………………… …………………
………………………… …………… …………… …………………… ………………………
………………………………………………………………………………………

23 | P a g e
Q 2: Using water to run the alternator, is the improvised micro-hydro device capable of

generating voltage?

According to the data gathered, it proved that the micro-

hydro device is capable of generating volatge using water. Results

from three trials showed that the device produces an average of 12

volts of electricity in the aide of the battery as the energizer of the Fig. __: Voltmeter showed a reading
of 12 volts produced by generator
alternator. (trial results on appendices table __)

Q 3: How much rotation per minute (rpm) is needed to sustain the initial voltage output?

The rotations made by the device were counted for one

minute while maintaing the initial voltage. From the separate testing

conducted, the device needs to have 50 rotations per minute to

sustain the initial voltage of 12 volts.

Fig. __: Rotations per minute made
by the device was being gathered

Q 4: Is there any significant difference on the performance of the electrical devices using the

conventional current and the micro-hydro device?

After testing the efficacy of the device, it showed good

results in providing power for making the plugged devices (radio,

laptop, electric fan, lightong bulb and DVD player) work. Fig. __: Micro-hydro device as it
supplies powr for an electric fan

24 | P a g e
 Also to test the significant difference on the performance of the electrical devices using the

conventional current and the micro-hydro device, a statistical analysis was done showing the

following results.

Table __: asafafgdgsdg

According to the table ………………………………… …………………………

………………………………………… ……………… …………………………………

………………… ……………………… ………………………………… …………………

………………………… …………… …………… …………

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 Table __: asafafgdgsdg

According to the table ………………………………… …………………………

………………………………………… ……………… …………………………………

………………… ……………………… ………………………………… …………………

………………………… …………… …………… …………

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 Table __: asafafgdgsdg

According to the table ………………………………… …………………………

………………………………………… ……………… …………………………………

………………… ……………………… ………………………………… …………………

………………………… …………… …………… …………

27 | P a g e
 Table __: asafafgdgsdg

According to the table ………………………………… …………………………

………………………………………… ……………… …………………………………

………………… ……………………… ………………………………… …………………

………………………… …………… …………… …………

28 | P a g e
IV. CONCLUSION

Blah blah blah

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V. RECOMMENDATION

Blah blah blah

30 | P a g e
 VI. BIBLIOGRAPHY

-About renewable energy

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/rea/tech/hydropower

-About alternator

http://auto.howstuffworks.com/alternator1.htm

-About inverter

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-an-inverter-generator.htm

http://www.explainthatstuff.com/how-inverters-work.html

-About batteries

http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-a-wet-cell-battery.htm

-About hydroelectric generator

Build Your Own Hydroelectric Generator Page 1 of 9, A Renewable Energy Project Kit The
Pembina Institute,

http://www.originenergy.com.au/4235/Hydropower

http://www.re-energy.ca/docs/hydroelectric-generator-cp.pdf

http://www.re-energy.ca/hydro-generator

31 | P a g e
 VII. APPENDICES

Table __: Voltage produced by the device after three trials

Trials Voltage produced (x)

1 12

2 12

3 12

∑𝑥
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
𝑁
12 + 12 + 12
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
3
36
𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝑎𝑣𝑒 =
3

𝑽𝒐𝒍𝒕𝒂𝒈𝒆𝑎𝑣𝑒 = 12 𝑉

32 | P a g e