Virtual Mass Webinar

WEBINAR
INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL MASS
WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

Copyright© 2011 MSC.Software Corporation S1 - 1
Contents
• Introduction
– Assumptions & restrictions
– Some legal configurations
– Some illegal configurations
• The User Interface
– The MFLUID and ELIST
entries
– Distorted QUAD4 elements
– Remarks
• Examples
– VMOPT parameter
– GPWG output
– Sloshing

Introduction
• Virtual mass method added to MSC.NASTRAN in 1978.Funded by
Daimler-Benz, For high frequency response of fuel tanks. (Helmholtz
method)
• Virtual mass is used to model the hydrodynamic effects of added mass
on a structure when it is in contact with inviscid, incompressible fluids
• The fluid domains, which are not explicitly modelled with a fluid mesh
(hence the term virtual mass), could be
– Finite (e.g. fuel in a tank)
– Infinite (e.g. a ship in the sea)
• A list of wet, or submerged, finite elements define where the fluid
contacts the finite element structure.
• Structural surfaces may be wet either on one side only, or on both
sides (e.g. baffles).
• The entire fluid domain may be composed of several disjoint regions
containing different fluids.

Assumptions
• The fluid is incompressible
• No viscosity effects
• The fluid has uniform density, for example, no immiscible
layers are allowed
• Internal (finite) fluids must have a free surface
• External fluids may or may not have a free surface
• No surface wave effects
• No gravity effects
• Irrotational flow(no turbulence/no eddy current effects)
• No steady flow
• No nonlinear effects
• No aerodynamic (high steady flow) effects are present

INTRODUCTION
• Virtual fluid volume produces a mass matrix
• Full coupling between accelerations and pressures on the flexible
structural interfaces.
• Represents the fluid coupled to a boundary consisting of:
– Structural elements
– Free surfaces
– Planes of symmetry
– Bounded fluids
– Infinite fluids
• One or two wetted sides.
• No sloshing effects unless phantom boundaries are used.
• Multiple fluid volumes
• Only CQUAD4/CTRIA3 plate elements may be defined to be in
contact with fluid.

Virtual Mass
• Virtual mass provides a method to include the effects of fluid to
a structural model
• It adds mass to the mass matrix
• Full coupling between acceleration and pressure on the flexible
structural interfaces
• Represents the fluid coupled to a boundary consisting of:
– Structural elements
– Free surfaces
– Planes of symmetry
– Infinite fluids
• Generates very dense mass matrix

Restrictions
• The structure’s frequency range of interest must be

– above and away from the frequency range of the fluid sloshing modes
– below the lowest acoustic frequency (speed of sound assumption)
• If a free surface is defined, the pressure at the surface is

assumed to be zero.
• The interface between fluid and structure (the wetted surface)

is comprised solely of CQUAD4 or CTRIA3 elements
– If for example a tank is meshed with solid elements, it will be
necessary to coat the wetted surface with a thin layer of plate elements

Virtual Mass
• Dynamics of incompressible fluid.

• Allowed in all dynamic solutions except cyclic symmetry.
• Fluids coupled directly to structure through the mass matrix.
• Only wetted structural elements are defined to have fluid.
• Fluids on interior or exterior surfaces.
• Infinite exterior fluid allowed.
• Free surfaces allowed.
• Gravity is not included.
• Fuel tanks, nuclear fluid containers, drilling platforms, underwater
devices, and ships where fluid dynamics can be ignored.

Some Legal Configurations
Consider an
Infinite fluid
Fluid

Void
Empty closed
vessel in an
infinite fluid
Fluid

Open
container in
an infinite
fluid
Fluid

Free Surface
Consider a
Finite fluid
Fluid

Free Surface
Empty closed
vessel in a
Void
finite fluid
Fluid

Free Surface Free Surface

Partially filled
closed vessel Void
in a finite fluid
Fluid
Fluid

Free Surface
Free Surface
Partially filled
open vessel in
a finite fluid Fluid
Fluid

Closed vessel Free Surface

with internal
fluid
Fluid

Some Illegal Configurations
Consider an
Infinite fluid
Fluid

Fluid
Completely
filled closed
vessel in an
infinite fluid
Fluid

Void
Open
container with
a free surface
Free Surface
in an infinite
fluid
Fluid

Free Surface
Consider a
Finite fluid
Fluid

Free Surface
Completely
filled closed
vessel in a Fluid
finite fluid
Fluid

Free Surface
Open vessel
with no free
surface
Fluid

Completely
filled closed Fluid
vessel

The User Interface

Virtual Mass
• User interface is very simple.
• The sketch below illustrates some of the features
Free Surfaces
Fluid Volume 1
Fluid Volume 2
Structure Elements Structure elements Structure Elements

User Interface
• Case Control
MFLUID
• Bulk Data
MFLUID
ELIST

The MFLUID entry
• The MFLUID case control command references the MFLUID
bulk data entry, which defines the fluid properties of an
incompressible fluid for the purpose of generating a virtual
mass matrix
• Only one case control
SOL 103 MFLUID entry is allowed,
CEND above SUBCASE level
DISP=ALL
MFLUID=17
SUBCASE 1
• If there is no MFLUID case
METHOD=12
control entry present, no
BEGIN BULK
virtual mass will be calculated
GRID,52,,5.2,3.4,1.22
...
MFLUID,17,,15.,1.225,22,,N,N
...
• There may be one or more bulk data MFLUID entries

CID and ZFS
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
MFLUID SID CID ZFS RHO ELIST1 ELIST2 PLANE1 PLANE2
RMAX FMEXACT
• The CID in field 3 allows a coordinate system to be defined,

the Z direction of which is used to locate the free surface of
the fluid. The value of ZFS in field 4 defines the location of
the plane of the free surface which is parallel to the X-Y
plane of the coordinate system defined by CID..
• If CID is left blank, the

basic coordinate
system is used

ZFS
• The orientation of CID and ZFS is arbitrary
Fluid
ZFS Fluid
Z ZFS
X
X
• If ZFS is left blank, an infinitely large positive value is assumed

ZFS – to wet or not
• An element that has all of its GRID points on or above the

free surface is not wet (no virtual mass)
• A tolerance is calculated for each wetted element

– TOL = 0.01 * SQRT(2 * A)
– A = area of the element
Area A
• If X < TOL for a GRID point, it is
considered to be on the free x
surface and no virtual mass will
be calculated for it

RHO, ELIST1 and ELIST2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• RHO in field 5 is the fluid density
• The MFLUID entry ELIST fields reference the

wetted elements on ELIST bulk data entries
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
ELIST LID E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6 E7
E8 E9 E10 etc.

ELIST – candidates to be wet
• Any elements appearing on ELIST entries referenced by an

active MFLUID entry are candidates to be wet by a fluid
• However, only elements below

the free surface defined by ZFS
are actually wetted

Partially wetted elements
Centroid of quadrilateral
• Geometrically, elements intersected by

the free surface are only partially wetted
• To account for this, the centroids of the

wetted areas are established Centroid of wetted area
• Mass distribution for a partially wetted element is calculated using

the same principal as static equilibrium among all GRID points of
the element for a concentrated load applied at the centroid of the
wetted area
• Therefore, virtual mass is calculated for all GRID points attached to

the partially wetted element, even those above the free surface

Partially wetted elements
• Virtual mass added above the free surface

is mitigated by two effects
• Appropriate element mesh density

– If the finite element mesh in the region of the free
surface is not too coarse, virtual mass added above
the free surface can be minimised
• Free surface pressure

– The pressure at the free surface is zero. It is therefore immediately
obvious that pressures near the free surface are low resulting in lower
relative values of mass for the virtual mass effects from elements near the
free surface – any value of mass added to a GRID point above the free
surface will therefore be of a correspondingly low value

ELIST1 and ELIST2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• If elements are to be wet on one side only, they are added

to an ELIST entry referenced by the ELIST1 field
MFLUID=1
...
BEGIN BULK
... Fluid
MFLUID,1,,20.,1.,11,,N,N
...
ELIST,11,27,43,46
...
ENDDATA
Baffle

ELIST1 and ELIST2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• If elements are to be wet on both sides by the same fluid

(e.g. a baffle), they are added to an ELIST entry referenced
by the ELIST2 field MFLUID=1
...
BEGIN BULK
...
MFLUID,1,,20.,1.,,12,N,N
Fluid ...
ELIST,12,62,88,82
...
ENDDATA
Baffle

ELIST - which side is wet?
• The right hand rule is used to determine which side of the

elements on an ELIST entry, referenced by the ELIST1
field, is wet!
• The GRID point order gives the positive

normal direction for the element
• If the id on the ELIST entry is positive, the

element is wet on its positive normal side
4
• If the id on the ELIST entry is negative, the
element is wet on the side opposite the 1
3
positive normal side
2

ELIST
• A fluid may be represented by a single MFLUID bulk data entry

only if a fish can swim from one region of the fluid to another
• If a fish cannot swim from one region to another, multiple

MFLUID entries are needed (no jumping fish allowed!)

ELIST
• If elements form a barrier between unconnected fluids, they

may appear on two ELIST entries each referenced by
different MFLUID entries
MFLUID=1
...
BEGIN BULK
...
MFLUID,1,,20.,1.,11,,N,N
ELIST,11,27,43,46,-58,-59,...
Fluid
...
MFLUID,1,,15.,1.,12,,N,N 20.0 Fluid
ELIST,12,62,88,82,58,59,... 15.0
...
ENDDATA

ELIST
ELIST1 for ELIST1 for

ELIST 11 ELIST 12
MFLUID=1
...
BEGIN BULK
...
MFLUID,1,,20.,1.,11,,N,N
ELIST,11,27,43,46,-58,-59,...
...
MFLUID,1,,15.,1.,12,,N,N
ELIST,12,62,88,82,58,59,...
...
ENDDATA
These elements appear

on 2 ELIST entries

PLANE1 and PLANE2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• Symmetry and anti-symmetry planes may be defined to reduce

model size.
• Symmetry planes are planes of zero displacement.
• Anti-symmetry planes are planes of zero pressure.
• The free surface is treated exactly like a plane of anti-

symmetry.

PLANE1 and PLANE2
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• PLANE1 refers to the X-Z plane of the coordinate system

defined by CID
• PLANE2 refers to the Y-Z plane of the coordinate system
defined by CID
• PLANE1 and PLANE2 may be defined as S, A or N
• S means the plane will be treated with a symmetry condition
• A means the plane will be treated with an anti-symmetry
condition
• N means no symmetry treatment is defined

RMAX
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• RMAX may be used to limit the distance among elements

for which interactions are calculated.
• If the elements are further away from each other than

RMAX, then no interaction virtual mass terms will be
calculated for these elements. This can speed up the
calculation of the virtual mass matrix and reduced the
density of the final mass matrix.
• The default value is 1.0E+10

FMEXACT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• FMEXACT may be used to limit the elements for which

virtual mass terms are calculated using exact integration.
• Exact integration takes around 5 times longer than centre

point integration to calculate the virtual mass terms, but the
pay-off is better accuracy.
• By default a large value is defined (1.0E+15), which

essentially means all terms are calculated using exact
integration.

FMEXACT
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
RMAX FMEXACT
• As the distance between elements increases relative to the

cross sectional area of the elements, the relative magnitude of
the virtual mass terms drops off rapidly. This means the virtual
mass terms for distant elements are comparatively small, and
errors in the virtual mass calculation become decreasingly
important.
• Studies suggest that if the distance between elements is

greater than 2 times the square root of the element with the
largest area, errors will be lower than 5%. This corresponds to
an FMEXACT value of 2.0, but its use is left to the discretion of
the user.

Warped QUAD4 elements
• If any QUAD4 elements are warped, the element is first

projected onto a mid-plane which is then used for the
virtual mass calculation
• This is a standard procedure for the QUAD4 element

QUAD4 Aspect Ratio
1:1 5:1 10:1
• The aspect ratio of QUAD4 elements should be kept below 2:1 to

reduce errors in the virtual mass calculation
• The following graph compares the values of virtual mass in the

X,Y & Z directions with the value obtained from a model using
elements with only aspect ratios of 1.0

QUAD4 Aspect Ratio
Virtual Mass
40
35
30
25
20
Percentage error
15 X mass
Y mass
10
Z mass
5
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
-5
-10
-15
Aspe ct Ratio

MFLUID remarks
• Several MFLUID entries, each corresponding to a different

fluid volume, may be used simultaneously.
• If there is an ELIST present, and there is no free surface

(ZFS is blank) nor planes of anti-symmetry (PLANE1 &
PLANE2 are either S or N), a special external fluid is
assumed.
• For the special external fluid case, the origin of the

coordinate system on the MFLUID entry must be close to
the centre of the enclosed volume.

VMOPT Parameter
• The VMOPT parameter is a method to include or exclude the virtual
mass effects during the normal mode calculation for the modal
dynamic solutions (i.e., SOLs 103, 110, 108,109,111 and 112)
• However, for large models, if one is doing frequency response or
transient response, its advisable to use the “direct method” (sol
108/109), since it bypasses the more time consuming normal modes
calculation, due to dense and coupled mass matrix!
• Three ways to perform virtual mass analysis:

– PARAM,VMOPT,0 (default)
– PARAM,VMOPT,1
– PARAM,VMOPT,2

Option for Virtual Mass
Param,vmopt,0 (default)
• VM is added before eigenvalue calculation

– Similar to vmopt,1 when component modes are not requested
• Option to perform component modes by specifying qset points on
structure and VM is added afterwards to perform 2nd eigenvalue
calculation
– Similar to vmopt,2 when component modes are requested
– Autoqset is not supported
– Must request more modes than desired. Higher modes are not
accurate
• GPWG output doesn’t contain any evidence of Fluid mass!
Param,vmopt,1
• VM is added before eigenvalue calculation

• This is the most expensive and accurate option! (only useful in
testing academic problems)
• Not feasible for any decent size model
• GPWG output does contain the virtual fluid mass in mass output.

VMOPT contd…
Param,vmopt,2
• Less expensive, implemented to Improve efficiency

• Calculate modes of structure without VM or fluid effects(dry modes)
• Use these modes to form generalized coordinates
• A modal reduction is performed on the structure and the fluid, then
combined.
• 2nd eigenvalue calculation with the VM added (wet modes)
• Both eigenvalue tables are printed, allowing comparison of the dry and
wet modes.
• Only practical method with high VM density (more than several hundred
fluid elements)
• Must request more modes than desired. A general rule-of-thumb is to
double the frequency range of interest. Higher modes are not accurate.
• GPWG output doesn’t contain the virtual fluid mass, but the virtual mass
of the fluid is printed in a separate table.

Example 1
• Tank with fluid and interested in 1st 10 modes

Structure
Fluid
Structure

Example 1
SOL 103
CEND
TITLE = tank with virtual mass - vmopt=0 - no qset
SPC = 1
DISPLACEMENT=ALL
$
subcase 2
method=10
mfluid=5
$
BEGIN BULK Free
param,vmopt,0
PARAM POST 0 Surface Fluid
$
cord2r,1,, 5.0,3.5,0, 5.0,3.5,1.0,+
Density
+, 6.0,3.5,0.0
$
mfluid, 5, 1, 4.0, 9.35e-5, 11,, n, n
elist,11, -33,thru,-102, 103,thru,306
$
eigrl,10,,,10
$
SPC1 1 123456 4 8 12 16
$
include 'tank.bdf'
$
ENDDATA

Example 1
• Element Normal (isometric view)
Negative
ELEM IDs on
the ELIST

Example 1
• Element Normal (top view)

Example 1
• Example is run 7 different ways

1. Without fluid – request 10 modes
2. With fluid and using vmopt,1 – request 10 modes
3. With fluid and using default vmopt,0 – request 10
modes
modes and component modes

Example 1
1. Without fluid – request 10 modes

Example 1
modes


Example 1


Example 1

Example 1

Example 1
• Vmopt=2 is the recommended (and only practical option)

method for any decent size model
• Note than when using vmopt=2, more modes must be requested

to obtain accurate lower modes
• Note that when using vmopt=0, more modes must be requested

to obtain accurate lower modes if component modes are
requested

Model Size restrictions
• VM is accurate for small sized models. Maximum wetted element size is
around ~5000!
• The problem is that within a MFLUID enclosure, the mass matrix is 100%
dense which creates efficiency issues for the solver
• PARAM,VMOPT,2 may get as high as 20,000 for an overnight run on
today's computers if you run on a 8gb computer.
• So what are people supposed to do when the model sizes are 1 million
grids?
Make a maximum number of wetted element (Wmax) test on an easily
scalable model.
Then make a coarse loads model, with no greater than Wmax, for the
loads analysis
For detailed effects I would do local analyses, again with Wmax, using
loads from the coarse model..

GPWG OUTPUT
• Firstly, The GPWG output is never used in any subsequent calculation, it is
strictly used for information purposes
• The mass are different in different direction for the MFLUID.
• The mass differences in the three component directions of the fluid
coordinate system is a realistic effect.
• Take example of a flat plate immersed completely in a fluid. The associated
fluid mass is zero for any motion in the plane of the plate. But fluid mass is
effective for any motion normal to the plate.
• However, Usually the longer dimension, would lead to the least amount of
mass. It is fully effective in say z-direction, but it is only partially effective in
the other 2 directions. Think of it as coffee cup. If you move the cup up and
down, the full fluid is fully effective. However, if you move it sideway, it's
not fully effective. It is a function of the geometry.

Can we output virtual mass and structural mass separately?
• Yes, we do have an alter that prints
– VIRTUAL MASS GPWG OUTPUT
– TOTAL MASS GPWG OUTPUT
– STRUCTURAL MASS GPWG OUTPUT
– STANDARD GPWG OUTPUT

ALTER TO BE USED IN EXECUTIVE CONTROL

Gpwg output – virtual mass

GPWG output – Structural Mass

GPWG output – Total Mass = Standard GPWG output!

SLOSHING WITH VIRTUAL MASS
• Produce normal modes due to a fluid using virtual mass in a tank on
a simulated structure.

• Since virtual mass is a linear phenomenon, using it to model sloshing is a gross
approximation due to sloshing's nonlinear nature!
• The desired tool to do this analysis is really Dytran. Validate using Dytran!
• 'virtual mass' capability, can help represent the modes of a fluid contained in a structure
• NOT ACCOUNTED FOR:
– The effect of these gravity waves on the walls due to change in height
– Other fluid volume changes
– Viscoelastic or shear effects
– Momentum effects due to volume changes
– assumes an incompressible fluid.
• Only phantom boundary modes with half of the deformations above the original surface and
half below the original surface may be valid. The first phantom boundary breathing mode
where the deformation is all in the same direction may not represent a valid shape.
• What virtual mass sloshing is intended to do is grossly approximate fluid gravity wave
modes and the loads they impart to the sides of a fluid tank. Hopefully this is more accurate
than modeling it with masses on springs

• Sloshing using virtual mass is done by putting a non-structural set
of QUAD elements at the fluid free surface (phantom surface) and
attaching ELAS elements to ground in the direction of gravity. The
stiffness value of the ELAS elements use the following formula to
simulate the pull of gravity on the mass projected on the phantom
surface from the virtual mass
Ki = Ai * ρ * g
where,
Ki = stiffness of one of the ELAS elements
Ai = area associated with a grid point with
CELAS
rho = density of the liquid
g = acceleration of gravity

Steps involved for sloshing analysis
• Note that the phantom surface is a smaller area
(~90%) of the total area of the free surface of the
fluid. This is to avoid the singularity that occurs
with virtual mass when the fluid volume is totally
enclosed with structure. Hopefully the error
introduce with this area approximation is slight
compared with other errors due to other
approximations.
• The phantom surface plate thickness is very small
in order to minimize the stiffness added to the
system and have no mass
• To calculate the stiffness of the CELAS elements
that represent the fluid in gravity, a second static
analysis is run that calculates these values for
arbitrarily shaped phantom elements. A pressure
representing the gravity and density is applied to
the phantom surface equal to:
pressure = ρ * g
• Apply this pressure on phantom surface,
constrain suitably to stabilize it (Z direction)and
run static analysis and the SPCFORCES that
result are equal to the value of the CELASs! (-ve
sign)

Steps (contd)
• Use the positive value of SPCFORCE to create CELAS2
• The ends of the simulated structure are fixed and the phantom surface is
only allowed to move in the Z direction.
• complete the structure with MFLUID, ELIST clearly defined
• Note: There is a rule that MFLUID boundary elements may not lie on or
above a free surface of the fluid. So,Nastran simply discards any element
found on an ELIST that is on or above the surface. There is a tolerance to
decide if an element is 'on' the free surface. It is based upon the element's
area. SMALL = .01 * SQRT(2. * AREA)
If all grid points of an element are at a distance less then SMALL from
the free surface, that element is discarded.
• Ask for MPRES=ALL to get the pressure output on wetted elements.
• Run Normal Modes to get the sloshing effect.

Results

RESULTS
Tank Only - No
Fluid (remove Fluid Only Sloshing - No Fluid in a Tank - No
both Phantom Tank (Remove all Sloshing (Just Sloshing in Tank Filled with
surface and structure, keep Remove PHANTOM Liquid (Keep Phantom n
MFLUID) Phantom with MFLUID) SURFACE) MFLUID both)
Mode Tank Fluid Slosh Tank+Fluid Tank Slosh
1 19.00 hz 2.15 hz 4.72 hz 1.37 hz
2 21.62 hz 2.73 hz 6.52 hz 2.37 hz
3 31.28 hz 3.04 hz 6.69 hz 2.67 hz
4 37.18 hz 3.37 hz 8.56 hz 3.14 hz
5 49.99 hz 3.38 hz 9.17 hz 3.17 hz
6 50.49 hz 3.88 hz 9.89 hz 3.71 hz
7 57.60 hz 4.07 hz 13.84 hz 3.80 hz
8 65.55 hz 4.12 hz 14.65 hz 4.00 hz
9 66.64 hz 4.33 hz 18.57 hz 4.18 hz
10 67.28 hz 4.56 hz 20.63 hz 4.45 hz
• The results above indicate that the lower modes are all slosh modes which have been
slightly stiffened by the structure. With the exception of the first mode, the
eigenvectors show that the structure moves slightly compared to the phantom
surface.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
• Greatly indebted to Mark Robinson and John Lee from MSC for all
their help!! –Ananth Joisa


Virtual Mass Webinar

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WEBINAR

INTRODUCTION TO VIRTUAL MASS

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• The structure’s frequency range of interest must be

• If a free surface is defined, the pressure at the surface is

• The interface between fluid and structure (the wetted surface)

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• Dynamics of incompressible fluid.

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

Free Surface Free Surface

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WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

Closed vessel Free Surface

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WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

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Structure Elements Structure elements Structure Elements

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• There may be one or more bulk data MFLUID entries

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• The CID in field 3 allows a coordinate system to be defined,

• If CID is left blank, the

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• The orientation of CID and ZFS is arbitrary

• If ZFS is left blank, an infinitely large positive value is assumed

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• An element that has all of its GRID points on or above the

• A tolerance is calculated for each wetted element

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• RHO in field 5 is the fluid density

• The MFLUID entry ELIST fields reference the

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• Any elements appearing on ELIST entries referenced by an

• However, only elements below

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• Geometrically, elements intersected by

• To account for this, the centroids of the

• Mass distribution for a partially wetted element is calculated using

• Therefore, virtual mass is calculated for all GRID points attached to

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• Virtual mass added above the free surface

• Appropriate element mesh density

• Free surface pressure

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011

• If elements are to be wet on one side only, they are added

WEBINAR_VM, OCTOBER 2011