Air Pollutant Emissions from

Combustion Processes and their Control

Air Pollutant Emissions from Combustion Processes
and their Control
– Focusing on Waste Incinerators –
Air Pollutant Emissions Author: Margit Löschau
from Combustion Processes
and their Control Release: Autumn 2016
– Focusing on Waste Incinerators –
Hardcover: approx. 470 pages
Price: 120.00 EUR
Language: English

In-cloud
transformations

Rain-out Fog effect

Long-range transport

Below-cloud
transformations

Surface run-off

Dry deposition
Nutrient
wash-out

Emissions Transmissions Depositions / Impacts

This compehensive text and practical handbook thoroughly presents the control of air pollutant emissions from combustion
processes focusing on waste incinerators. Special characteristics are emphasised and the differences to emission control
from combustion processes with other fuels are explained.
The author illustrates the origin and effects of air pollutants from incineration processes, the mechanics of their appearance
in the incineration process, primary and secondary measures for their reduction, processes of measuring the emissions as
well as the methods of disposing the residues. In particular, the pros and cons of procedual steps and their appropriate
combination under various conditions are emphasised.

Moreover, the book contains information and analyses of the emissions situation, the consumption of operating materials
and of backlog quantities as well as of the cost structure of waste incinerators with regard to their applied control system.
Furthermore, the author explicates the contemporary legal, scientific and technological developments and their influence on
air pollutant emission control. An evaluation of the status quo of air pollutant control at waste incinerators in Germany,
practical examples about possible combinations and typical performance data complete the content.
Accordingly, this book is a guideline for planing a reasonable overall concept of an air pollutant control that takes the
location and the segregation tasks into consideration. This book is addressed to students, decision makers, planners and the
operating practicioners if for example the construction of a new system or the implementation of improvement measures
have to be conducted.

Emissionen und Emissionsüberwachung

für ihre Messung wird in der Regel ein Flammenionisationsdetektor (FID) eingesetzt.
Zur kontinuierlichen Quecksilbermessung dient meist eine Kaltdampf-Atomabsorp-
Verfahren zur automatischen kontinuierlichen Emissionsmessung

tionsspektroskopie (CVAAS). Neuere Verfahren arbeiten auch nach dem Zeemann-
Messprinzip.
9.2.3.3.1. Mehrkomponentenmessung mit Fourier-Transform-Infrarot-Spektroskopie
Die Fourier-Transform-Infrarot-Spektroskopie (FTIR-Spektroskopie) erlaubt die
gleichzeitige Messung aller infrarotabsorbierender Gase im Abgas wie CO, HCl, HF,
NOx, NH3, SOx und H2O. Zur Anwendung des Messverfahrens ist eine Gasentnahme
aus dem Abgasstrom erforderlich (heiße extraktive Messung).
Grundlage der Messung ist die Aufnahme eines sogenannten Interferogramms (Auf-
zeichnung eines Interferenzintensitätssignals), d.h., es wird eine Anordnung benötigt,
bei der Strahlen zur Interferenz
Interferometer
fester Spiegel
Strahlteiler mit
Kompensator
Spiegel. Durch Verschiebung des beweglichen Spiegels ändert sich die Weglänge des
-
Order your book at www. .de
or
– also zur Interferenz gebracht. Die unterschiedlichen Weglängen der beiden Strahlen
derung. In Abhängigkeit der Spiegelverschiebung kann die Interferenz konstruktiv (sich
verstärkend) oder destruktiv (sich vermindernd) sein. Bei polychromatischem Licht
entsteht die Interferenz für jede Wellenlänge, sodass sich die Interferenzintensitäten
der einzelnen Wellenlänge zusätzlich überlagern [369].
Spektrums absorbiert, und werden mittels eines fokussierenden Spiegels auf einen
Infrarot-Detektor geleitet, der die Intensität des Interferenzsignals misst. Um aus dem
daraus aufgezeichneten Interferogramm (Intensität am Detektor als Funktion der
Spiegelverschiebung) das empfangene Infrarot-Spektrum zu berechnen, ist eine ma-
thematische Fourier-Transformation notwendig. Die quantitative Auswertung erfolgt
durch Vergleich des berechneten IR-Spektrums mit einem Referenzspektrum [380].
-
(Würfelecken-Spiegel) in einer Pendelanordnung verwendet werden [356].

9.2.3.3.2. Mehrkomponentenmessung mit nicht dispersiver Infrarotspektroskopie

fokussierender
beweg-
licher Messküvette
Spiegel Bei der nicht dispersiven (NDIR-Spektroskopie) beruht das Messprinzip auf der
Spiegel

Bezeichnung nicht dispersiv bezieht sich dabei in Abgrenzung zu dispersiven Verfahren

Strahlungs-
quelle

Proben-
gas
Proben-
gas
Detektor

Lichtquelle
Messgaszelle
Kalibrierfilter

Linse
Dorfstraße 51
D-16816 Nietwerder-Neuruppin
Kollimator- Detektor
spiegel

Bild 242: Messprinzip eines FTIR-Mehrkomponentenspektrometers mit Michelson-Interferome -

ter-Anordnung

Quelle:
der TÜV Süd Industrie Service GmbH, UBA-Texte 05/08, bearbeitet

Bei diesem wird das von einer Lichtquelle ausgesendete Lichtbündel zunächst mit
Chopper Filterräder Tel. +49.3391-45.45-0 • Fax +49.3391-45.45-10
einem Kollimator parallel gerichtet und dann an einem halbdurchlässigen Strahlteiler

E-Mail: tkverlag@vivis.de TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky

Bild 243: Messprinzip eines NDIR-Mehrkomponentenspektrometers mit beheizter Messgaszelle
Quelle: Boneß, M.: Messsysteme und Analysatoren zur kontinuierlichen Prozesskontrolle und Emissionsüberwachung in
Schicht mit hoher Brechzahl hin zu einem beweglichen Spiegel. Der andere Strahl
durchdringt den Strahlteiler ungehindert und transmittiert zu einem fest stehenden und Betrieb von Anlagen, Band 1, S. 527–538. Neuruppin: TK Verlag, 2010

336 337
 Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration

Significance of and Challenges for

Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration
Rudi Karpf and Andreas Wiedl

1. Significance and development of flue gas treatment

in Germany and in Europe since 1970 .....................................................259

1.1. History ..........................................................................................................259

Waste Incineration
1.2. Development of legal emission regulations
on the example of German law..................................................................260

2. Challenges for flue gas treatment systems in the future.........................266

3. References ....................................................................................................273

Flue gas cleaning downstream of waste incineration plants had its origins in the in-
creased construction and deployment of such plants to counter rising air pollution in
the nineteen-sixties. Back then, the ever-growing burden on the environment caused
lawmakers to start enacting emission limits for air pollution control. An unceasing series
of environmental scandals and increasingly better analytical methods and measuring
instrumentation led to a constant reduction of the emission limits and, consequently,
to ongoing adjustment and further development of the necessary process stages in
flue gas cleaning. As a result, today minimum emissions can be reached even under
the challenging condition of deployment of a very inhomogeneous fuel (waste) and,
hence, waste incineration today is no longer a key contributor to air pollution. Today,
the need for flue gas cleaning is not called into doubt anymore and has long become a
matter of course in the industry and in society at large. Apart from ensuring efficient
elimination of noxious gases, the focus of today’s further developments is on issues
such as energy efficiency, minimization of input materials and recovery and recycling
of by-products from flue gas cleaning as valuable raw materials. These issues are also
deemed to be key challenges, especially when it comes to selecting sites for new plants
in such a manner that potential synergies can be exploited. Such aspects will also have
to be considered in the plans for the predicted mega-cities of the future.

1. Significance and development of flue gas treatment

in Germany and in Europe since 1970

1.1. History
The necessity and relevance of cleaning pollutant-laden exhaust gas flows can be tra-
ced back to the 16th century. The 19th century, then, saw the emergence of more com-
prehensive and sophisticated cleaning measures as industrialization took its course.

259
 Rudi Karpf, Andreas Wiedl

The first commercial electrostatic precipitator mentioned in literature, for instance, was
commissioned in 1885 by Walker and Hutchings at the tail end of a lead melting plant
in Northern Wales [10]. In the following years, F.G. Cottrell in the United States made
significant contributions to the development of filter technologies, especially for filter
technology deployed in the metallurgical industry. In Europe, too, development of flue
gas cleaning technologies continued, as air pollution and its impact on human health,
caused by the ever increasing number of factories, thermal production processes and
power plants became more and more noticeable and notorious.
The first waste incineration plant on the European mainland was built and commissi-
oned in 1896 in Hamburg-Bullerdeich for hygienic reasons (Figure 1), while in London,
Waste Incineration

the first waste incineration had been commissioned as early as in 1870. However, apart
from fly ash removal making use of the mass inertia effect by suitably arranging exhaust
gas ducts and baffles, no other flue gas cleaning efforts were made in such plants.

Figure 1: First waste to energy facility in Germany, Hamburg-Bullerdeich

Source: Dietrich, O.; Die Stadt, der Müll und der Schiet; www.NDR.de/Kultur/Geschichte, 10.09.2012

In Germany, waste incineration acquired greater significance not before the second half
of the 20th century. Due to the rapid economic growth after World War II, the waste
volumes to be managed and disposed of grew in an unparalleled way.

1.2. Development of legal emission regulations on the example of German law

Against the background of increasing air pollution, lawmakers made repeated but
still occasional efforts to reduce air pollution by enacting legal regulations. The first
systematic corpus of air pollution control rules and regulations in Germany finally

260
Inserat
ERC
 Inserat
Rheinbraun
 Table 1: Development of the legal emission regulation from 1974 up to now
13. BImSchV TA Luft
17. BImSchV
TA Luft TA Luft 17. BImSchV EU Guideline 2004 version 2002 version
2013 version
1974 version 1986 version 2003 version 2000/76 50 MW < RTI
Pollutant Unit RTI < 50 MW
< 100 MW
General General General
DAV HHAV DAV HHAV DAV HHAV DAV YAV
requirements requirements requirements
O2-reference percentage Vol.-% dry 11 11 11 6 7 – 11 11
5
Dust mg/m³ 100 30 10 30 10 30 20 20 20 (10 for RTI
< 50 MW)
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) mg/m³ - 20 10 20 10 20 - 50
Hydrogen chloride (HCl) mg/m³ 100 50 10 60 10 60 - 30 60 10
Hydrogen fluoride (HF) mg/m³ 5 2 1 4 1 4 - 3
Carbon monoxide (CO) mg/m³ 1,000 100 50 100 50 100 150 150
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) mg/m³ - 100 50 200 50 200 850 350 – 1,300
150
Nitrogen oxide (NO2) mg/m³ - 500 200 400 200** 400 400 150 – 500 400 (200 for RTI 1005) 7)
< 50 MW)6)
Ammonia (NH3) mg/m³ - - - - - - - - 15 10 -
Heavy metals
Mercury (Hg) mg/m³ - - 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.03 0.015) 6)
Single measurements Single measurements Single measurements Single measurements
Dioxins and furans ng/m³ - - 0.1 0.1 0.1 - 0.1
Class I mg/m³ 20*** 0.2 0.05 - 0.05 0.05* 0.052) 0.058)
Class II mg/m³ 50*** 1 0.5 0.51) 0.5* 0.53) 0.5
Class III mg/m³ 75*** 5 0.05 - - 0.05* 14) 0.05
The concentration data is based on standard temperature and pressure, dry state, for each oxygen reference value; DAV indicates daily average value; HHAV indicates half hourly average value; YAV indicates yearly average value;
Heavy metals class I: Σ Cd/Tl; Heavy metals class II: Σ Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Mn, V, Sn; Heavy metals class III: Σ As, benzopyrene, Cd, Co(aq), Cr(IV)
* not applicable to use of coal, untreated wood only; ** combustion capacity > 6t/h or new facilities; *** related to the former classification
1)
excluding Sn; 2) applicable to Tl (single substance); 3) applicable to Pb, Co, Ni, Se, Te; 4) applicable to Sb, Cr, CN, F, Cu, Mn, V, Sn; 5) not applicable to use of existing plants with RTI < 50 MW; 6) to be valid as of 2019 ; 7) not applicable for
existing plants; 8) applicable to Mercury if the emission value is always < 20 % of the requested emission value
Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration

RTI: Rated Thermal Input

263
Waste Incineration
 Rudi Karpf, Andreas Wiedl

came into effect in 1964, in the form of the German clean air directive Technische
Anleitung zur Reinhaltung der Luft, referred to as TA Luft in short. In the years that
followed, the TA Luft directive was revised several times and in 1974 it was re-enacted
as the First General Administrative Regulation to the Federal Immission Control Act
(Erste Allgemeine Verwaltungsvorschrift zum Bundesimmissionsschutzgesetz) [6].
Table 1 shows the development of the statutory emission limits until today. The emis-
sion limits stipulated in the 1974 version of TA Luft could be met using a dust removal
stage, usually in the form of an electrostatic precipitator, and by adding dry hydrated
lime for reduction of hydrochloric acid (HCl) if necessary. No limit was stipulated for
sulphur dioxide (SO2) at that time.
Waste Incineration

The Ordinance on large combustion plants (Verordnung für Großfeuerungsanlagen,

13th BImSchV) adopted in 1983 reflected the political response to increased occur-
rence to winter smog in major German cities and the widespread phenomenon of
dying forests caused by so-called acid rain. The 13th BImSchV left its mark on the 1986
amendment of TA Luft, which back then still served as the basis for the definition
of emission limits for waste incineration plants. As a result of the 13th BImSchV, the
emission limits for particulate matter, carbon monoxide (CO), hydrochloric acid (HCl)
and hydrofluoric acid (HF) were drastically reduced. For the first time, emission limits
were set for sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), and the limits for heavy
metals of the different classes were lowered by up to three powers of ten. Furthermore,
the general grandfather clause for existing plants was abolished with the amendment.
This meant that existing flue gas cleaning stages had to be expanded or modified. As
shown in Figure 2 to 4, frequently a wet scrubber was added downstream of the dust
removal stage (electrostatic precipitator), or the electrostatic precipitator was replaced
by a conditioned dry sorption stage with a fabric filter. The conditioned dry sorption
system was either designed as a spray adsorption system (spray injection of lime slurry)
or it included an evaporation cooler and addition of dry hydrated lime.

Residues

Dry lime

Figure 2: Flue gas treatment according TA Luft 1974 version

264
 Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration

ESP Spray-absorber
Lime Fabric filter
slurry

Fan
Combustion/boiler Stack
Residues
Recirculation

Waste Incineration
Figure 3: Flue gas treatment according TA Luft 1986 version, spray absorption system

Boiler Scrubber

H 2O
ESP H 2O

Fan
Stack

Fly ash
H 2O
NaOH

Lime slurry
Wastewater

Figure 4: Flue gas treatment according TA Luft 1986 version, wet scrubber system

In the aftermath of the Seveso dioxin disaster and the constantly improving analytical
and measurement methods, also the waste incineration plants moved into the focus
of public attention as sources of dioxin emissions. This caused lawmakers to further
tighten the emission limits for waste incineration plants. The new limits were no longer
governed by the TA Luft directive, which until then had also been applicable to waste
incineration plants, but instead in a separate ordinance on the implementation of the
Federal Immission Control Act dedicated especially to waste incineration and co-
incineration (17th BImSchV). This new directive governing waste incineration stipulated
another significant reduction of the limit values applicable until then. Furthermore,
due to its high toxicity, special requirements were stipulated for mercury (Hg) as a
chemical element from the group of heavy metals, and an emission limit of 0.1 ng/m³
TE for dioxins/furans (PCDD/PCDF) of 0.1 ng/m³ TE was stipulated for the first time.
As a result, all existing plants and new plants to be built were to be provided with a

265
 Rudi Karpf, Andreas Wiedl

tail-end nitrogen oxide reduction system and an advanced Hg and PCDD/PCDF re-
duction stage. For nitrogen oxide removal (deNOx), two processes have found general
acceptance: the selective non-catalytic reduction (SNCR) process and the selective
catalytic reduction (SCR) process. Removal of Hg and dioxins was mostly achieved by
means of an adsorptive process using carbon particles, in the form of moving bed or
entrained flow adsorbers (fabric filters). In some cases, Hg removal was achieved by
application of a chemisorptive process in a wet scrubber or in an adsorptive process
using zeolites. Catalytic oxidation of dioxin was also an option for dioxin removal
in plants where a catalytic NOx reduction system was deployed. Within the scope of
such retrofitting efforts, some flue gas treatment systems were installed which were
Waste Incineration

designed to minimize the amount of non-recyclable residues produced in the flue gas
treatment process. As a result, hydrochloric acid rectification and gypsum producing
systems were added in the nineteen-nineties to selective treatment stages such as wet
scrubbers. Also refer to Figure 5.
As it turned out quickly that there was no market in Germany for the by-products from
flue gas treatment systems of waste incineration plants, and the energy expenditure
and plant construction effort needed for production of the by-products was very high,
such add-on process stages did not have much of a future. In the same period, while
these insights were gained, waste incineration underwent a metamorphosis from mere
waste disposal to energy recovery from waste. From then on, energy efficiency was in
the focus and became an important design criterion both for new and modified plants.
Until today, the energy efficiency of waste incineration plants is assessed using the poli-
tical energy efficiency factor R1, and plants are accordingly classified as either Disposal
operations or Recovery operations. Incineration facilities for solid municipal waste are
classified as Recovery operations if their R1 factor is at least 0.60 or 0.65 (depending on
whether the permit was issued before 01 January 2009 / after 31 December 2008 or not).
The emission limits were last tightened in the amendment of the 17th BImSchV enacted
in May 2013: Under the pressure of rising respiratory dust levels and nitrogen oxide
emissions, the limits for these pollutants have been reduced, while a new limit has
been stipulated for ammonia emissions for the first time. Furthermore, the emission
limit for mercury was tightened within the scope of international mercury reduction
policies based on the Minamata follow-up conference.
This means that future challenges for flue gas cleaning will continue to be high pollu-
tant removal efficiency and very high efficiency in the use of energy and consumables
(minimum consumption of resources).

2. Challenges for flue gas treatment systems in the future

As described above, present-day flue gas cleaning systems are unique in design and
their specific configuration often reflects the development of the emission limits over
time. Emission monitoring ensures that emissions from all plants in service today stay
safely below the statutory limits. However, as a tightened NOx emission limit must be
complied with from 2019 onwards while compliance with a defined NH3 emission

266
 Figure 5: Flue gas treatment according 17. BImSchV with recyclable fraction extraction

Boiler
Adsorbens Lime silo

Process water

Lime Fabric filter 2

Fabric filter 1 slurry Fan

Stack
DAGAVO 1

Rezisilo
HCl-scrubber SO2-scrubber

Halogen-
scrubber Destilations- Conden-
column sator
Na2SO3

NaOH CaCl2
concentra-
Thin film AlCl3 tion
evaporator
NH3-
stripper
Absorber
NaOCl
Bottom/
fly ash Acid Centrifuge
30 % HCl
Gypsum - silo
Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration

Source: Thomé-Kozmiensky, Elisabeth (Ed.), Abfallverbrennungsanlagen – Deutschland – 2014 | 2015; Neuruppin: TK Verlag, Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, 2016, S. 282

267
Waste Incineration
 Rudi Karpf, Andreas Wiedl

limit must also be ensured, most of the plants equipped with a selective non-catalytic
(SNCR) deNOx stage will need optimization or adjustment. Depending on the design
and scope of plant and equipment of the SNCR it will in many cases be impossible to
achieve NOx emission levels of less than 150 mg/m³ while at the same time complying
with an NH3 emission limit of < 10 mg/m³.
This may be due to the following root causes, identification of which can also point the
way to possible optimization measures:
• insufficient spray injection points for ammonia water (NH4OH) or urea (CH4N2O)
as reducing agents;
Waste Incineration

• possibilities to switch between different injection lances and control the lances
individually;
• quality and scope of temperature measurement;
• knowledge of temperature distribution in the furnace and combustion control;
• insufficient or no feedback on NOx/NH3 concentrations downstream of the boiler.
In consideration of the root causes above describe, the following approaches to finding
a solution are conceivable and should be mentioned here together with experience
already gained. Optimized operation of an SNCR system fundamentally requires
a dynamic detection of the furnace temperature, ideally with several measurement
sections across the furnace cross section, such that temperature imbalances can also
be detected. Acoustic measurement techniques and IR1 pyrometers have proven to be
particularly well suited for this purpose. On the basis of the temperature distribution so
ascertained and using suitable spray injection equipment, the reducing agent can then
be variably injected into the temperature zone that is most conducive to NOx reduction.
Such selective spray injection can be accomplished by either providing several levels
of injection nozzles and changing over between these levels as appropriate or by using
swivelling injection lances. For the SNCR system to be controlled in the best possible
manner, it is also an advantage if the parameters NOx and NH3 can be measured by
means of dedicated process instrumentation directly after the furnace instead of having
to do with the signals from the emissions measurement system arriving with some delay.
Another option for optimization addressing in particular the issue of ammonia slip is
the deployment of an additional catalytic treatment stage which permits a subsequent
reaction of the slipped NH3 with the NOx still present in the flue gas. Such a slip catalyst
can be arranged in the boiler (temperature range of approx. 280 to 300 °C), although
exposure to the untreated flue gas makes special demands on the design of the catalyst;
especially catalyst fouling and clogging due to the high fly ash concentration should
be mentioned in this regard.
If the flue gas cleaning process includes a fabric filter which is operated at a temperature
of not less than 180 °C, this filter can be equipped with catalytic filter bags, in which the
catalytic medium is protected against fouling by an upstream diaphragm. The actual
function of the fabric filter as a dust removal and sorption stage can thereby expanded
to also perform the function of NH3 slip reduction or even serve as a deNOx stage.
1
IR = infrared

268
 Inserat
Steinmüller
Anzeige 1
Inserat
Sick AG
 Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration

Increasing energy efficiency will continue to be another challenge for flue gas treatment
processes. A very comprehensive and detailed study [4] on the net emissions balance as
a function of energy expenditure shows that the energy expenditure for a multi-stage
flue gas treatment system with minimum emissions is not necessarily higher than that
of single-stage systems. Modern-day and future know-how regarding the design of
efficient plants will not necessarily imply the development of new processes, but rather
place a focus on the intelligent combination and configuration of proven process sta-
ges. One example of this is the Delfzijl waste incineration facility in the Netherlands.

Waste Incineration
Boiler

Fabric filter SCR Ca(OH)2 Fabric filter

t = 240 °C t = 240 °C + coke t = 120 °C

Mill H 2O
Fan
NaHCO3 Residue NH4OH
Stack
Eco Recirculation Residue

Figure 6: Flue gas treatment of the waste to energy plant Delfzjil (NL)
Source: Karpf, R.; Emissions-related energy indicators for flue gas treatment systems in waste incineration; ISBN 978-3-944310-14-5,
TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, Neuruppin 2014

As regards the future selection of sites for new plants, this implies that plants should
be built at sites where a suitable infrastructure including energy sinks exist. Owing
to very effective multi-stage flue gas treatment, the plants do not place a burden on
the environment, even if they are built within cities or metropolises. Another option
is a siting approach similar to that currently practiced in Copenhagen, the capital of
Denmark. There, the entire design of a waste-to-energy plant, including use of the
energy produced, is matched to the purpose of a leisure facility project developed in
parallel. There, too, minimum emission levels are ensured by deployment of an effective
multi-stage flue gas treatment system in order to avoid that any burden is placed on
the environment.
In most cases, the intelligent combination and configuration of process stages for
energy optimization also affords the benefit of achieving the best possible process con-
ditions and thus maximum pollutant removal efficiency and minimum consumables
consumption.
The most recent example is the publication of newly developed deNOx catalysts which,
designed as low-temperature catalysts for the first time achieve serviceability in tem-
perature ranges < 150 °C, thereby enabling application of an upstream, lime-based dry
sorption process without additional heating, which was up to now the sole domain of
processes using sodium bicarbonate.

271
 Rudi Karpf, Andreas Wiedl
Waste Incineration

Figure 7: Waste to energy facility Copenhagen, Denmark

Source: Fuchs, Ch.; Gestern Müllverbrennungsanlage! Heute Freizeitpark? Das Konzept der Amagerforbrænding in Kopenhagen;
12. Potsdamer Fachtagung - Optimierungen in der thermischen Abfall- und Reststoffbehandlung Perspektiven und Möglichkeiten;
Potsdam 26. - 27. Februar 2015

Figure 8:

Fabric filter VapoLAB and CataLABVLT

Heat
exchanger Sources:
Catalyst
Paulet, Ch.; Tabaries, F., et. al.; Eine neue
Generation der Very Low Temperatur
Fan SCR für Abfallverbrennungsanlagen –
Erste Erfahrungen bei Betriebstempera-
Recirculation and activation turen von 140 °C –Thomé-Kozmiensky,
of the residue Heat exchanger K. J.; Beckmann, M. (Eds.): Energie aus
Abfall, Band 13. Neuruppin: TK Verlag
Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, 2016

Apart from energy efficiency, recent discussions indicate the imminent renaissance
of recovery of valuable by-products from the flue gas – this time, however, not in the
form of producing materials such as gypsum or hydrochloric acid, but in the form of
feeding the combustion product CO2 back into the carbon cycle, for instance in the
form of methanol. Such considerations have been triggered by political targets as regards
climate protection and decarbonization of future energy supply at large.
Synthesis of methanol from CO2 may be a sensible option for some waste incineration
plant sites lacking other options for utilization of the energy due to the nature of the
nearby infrastructure. A part of the energy required for the methanol synthesis and

272
 Significance of and Challenges for Flue Gas Treatment Systems in Waste Incineration

for electrolytic production of hydrogen could then be provided by excess thermal and
electrical energy from the waste incineration process. However, due to the relatively low
electrical net output of such plants, complete coverage of the electrical energy demand
for methanol synthesis by the output from the plant itself will only be possible if just
a small part of the total CO2 output is captured and processed.
In reverse, this means that it will be necessary to import electrical energy from the
public grid if almost complete CO2 capture (ninety percent capturing efficiency) is to
be achieved. In this context, the question arises, whether and to what extent this can
be used for storage of electricity from fluctuating renewable energy sources. However,
in order to be able to perform the function of a storage system for excess electrical

Waste Incineration
energy, additional components for compression and storage of electrolytically produ-
ced hydrogen and of carbon dioxide captured from the flue gas flow will need to be
provided. Further details can be found in [5].
As already mentioned above in the context of energy efficiency, it is not important to
develop entirely new systems or processes, but rather to combine available processes
in an intelligent manner and exploit synergies. In this spirit, a symbiosis can be esta-
blished between the capture and provision of CO2 (valuable resource) from the flue
gas flow and the use of excess electrical energy from fluctuating renewable sources of
energy for methanol synthesis.
Another approach for using the CO2 present in the flue gas was pursued in the energy-
from-waste plant in Twence, the Netherlands, where sodium bicarbonate is successfully
produced from CO2 and soda, for use as an additive in flue gas treatment processes.
Details on this CO2 Mineralization Process for sodium bicarbonate production can be
found in [3].
In the ReNaBi process [7], CO2 from the flue gas is likewise used to produce sodium
bicarbonate in a cyclic process, by recycling residues arising from dry flue gas cleaning.
The project is already beyond the pilot plant stage and a first commercial-scale facility
is now under construction (to be commissioned in 2017/2018).

3. References
[1] Dietrich, O.: Die Stadt, der Müll und der Schiet; www.NDR.de/Kultur/Geschichte, 10.09.2012
[2] Fuchs, Ch.: Gestern Müllverbrennungsanlage! Heute Freizeitpark? Das Konzept der Amager-
forbrænding in Kopenhagen; 12. Potsdamer Fachtagung – Optimierungen in der thermischen
Abfall- und Reststoffbehandlung Perspektiven und Möglichkeiten; Potsdam 26.-27. Februar
2015
[3] Huttenhuis, P.; Roeloffzen A.; et. al.: CO2-Abscheidung und Wiederverwendung in einer Abfall-
verbrennungsanlage; Thomé-Kozmiensky, K. J.; Beckmann, M. (Eds.): Energie aus Abfall, Band
13. Neuruppin: TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, 2016
[4] Karpf, R.: Emissions-related energy indicators for flue gas treatment systems in waste incinera-
tion; ISBN 978-3-944310-14-5, Neuruppin: TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, 2014
[5] Karpf, R., Bergins, Ch.: CO2-Abscheidung bei der Abfallverbrennung – CO2 als Wertstoff, eine
Symbiose für die Umwelt - ; Fachzeitschrift Müll und Abfall, 48 Jahrgang, Mai 2016, S.229-239

273
 Rudi Karpf, Andreas Wiedl

[6] Meyer, S.: Die Entwicklungslinien des Rechts der Abfallentsorgung im Spannungsfeld von Wett-
bewerb und hoheitlicher Lenkung; Europäische Hochschulschriften, Reihe II – Rechtswissen-
schaft, Bd. 5070; Peter Lang Internationaler Verlag der Wissenschaften, 2010
[7] Morun, B.; Schmidt, P.: Dauer- und Spitzenabscheidung von SO2 mit NaHCO3 – einfach und
effizient. In: Thomé-Kozmiensky, K. J.; Beckmann, M. (Eds.): Energie aus Abfall, Band 13. Neu-
ruppin: TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky, 2016
[8] Paulet, Ch.; Tabaries, F., et. al.: Eine neue Generation der Very Low Temperatur SCR für Abfall-
verbrennungsanlagen – Erste Erfahrungen bei Betriebstemperaturen von 140 °C. In: Thomé-
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[9] Thomé-Kozmiensky, Elisabeth (ed.): Abfallverbrennungsanlagen – Deutschland – 2014 | 2015;
Waste Incineration

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[10] Withe, H.J.: Fifty years of electrostatic precipitation; Journal of Air Pollution Control Association
Vol. 7, no. 3, 166-177; New Jersey 1957

274
 Emissionsbezogene Energiekennzahlen
von Abgasreinigungsverfahren
Wäscher bei der Abfallverbrennung
H2O
Dagavo
SPT Gewebefilter
H 2O

Saugzug

Rudi Karpf
Ca(OH)2
+ HOK
Rezirkulat Reststoff Emissionsbezogene
H2O
Kalkmilch
NaOH
Energiekennzahlen
Abwasser
von Abgasreinigungsverfahren bei der
Abfallverbrennung
NH3
ondensator r
Dampf
Abwasser

Autor: Rudi Karpf

ISBN: 978-3-935317-77-1
Verlag: TK Verlag Karl Thomé-Kozmiensky
Erscheinung: 2012
Gebund. Ausgabe: 141 Seiten
mit farbigen Abbildungen
Preis: 20.00 EUR

Gegenstand dieser Arbeit ist es die Diskrepanz bzw. Abhängigkeit zwischen erzielbaren Emissionsminderungen zu den
emissionsführenden Energieaufwendungen der dafür notwendigen Abgasreinigungstechnologien aufzuzeigen.
Zunächst wird auf die mit dem Thema in Verbindung stehenden derzeitigen Untersuchungen und Bewertungen sowie auf
die gesetzlichen Emissionsanforderungen eingegangen. Da es eine Vielzahl von Abgasreinigungskomponenten und deren
Kombinationsmöglichkeiten miteinander gibt, werden sechs unterschiedliche Varianten aufgezeigt und verglichen. Bei der
7AHLDER6ARIANTENISTESIM+ONTEXTZURVORLIEGENDEN!RBEITVON"EDEUTUNGDASSSOWOHLEINSTUFIGEALSAUCHZWEI BZW
mehrstufige Verfahren berücksichtigt werden, die sich im Aufbau und dem Additiveinsatz aber auch im Abscheidevermögen
UNTERSCHEIDEN$IESESECHSWESENTLICHEN6ARIANTENSPIEGELNDIEINDER0RAXISHËUFIGANGEWANDTEN6ERFAHRENWIDERUND
charakterisieren nicht kongruente Verfahrensschritte mit deren jeweils zu erzielenden Emissionsniveaus. Basierend auf der
Tatsache, dass jede dieser Varianten bereits hinter thermischen Abfallbehandlungsanlagen in Betrieb ist, werden die
vorliegenden langjährigen Betriebserfahrungen in die Bewertung einbezogen.
Die einzelnen Energieaufwendungen der beschriebenen Varianten werden anhand von Massen-, Stoff- und Energiebilanzen
ermittelt.
Über die Bildung von emissionsbezogenen Energiekennzahlen werden Bewertungskriterien für die energetischen Aufwen-
dungen zu den unterschiedlichen Emissionsminderungsgraden entwickelt. Damit wird ein Instrumentarium geschaffen,
EMISSIONSVERURSACHENDE%NERGIEAUFWENDUNGENIM+ONTEXTZU%MISSIONSMINDERUNGSGRADENZUCHARAKTERISIEREN

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