CHAPTER FOUR

DATA PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND ANALYSIS

4.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on the presentation of data collected from the questionnaire
which were distributed to the respondents. The main aim of this study was to identify the
effects of terrorism on global peace and security.
. According to the population size stated in chapter three of this study, a total

number of five hundred (500), out of four hundred and eighty (480) copies were properly

filled and returned. Thus, the information given by the respondents will be quantified

numerically and converted into percentages. The tables below show the frequencies and

percentages of respondents’ demographic factors and responses to all the questions that

were asked in the questionnaire.

4.2 Analysis of Tables

Table 4.2.1: Age of Respondents

Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
18 – 20 100 21
21 -30 132 27
31– 50 133 28
50 and above 115 24
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018
Table 4.2.1 shows the age bracket of the respondents. The table reveals that one

hundred (100) respondents represented by twenty-one (21%) are between 18-20 years of

age, One hundred and thirty-two (132) respondents represented by twenty seven percent
(27%) are between 21-30 years of age, one hundred and thirty three(133) respondents

represented by Twenty-eight Percent (28%) are 31-50 years of age, while one hundred

and fifteen (115) respondents represented by twenty-six (24%) are 50 years and above.

Table 4.2.2: Gender of the Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Male 280 58
Female 200 42
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.2 shows the gender of the respondents. The table reveals that Two

hundred and eighty (280) respondents represented by Fifty-eight Percent (58%) are Male,

while Two Hundred respondents represented by forty-two Percent (42%) are Female.

Table 4.2.5: Marital Status of the Respondents

Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Single 145 30
Married 200 42
Divorced 60 12
Widowed 75 16
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.5 shows the Marital Status of the Respondents. Table indicates that One

Hundred and fourty-five (145) respondents represented by Thirty Percent (30%) are

Single, Two hundred (200) respondents represented by Forty-two Percent (42%) are

Married, Sixty (60) respondents represented by twelve percent (12%) are Divorced, while

Seventy-five (75) respondents represented by Sixteen Percent (16%) are Widowed.

4.2.6: Respondents views on possible factor which influence Boko Haram
insurgence.
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Illiteracy 20 4
Law enforcement agencies 35 7
Political incitements 49 10
Poverty 161 34
Unemployment 179 37
All of the above 36 8
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.6 shows the nature and cause of Boko Haram insurgence in Borno State.

The table reveals that Twenty (20) respondents represented by Five Percent (4%) believe

Illiteracy is the cause of Boko Haram insurgence in Borno State, Thirty-five (15)

respondents represented by Seven Percent (7%) say Boko Haram insurgence in Borno

State caused by Law enforcement Agencies, Forty-nine (49) respondents represented by

Ten Percent (10%) says its political incitement, One Hundred and Sixty-one (161)

respondents represented by Thirty-one Percent (31%) believe poverty is the cause of

Boko Haram insurgence in Borno State, One Hundred and Seventy-nine (179)

respondents represented by Thirty-seven Percent (37%) say its unemployment, while

Thirty-Six (36) respondents represented by Eight Percent (8%) say all the mentioned

above are the causes of Boko Haram insurgence in Borno State.

4.2.8: Respondents views on the extent Terrorism affect Global peace and threaten
peaceful co-existence.
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Extremely high 160 33
High 285 59
Low 23 5
Extremely Low 12 3
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.8 shows the respondents ‘views on the extent Terrorism affects Global peace
and threatens peaceful co-existence.
The table revels that One hundred and sixty (160) respondents represented by Thirty-
three Percent (33%) are of the opinion that terrorism Extremely High affect global peace,
Two hundred and Egihty-five (285) respondents represented by Fifty-Nine Perent (59%)
says terrorism highly affect global peace, Twenty-three (23) respondents represented by
Five Percent (5%) says its Low, while Twelve (12) respondents represented by three
Percent (3%) says terrorism creates low effects on global peace.

4.2.9: Respondents views on if government can play a vital role in discouraging the
youths from being recruited by insurgents.
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Strongly Agreed 210 44
Agreed 250 52
Strongly Disagreed 7 1
Disagreed 13 3
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.9 shows the respondents’ views on if government can play a vital role to

play in discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents. The table revels that
Two hundred and ten (210) respondents represented by forty-four percent (44%) strongly

agreed, Two hundred and fifty(250) respondents represented by Fifty-Two Percent (52%)

agreed, Seven (7) respondents represented by one Percent (1%) Strongly Disagreed,

while Thirteen (13) respondents represented by three Percent (3%) Disagreed that

government can play a vital role in discouraging the youths from being recruited by

insurgents.

4.2.10: Respondents’ views whether Terrorism affect the socio-economic

development of Borno State.
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Strongly Agree 210 44
Agree 250 52
Strongly Disagree 13 3
Disagree 7 1
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.10 shows the respondents views whether Terrorism affect the socio-economic
development of Borno State.
The table indicates that Two hundred and ten (201) respondents represented by Forty-
four Percent (44%) strongly agreed that Terrorism affect the socio-economic
development of Borno State.
, Two hundred and fifty (250) respondents represented by fifty-two Percent (52%) agree
about the statement, Thirteen (13) respondents represented by three Percent (3%) strongly
disagree, while Seven respondents represented by one Percent (1%) disagree that
Terrorism affect the socio-economic development of Borno State.
4.2.11: Respondents views on weather parent can play a vital role in discouraging
the youths from being recruited by insurgents.
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Strongly Agree 240 50
Agree 220 46
Strongly Disagree 10 2
Disagree 10 2
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.11 shows the respondents views whether parent can play a vital role in
discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents.
The table indicates that Two hundred and fourty (240) respondents represented by Thirty-
Two Percent (32%) strongly agree that Cattle rustling causes disruption of social
activities like festivals and educational activities, Ninety-Four (94) respondents
represented by Forty-Eight Percent (48%) agree about the statement, Twelve (12)
respondents represented by Six Percent (6%) strongly disagree, while Twenty-Eight (28)
respondents represented by Fourteen Percent (14) disagree that Cattle rustling causes
disruption of social activities like festivals and educational activities in Birnin Gwari
Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

4.2.12: Respondents views on weather Law enforcement agencies can play a vital
role in discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents.
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Strongly Agree 210 44
Agree 240 50
Strongly Disagree 10 2
Disagree 20 4
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018
 Table 4.2.12 shows the respondents views weather Law enforcement agencies can

play a vital role in discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents. The table

indicates that Two hundred and ten (210) respondents represented by Forty-four Percent

(44%) strongly agree that Law enforcement agencies can play a vital role in discouraging

the youths from being recruited by insurgents, Two hundred and forty (240) respondents

represented by Fifty Percent (50%) agree about the statement, Ten (10) respondents

represented by Two Percent (2%) strongly disagree, while Twenty (20) respondents

represented by Four Percent (4%) disagree that Law enforcement agencies can play a

vital role in discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents.

4.2.13: Respondents views on weather religion leaders can play a vital role in
discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Strongly agreed 240 50
Agreed 220 46
Strongly Disagreed 15 3
Disagreed 5 1
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.13 shows the respondents’ views on weather religion leaders can play a

vital role in discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents. The table revels

that Two hundred and forty (240) respondents represented by Fifty Percent (50%)

strongly agreed, Two hundred and twenty (220) respondents represented by Forty-Six
Percent (46%) agree on weather religion leaders can play a vital role in discouraging the

youths from being recruited by insurgents, Fifteen (15) respondents represented by Three

Percent (3%) Strongly disagreed to the statement, while Five (5) respondents represented

by One Perent (1%) Disagreed weather religion leaders can play a vital role in

discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents.

4.2.15: Respondents’ views on weather teachers can play a vital role in discouraging
the youths from being recruited by insurgents
Variables Frequency Percentage (%)
Strongly Agree 291 61
Agree 174 36
Strongly Disagree 8 2
Disagree 7 1
Total 480 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.15 shows the respondents views on weather teachers can play a vital role in
discouraging the youths from being recruited by insurgents. The table shows that Two
hundred and ninety-one (291) respondents represented by Sixty-one Percent (61%)
strongly agree that teachers can play a vital role in discouraging the youths from being
recruited by insurgents
, One hundred and seventy-four (174) respondents represented by Thirty-six

Percent (36%) agree about the statement, Eight (8) respondents represented by Two

Percent (2%) strongly disagree, while seven (7) respondents represented by one Percent

(1%) disagree that teachers can play a vital role in discouraging the youths from being

recruited by insurgents.
Table 4.2.16: Respondents views whether Cattle rustling contributes to the security
challenges in Birning Gwari Government Area of Kaduna State
Variable Frequency Percentage (%)
Yes 168 85
No 29 15
Total 197 100
Source: Field Work, 2018

Table 4.2.16 shows the respondents views whether Cattle rustling contributes to

the security challenges in Birning Gwari Government Area of Kaduna State. The table

reveals that One-hundred and Sixty-Eight (168) respondents represented by Eighty-Five

Percent (85%) say Yes, while Twenty-Nine (29) respondents represented by Fifteen

Percent (15%) answered negative that Cattle rustling does not contributes to the security

challenges in Birning Gwari Government Area of Kaduna State.

4.3 Discussions on Findings

This study examines the eefects of terrorism on global peace. The objectives were

to identify the nature and causes of cattle rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government

Area of Kaduna State. To examine the impact of Cattle rustling on the residents of Birnin

Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State and to proffer possible lasting solution to

the menace of cattle rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

Findings from the analysis shows that Table 4.2.1 to 4.2.5 shows the demographic

representation of the respondents. Table 4.2.1 indicates the age category of the

respondents and majority of the respondents Sixty-Six respondents represented by Thirty-

Four are 36-45 years. Table 4.2.2 indicates that One-hundred and Two (102) respondents

represented by Fifty-two Percent (52%) are Male. Table 4.2.3 shows that One-hundred
and Nineteen (119) respondents represented by Sixty Percent (60%) have Tertiary

Education which constitutes the majority. Table 4.2.4 shows that majority of the

respondents Eighty-Seven (87) respondents represented Forty-Four Percent (44%) are

Civil Servants. Table 4.2.5 indicates that One-hundred and Five (105) respondents

represented by Fifty-Three Percent (53%) are Married which constitutes the majority.

On the objectives of the study, the first objective was to identify the nature and

causes of cattle rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

Analysis from table 4.2.6 indicates that Thirty-Three (33) respondents represented by

Eighteen Percent (18%) believe Availability of guns is the cause of cattle rustling in the

study area, Forty-Two (42) respondents represented by Twenty-One Percent (21%) say

cattle rustling is caused by commercialization of cattle raids.

The second objective was to examine the impact of Cattle rustling on the residents

of Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Analysis from table 4.2.8

shows that Fifty-Six (56) respondents represented by Twenty-Eight Percent (28%) are of

the opinion that cattle rustling creates Extremely High security challenge, One Hundred

and Five (105) respondents represented by Fifty-Three Perent (53%) says cattle rustling

creates High Security Challenge.

The third objective was to proffer possible lasting solution to the menace of cattle

rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Analysis from table

4.2.14 shows that Seventy-Nine (79) respondents represented by Forty Percent (40%)

strongly agree that providing ranches for cattle herders will help reduce cattle rustling in
Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Seventy-Eight (78) respondents

represented by Thirty-Nine Percent (39%) agree

4.4 Relation of Findings to Propositions Raised in Chapter One

The first proposition was to determine whether Cattle rustling contributes to the

security challenges in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Findings

from the study as shown in table 4.2.16 of which One-hundred and Sixty-Eight (168)

respondents represented by Eighty-Five Percent (85%) answered affirmative.

The second proposition was to determine whether Poverty and unemployment

leads to cattle rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

Analysis from table 4.2.6 indicates that Twenty-Two (22) respondents represented by

Eleven Percent (11%) believe poverty is the cause of cattle rustling, Thirty-One (31)

respondents represented by Sixteen Percent (16%) say its unemployment.

The third proposition was to examine whether Cattle rustling affect the socio-

economic and political development of Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna

State. Analysis from table 4.2.10 indicates that Seventy-Nine (79) respondents

represented by Forty Percent (40%) strongly agree that Cattle rustling affect the socio-

economic development of Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State,

Seventy-Eight (78) respondents represented by Thirty-Nine Percent (39%) agree about

the statement, Fourteen (14) respondents represented by Seven Percent (7%) strongly

disagree, while Twenty-Six respondents represented by Thirteen Percent (13) disagree

that Cattle rustling affect the socio-economic development of Birnin Gwari Local

Government Area of Kaduna State.

 CHAPTER FIVE
SUMMARY OF THE STUDY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Introduction

This chapter focuses on summary of the study, conclusion and recommendations

based on the findings.

5.2 Summary of the Study

This study examined Cattle Rustling and Security Challenges in Birnin Gwari

Local Government Area of Kaduna State between 2011and 2017. In order to achieve this

objective, the study was grouped into five chapters. Chapter one focused on the

Background of the Study, Statement of the Research Problem, Research Questions,

Objectives of the Study, Propositions of the Study, Scope and Limitations of the Study,

Definition of Terms and Organisation of Chapters.

Chapter two presented the literature review and theoretical framework, the chapter

discussed Pastoralism and Cattle Rustling in Nigeria, Prevalence of Cattle Rustling in

Nigeria, Factors Contributing to Cattle Rustling in Nigeria, Cattle Rustling and National,

Security in Nigeria, Social and Economic Impacts of Cattle Rustling in Nigeria,

Pastoralism and Cattle Rustling in Kaduna Sate, Pastoralism and Cattle Rustling in Birnin

Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State, Gaps in the Literature Review and

Justification of the Study. This study adopts the analytical perspective of Queer Ladder

Theory (QLT). The theory was propounded by Daniel (1919), who coined the idea of

‘queer ladder’ in an attempt to explain the functional significance of organized crime as a

desperate tactic for socio-economic empowerment and social climbing. This theoretical
perspective has since fertilized into a popular theoretical framework widely used in

contemporary crime studies.

Chapter three presented Location of the Stud, Population of the Study, Sampling

Techniques and sample size, Method of Data Collection and Method of Data Analysis.

The finding from the analysis shows that poverty, unemployment and availability of guns

are the major causes of cattle rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna

State. The finding also reveals that cattle rustling the socio-economic development of

Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. Finally, based on the analysis

from the study, providing ranches for cattle herders and Strengthening of security

agencies will help reduce cattle rustling in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of

Kaduna State.

5.3 Conclusion

,.,Cattle rustling have emerged as a major security challenge in Nigeria. As a

criminal enterprise it has consequences for the socio-economic, political, cultural, and

psychological spheres of society. At the economic level, it constitutes a major threat to

the livelihood of herders and those who depend on cows for survival. At the socio-

political level, rustlers’ activities have resulted in death, loss, and the destruction of lives

and property, thereby disturbing peace and security. Therefore, the Nigerian government

is expending major resources to eradicate rustling. At the psychological level, a vast

number of people have been disposed of their belongings, and families have been

traumatised; there have been reported cases of rape and kidnapping, which has caused

psychological trauma.
 Based on the proposition of the study, it was discovered that Cattle rustling

contributes to the security challenges in Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna

State. It was also discovered that poverty and unemployment leads to cattle rustling in

Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State. And finally, it was agreed upon

by the respondents that Cattle rustling affect the socio-economic and political

development of Birnin Gwari Local Government Area of Kaduna State.

5.4 Recommendations

Based on the findings from the study, the following recommendations were put forward:

i. It is important for the government to deploy security personnel to the forests that

serve as hideouts for the marauders.

ii. The forests must be governed and the illegal users must be dislodged and

permanently prevented from controlling the spaces.

iii. In addition, the security forces must strengthen the intelligence-gathering system,

with support from the local population.

iv. Also, the Cattle Breeders Association of Nigeria must be involved in the fight.

They are in a better position to identify rustled cows when they are brought to the

market.

v. The most important strategy is the use of technology, as initiated by the

government of Kaduna State. The use of computer microchips will determine the

location of the animals and the herders and enable tracking by the security forces.