ELECTRONICS FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

ACADEMIC SCHOOL OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL

SYLLABUS

GENERAL DATA

Academic School - Professional : Electrical Engineering

Course Title : PROTECTION OF POWER
SYSTEMS
Code : 192092
Number of Credits : 03
Cycle : Required
Hours per week : 04 (T)
Duration : 14 weeks
Pre – Condition : Power System Analysis II.

OBJECTIVES

 To illustrate concepts of transformer protection

 To describe about the various schemes of Over current protection
 To analyse distance and carrier protection
 To familiarize the concepts of Busbar protection and Numerical
protection.

SUMMARY

Students who complete this course will have gained a theoretical and applied
understanding of power system protection. The performance of instrument
transformers, transducers, protective relays, and circuit breakers is first
addressed. These devices are then integrated into coordinated protective
systems for generators, transformers, transmission lines, reactors, capacitor
banks, system buses, etc.
STRATEGIES

 Education and Teaching Methodology

 Presentation by the teacher with emphasis on model formulation and

interpretation of results work outside of class by the students, which
range from simple and practical exercises to master the theoretical
concepts to problem solving application and investigation.

 Class type conference using audiovisual media transfer professional

knowledge and teaching experience shows real protection systems
projects in developing or developed.

CONTENT

Chapter 1.- INTRODUCTION

 Elements of a power system and its interface with the system of protection.
 Substation Configurations.
 Protection systems Definition
 Basic concepts
 Protection functions according to ANSI standard and principle of operation of
the protection relays.
 Protection Schemes - Application. PTs and CTs specifications protection and
measurement in accordance with IEC and ANSI standards.
 Circuits in AC / DC.
 Calculation of magnitudes.
 Short-circuit calculation - System P.U. Diagrams and wiring diagrams:

 Line diagrams / schemes control, protection and measurement.

 Schematics and three-wire (wired logic).
 Electrical design criteria.
 logic diagrams (logic gates).
 Presentation of diagrams and wiring diagrams

Chapter 2.- OVER CURRENT PROTECTION

Zones of protection – Primary and Backup protection – operating
principles and Relay Construction - Time – Current characteristics-
Current setting – Time setting-Over current protective schemes -
Reverse power or directional relay - Protection of parallel feeders -
Protection of ring feeders - Earth fault and phase fault protection -
Combined Earth fault and phase fault protection scheme - Phase fault
protective scheme directional earth fault relay - Static over current
relays; numerical example for a radial feeder.

Chapter 3.- CIRCUIT BREAKER

 Functions of switchgear - Elementary principles of arc extinction - Arc
control devices - Recovery voltage and restriking voltage - current
chopping and capacitance current breaking - Bulk oil, low oil, air break,
air blast, and sulphur hexafluoride and vacuum circuit breakers - HVDC
breakers - Rating - Testing of circuit breakers.

Chapter 4.- EQUIPMENT PROTECTION

Types of transformers – Phasor diagram for a three – Phase

transformer-Equivalent circuit of transformer – Types of faults in
transformers- Over – current protection Percentage Differential
Protection of Transformers - Inrush phenomenon-High resistance
Ground Faults in Transformers - Inter-turn faults in transformers -
Incipient faults in transformers - Phenomenon of over-fluxing in
transformers - Transformer protection application chart .Generator
protection: Electrical circuit of the generator – Various faults and
abnormal operating conditions-stator faults-rotor faults –Abnormal
operating conditions; numerical examples for typical transformer and
generator protection schemes.

Chapter 5.- PROTECTION SYSTEMS

 Protection relays:

 Power Transformer:

 differential
 overload
 Overpressure valve.
 Windings thermometer / oil.
 Oil level.
 Buchholz relay.
 Bars and switch failure.
 Generator protection relays.

 Presentation of protection relays

 Presentation testing END TO END.

Chapter 6.- DISTANCE AND CARRIER PROTECTION OF TRANSMISSION

LINES

Drawback of over – Current protection – Introduction to distance

relay – Simple impedance relay – Reactance relay – mho relays
comparison of distance relay – Distance protection of a three –
 Phase line-reasons for inaccuracy of distance relay reach - Three
stepped distance protection - Trip contact configuration for the three -
Stepped distance protection - Three-stepped protection of three-phase
line against all ten shunt faults - Impedance seen from relay side -
Three-stepped protection of double end fed lines-need for carrier –
Aided protection – Various options for a carrier –Coupling and
trapping the carrier into the desired line section - Unit type carrier
aided directional comparison relaying – Carrier aided distance
schemes for acceleration of zone ΙΙ.; numerical example for a typical
distance protection scheme for a transmission line.

Chapter 7.- BUSBAR PROTECTION

Introduction – Differential protection of busbars-external and internal

fault - Actual behaviors of a protective CT - Circuit model of a saturated
CT - External fault with one CT saturation :need for high impedance –
Minimum internal fault that can be detected by the high – Stability ratio
of high impedance busbar differential scheme - Supervisory relay-
protection of three – Phase busbars-Numerical examples on design of
high impedance busbar differential scheme.

Chapter 8.- NUMERICAL PROTECTION

Introduction–Block diagram of numerical relay - Sampling theorem-

Correlation with a reference wave–Least error squared (LES)
technique-Digital filtering-numerical over - Current protection–Numerical
transformer differential protection-Numerical distance protection of
transmission line.

Chapter 9.- SURGE AND SURGE PROTECTION

Switching surges - Lightning phenomenon – Traveling waves on

transmission lines - Over voltage due to lightning - Protections against
lightning - Lightning arresters – Types - Lightning arrester selection -
Surge absorbers.

Chapter 10.- EARTHING AND INSULATION CO-ORDINATION

Solid, resistance and reactance Earthing - Arc suppression coil - Earthing

transformers – Earth wires - Earthing of appliances- Insulation
coordination: Definition - Determination of line insulation - Insulation
levels of sub-station equipment - Co-ordination amongst items of
substation equipment.
ASPECTS TO ASSESS THE COURSE

1. Evaluation of teacher performance

2. Assessment of student learning in their dimensions: individual / group,
theoretical / practical, oral / written.
3. Self-Assessment and Co-evaluation of the course: orally between
students and teachers

REFERENCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS

1. P.Kundur, “Power System Stability and Control”, McGraw-Hill, 1993.

2. Protective Relaying for Power System II Stanley Horowitz ,IEEE press , New
York, 2008
3. T.S.M. Rao, Digital Relay / Numerical relays , Tata McGraw Hill, New Delhi,
1989
4. Y.G. Paithankar and S.R Bhide, “Fundamentals of Power System Protection”,
Prentice-Hall of India, 2003
5. Badri Ram and D.N. Vishwakarma, “Power System Protection and Switchgear”,
Tata McGraw- Hill Publishing Company, 2002.
6. PROTECTIVE RELAYS APPLICATION GUIDE – GEC
7. TAMASCO Amador, Renzo, Electrical Protection; August 2007
8. MENDOZA, Patricia; ROZO, César A. and others. Protections Manual Power
Systems Power National University of Colombia in Bogota. - Electric
Interconnection S.A - ISA 2002
9. ENRIQUEZ, Harper. Elements Protection Electrical Systems; Limusa, 2005.
10. RAMIREZ, Carlos Felipe. Surge High and Extra High Voltage. Mejia Villegas.
2003
11. PROTECTION, MONITORING AND CONTROL - ABB NETWORK PARTNER
12. IEEE Recommended Practice for Electric Power Distribution for Industrial
Plants (IEEE Red Book). 1993
13. IEEE Recommended Practice for Power Systems Analysis (IEEE Brown Book).
1997
14. ELECTRICAL INTERCONNECTION S.A. - ISA. Guide to good fit and protection
coordination of STN. IEB July 2000