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May 2014
Version 1
Agenda
• Radio Relay Principles
• Modulation
f1
RF Signal
f1’
Path Terrain
Frequency shift:
1,3H 1,3V 2,4V 2,4H 1,3H
Tx Tx Tx Tx Tx
Input
signal
Z' E' A' B' C' D'
Digital Branching
Modulator Transmitter RF Tx Filter Feeder
Line interface Network(*)
TRANSMITTER PATH
D C B A E Z
Branching RF Rx Filter Demodulator Digital
Feeder Receiver
Network(*) Line interface Output
signal
RECEIVER PATH
RF Principals
• We can see the relationship between colour, wavelength and amplitude
using this animation
12
Parameters Affecting Propagation
• Dispersion
• Humidity/gas absorption
• Multipath/ducting
• Atmospheric conditions (refraction)
• Terrain (flatness, type, Fresnel zone clearance, diffraction)
• Climatic conditions (rain zone, temperature)
• Rain attenuation
With Atmosphere
No Atmosphere
15 Proprietary and Confidential
Wave in atmosphere
Direct beam
Delayed beam
Duct Layer
Duct Layer
Terrain
• Smaller drops are called cloud droplets, and their shape is spherical.
• As a raindrop increases in
• size, its shape becomes more
• oblate, with its largest
cross-section facing the
• oncoming airflow.
3rd
2nd
1. EMW propagate in beams
1st RX
2. Some beams widen – therefore, their path is longer
TX
3. A phase shift is introduced between the direct and indirect
beam
4. Thus, ring zones around the direct line are created
Duct Layer0
Terrain
1,9V
1,6V
1,3V
Passive Repeaters
Back-to-back
antennas
Plane
reflector
RSL ‐ Received Signal Level
TSL – Transmitted Signal Level
Lfsl ‐ Free‐space loss = 92.45 + 20 log x(distance in km x frequency in GHz)
Ga – Antenna gain RSL
RSL=TSL+Ga‐Lfsl+Ga
Atmospheric attenuation
Starts to contribute to the total attenuation above approximately 15GHz
Aa a d [dB]
Parameters in a:
Frequency
Temperature
Air pressure
Water vapour
• 99.999%
• Month: 25.9 sec
• Year: 5 min 12 sec
• 99.995 %
• Month: 2 min 10 sec
• Year: 26 min
• 99.99%
• Month: 260 sec
• Year: 51 min
Modulation
32
Modulation
Modulation
Analog Digital
Modulation Modulation
Digital modulation
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
PSK modulation changes the phase to the transmitted
Modem
signal. The simplest method uses 0 and 1800 .
1 0 1 1 0 1 1
F1 F2 F1 F1 F2 F1 F1
• The points on the constellation are more distinct and data errors are
reduced
4QAM 16QAM
2048 QAM
2-PSK
4-PSK
Modulation Bandwidth
Complixity Decreases
Increases 8-PSK
16-QAM
64-QAM
Signal / Noise
• Example: S/N influence at QPSK Demodulator
• Each dot detected in wrong quadrant result in bit errors
Signal
S/N Signal
Power
Power
Power
Power
S/N Signal
S/N S/N
Noise Noise Noise Noise
10 -4
10 -5
BER change ratio vs. Noise is
dependent on Noise Power distribution
and coding
10 -6
10 -7
BER
10 -8
-75 -72 -69 -66
Receiver input level [dBm ]
Fading Margin
Time (s)
45