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@ Copyright 1972
American Instituteof Mhing,Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers, Inc.
LA=...= C..+<n.
Th2s paper was prepared f~r the Northern D1.:-. R. +fiTIsl
..b..v.....g.w..— M~~~~Eg Qf ~he sOcid.~ Of
Petroleum Engineers of AIME, to be held in Omaha, Neb., May 18-19, 1972. Permission to copy is
restricted to an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrations may not be copied. The
abstract should contain conspicuous acknowledgment of where and by whom the paper is presented.
Publication elsewhere after publication in-the JOURNAL OF PETROLEUM TECHITOIJ)GYor the SOCIETY OF
PETROLEUM ENGINEERS JOURNAL is usually granted upon request to the Editor of the appropriate
journal provided agreement to give proper credit is made.
Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any discussion should be sent to the
Society of Petroleum Engineers office. Such discussion may be presented at the p.hove meeting
and, witinthe paper, —---~- ---”:J---A .UL
may Ue WWLUCLCU #r.-n
. nT.hl +r.*++nTl
~uu&..=w.w.. >~n ~~e of tb-fj two SPE magazines.
—— . .. ...
ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION
A new method is presented that can be The U.S. is currently faced with an energy
used to predict molal specific volumes of shortage that haa resulted in deep-well ex-
equilibrium states aa a function of reduced ploratory drilling (in excess of 30,000 ft.).
pressure. The reduced pressure for multi- At these greater deptha , reservoirs are more
component systems, in turn, is defined as the likely to contain volatile fluids since the
ratio of the operating pressure divided by reservoir pressure and temperature are higher
the convergence pressure as determined by the than normally encountered at more shallow
Critical Composition Method. This technique depths. Therefore, due to the nature of these
essentially extends the law of corresponding fluids, the ability to calculate reaervoir
states to include multicomponent systems that performance and thus predict recoverable re-
exist in a two-phase region of phaae apace. serves will require the accurate determination
Published experimental data is used to justify of their phase compositions and accurate pre-
this extenaion. dictions of the densities of equilibrium liquid
and vapor phases. The phase composition cal-
This method waa first programmed into a culation is based on mass conservation , while
phase routine to determine how accurately it an accurate phase-density calculation is neces-
would predict experimentally determined liquid aary for the conservation of pore volume.
saturations obtained by constant volume expan-
aion of a volatile reservoir fluid. Exper i- Thia paper presents a method for predict-
mental and predicted results were found to be ing volatile oil recovery that incorporate
in very close agreement. both of these conservation principles by utili-
zing the thermodynamic propertiea correlated aa
After this approach was verified, this a function of convergence pressure, tempera-
technique waa then incorporated into a Modi- ture, and pressure. One of the potential advan-
fied Muskat anaiysis to predict reccvsry fruwt ~~g~~ of SUCh an approach lies in applications
a volatile oil reservoir. to non-equilibrium displacement of a liquid by
a gaa phase. Such displacement resulta in
changes in the convergence pressure that will
have a significant affect on the predicted
recovery. These changes effect not only the 3. The oil production rate is assumed to
K-factors, but also other thermodynamic pro- be known.
perties such as vapor and liquid phase densi- 4. The results of steps 2 and 3 are used to
ties, as well as such transport properties as calculate total number of moles with-
the vapor and liquid phase viscosities. drawn from the reservoir. Then, the
By correlating properties as a function of re- overall composition of the fluid in the
duced pressure as suggested by the law of cor- reservoir is adjusted for this with-
responding states, inaccuracies such as predict- drawa 1.
ing differences in intensive properties at the 5. Trial-and-error flash calculations are
critical state can be avoided. performed on the total hydrocarbon con-
tents of the reservoir to determine the
REVIEW OF LITERATURE reservoir pressure at the end of the
time increment. The correct pressure
Basically a Muskat analysis combines the is that pressure at which the calcu-
steady state Darcy iiow equations that describe ... ...–.- .,,.––s.
-——-.-t-—-.-,..—---..-1”
Lacea Local nyarocarmn vo~ume equa~a
two-phase flow in reservoir rock with a volu- that predicted for the previous time
metric balance, using fluid properties corre- step.
lated as a function of pressure alone. The
solution of the basic equations involves a In all cases involving unsteady state condi-
trial-and-error determination of saturation tions, time is one of the major variables.
for a pre-selected pressure level. Hence, in this investigation, this latter ap-
proach was used with minor modifications.
Jacobi and Berry2 modified this approach
to account for mass conversation as well. Their MASS BALANCE
method is outlined below:
Equations used in flash calculations are
1. Assume a pressure increment, P. - p, based on the principle of the conservation of
2. Flash the moles from p. to pl mass. The resulting accuracy of the composi-
3. Assume a gas saturation at pl tions of the coexisting vapor and liquid phases
4. Calculate the flowing bottom hole gas- predicted by these equations are directly de-
oil ratio from viscosity and relative pendent upon using correct K-factors. In turn,
—-.—..L,,,L.- J-L- Ll_- J—J-.-..4..-
pISJ3Tl~iiDLLLLY uaca. Lne lnu~vzuua~1 v~-~au~uL=
47-.4----- A--A-,4
u=y=uu Gil
,-.,-a.e,,-a
PLG0.ULS=2
5. From the assigned gas saturation, de- temperature and convergence pressure. In this
termine the number of moles remaining study, the K-factors were selected using tech-
in each phase with appropriate equa- niques previously described, with the excep-
tions of state. The difference be- tion of the G$ K-factor. An extrapolation pro-
tween the moles in the reservoir at PO cedure was used for determining this latter
and at PI is the number of moles pro- K-factor using values of the heptane and nonane
A,,r.arl
-..---. ,,.
Y-F..i-nT.
~~=.=., .rinA
... thn
---- mnlarltlnr
.... ------- w~~gh~ Of ~he ~
of reservoir fluid withdrawn is deter- pletion with no gas injection. It was noted
that there was no significant change in the
mined by flashing the fluid through
convergence pressure, a result which could be
Surface tmocessin~ facilities.
PE 3867 A. M. ROWE. JRf 4ND A. G. COMER
expected from the following considerations. For equaled the original volume, the pressure was
a two-component system, K-factors are dependent assumed to be correct. If not, a new pressure
only on temperature and pressure, while Gibbs was assumed and the above steps repeated until
phase rule dictates that K-factors for three- a volumetric balance was achieved.
component systems must be dependent on an addi-
tional parameter such as the convergence pres- It was at this point that considerable
sure. Figures 1 and 2 illustrate the phase difficulty was encountered. The liquid satura-
behavior of such a 3-component system. The tions decreased as expected down to a point,
surface illustrated in Figure 1 was constructed but then increased with decreasing pressure.
by flashing Mixture G at the convergence pres- Apparently the equations of state being used
sure state to successively lower pressures were giving erroneous results.
z:l~i~:: :::b::~~
using NGPSA K-factors. Pressure p(A) represents have been encountered by others .
the convergence pressure of mixture z; which is tided to resolve this problem by developing
located on the bubble point line and has a bub- simplified functions that could be easily ad-
ble point pressure of p(B). Depending on the justed to prevent such an increase in liquid
relative amounts of fluid produced during de- phase saturation.
pletion, mixtures such as z and z“ can occur at
a lower pressure p(D). Now if the tie lines at Extension of the Law of Corresponding
successively lower pressures lie in a common States to Multicomponent Mixtures
p lanel the convergence pressure for mixtures z
and z would be the same, and would be equal to Van der Waalls law of corresponding states
the critical pressure of mixture G. On the for a one-component system normalizes the data
other hand, should the tie-line surface of at the critical state where the reduced temper-
Figure 1 not be a plane, but somewhat twisted ature and reduced pressure are equal to one.
as shown, then the convergence pressure would At this state the ratio of the compressibility
correspond to the critical pressure of mixture factors, as well as the density ratio for the
H of Figure 2. The data presented by Figure 2 gas and liquid phases, becomes one. It is pro-
indicate, as do the calculations, that the tie- posed here to extend this law to multicomponent
line surface does not have much of a twist. systems, again normalizing the data at the true
Hence the K-factors will not be subjected to critical state. This approach differs from-
effects of convergence pressure change for conventional method in that the true critical
this special case of equilibrium gas in con- state is used instead of a state defined by
tact with the liquid phase. pseudo critical temperature and pressure. This
true critical pressure, the convergent pres-
It should be emphasized however that this sure of the Critical Composition Method, is
conclusion does not apply to the case of non- also the one used in correlating K-factor data.
equilibrium gas injection. For such a process,
the convergence pressure can6change until a Based on these rationale, it was possible
miscible displacement occurs , with no change to determine how the dimensionless ratios s zJl,
in operation pressure. the liquid compressibility factor, and Vg/71
the molal specific volume ratio vary as a
Calculations indicated that the assumption
function of reduced pressure as the critical
of constant convergence pressure is also valid
state is approached. Using the data already
for an n-component system consisting of a mix-
correlated, first trends were determined for
ture of saturated paraffinic hydrocarbon mole-
one-component systems based on the law of
cules.
corresponding states.
In order to reduce computation time in this
Next, a two-component system was studied.
study, convergence pressure was considered con-
4 reduced pressure, applicable to mixtures,
stant.
was defined as follows:
VOLUME BALANCE
~ccurring hydrocarbon system for which experi- The advantages of selecting G as a refer-
mental data was available. A very close match tnce state for calculating reduced pressure
gas obtained between the experimental and pre- ire illustrated by this figure, and are sunnnar-
dicted values. Lzed below:
7. The specific volume of the gas phase is two curves are essentially the same. Any dis-
then the product of atepa 5 and 6. placement would involve a discrepancy in the
calculated initial moles in place in the cell.
This method of predicting specific volumes However, it was found that an initial error in
assures the preservation of known empirical calculating the total number of moles in place
trends. The relations can also be easily ad- did not effect the predicted liquid saturations
justed to conform to experimental data if such appreciably.
data are available.
PREDICTION OF RESERVOIR PERFORMANCE
VALIDATION OF METHOD
The method of Lohrenz, Clark, and Francis3
The ability of the procedure just outlined was used to predict the performance of an asaume
to predict the p-7-T behavior of a umlticcmpon- volumetric reservoir having the relative per-
ent reservoir fluid was tested by predicting meability ratio characteristics of Figure 8.
experimentally measured liquid saturations re- The gas viscosities were calculated usin the
ported in the literaturell. Table 2 lists the correlations of Jossi, Stiel, and Thodos !?
3,
reported data. A computer program was written using the mixing rules proposed by Giddings
based on the steps of the experimental proce- and Kobayashi14. The data of Reudelhuber and
dure. This program flashed the reservoir fluid Hindsll were used to predict the liquid vis-
to the reported pressure. The calculated liquid cosities. The reservoir was assumed to be
molal specific volume value was then used to initially saturated with the liquid phase at
determine the volume occupied by the moles ex- the bubble point, having the fluid propertiea
isting in the liquid phase. The difference in listed in Table 3.
the original volume of the cell and the calcu-
lated liquid volume gave the volume occupied The results of the calculations are pre-
by Ehe gas phase. The gas molal specific volume sented by Figure 9. The trends predicted are
was used to determine the moles occupied by essentially the same as those predicted by
this gas volume. A mole balance yielded the Reudelhuber and Hinds. Using the reduced pres-
moles of gas that were removed to restore the sure approach to equations of state predictions
cell to its original volume at the lower pres- as outlined eliminated the problem of liquid
sure. The overall composition of the fluid phase saturation buildup.
remaining in the cell was redetermined and the
procedure repeated at the remaining pressure SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
levels.
An effort to predict reaervoir performance
A comparison between predicted and experi- using K-factors determined through convergence
mental values are presented by Figure 7. Aa pressure correlations coupled with published
the figure indicates, very good agreement was equations of state resulted in the prediction
~~~1~~~~ . Becter ~orem.~~~
~. --- CQUId probably of increasing liquid saturations with decreas-
have been achieved by one or more of the fol- ing pressure. This problem was resolved by
lowing adjustments: developing a new method of predicting the vapor
molal specific volume based on the same principl
1. A higher convergence pressure could be as proposed by the law of corresponding states.
assumed in order to more accurately In extending this law to mixtures, a reduced
predict the known bubble point. pressure state was defined in terms of the con-
2. The methane K-factor, which has been vergence pressure determined by the Critical
ave a significant effect on Composition Method. The method was developed
:~:e:;l!? using data for a binary mixture, and was then
could be adjusted to pre-
dict the b~bble point pressure. used to predict the behavior of a reservoir
3. The K-factors could be acljustedas sug- fluid. Very good agreement was obtained be-
gested by Lohrenz, et al”. tweerI p~di~~d iid
-..--..:---
=ZpCLLIUdiLitL
--1 .-,.”..l&e
LCZIUIL>.
Also plotted on Figure 4 are the liquid A potential advantage in using this method
compressibility factors which were determined lies in the prediction of non-equilibrium gas
from the data of Table 2, as well as the com- displacements since such processes can result
pressibility factors predicted with the Alani- in considerable changes in the convergence
Kennedy equation of atate. The slope of these pressure. By selecting a reduced pressure state
A MODIFIED MUSKAT ANALYSIS OF A RESERVOIR CONTAINING
I FLUIDS WITH COMPOSITION DIWENUEN’1’J?KUJ?MKIIES SYL 3WJI
Liquid
Pressure, Reduced Molal Volume, Molal Volume Compressibility
psia Pressure cu. ft./mole Rat io Factor
Molal Liquid
Pressure, Reduced Dens ity Volume Molecular Compressibility Liquid
psia Pressure LBS /BBL cu.ft./mole Weight Factor Saturation, %
P p /pk M.W.
Pk= 5210
TABLE 3 - PROPERTIES OF RESERVOIR
FLUID AT THE BUBBLE POINT
Propane .0515
Butanes .0331
Pentanes .0204
I-Iexanes .0185
L&.,
v
.
1+
u)
~(/)
ii
u
a
n
, I 1 I 1 I A
❑ REDUCED CHARTS
v METHANE-PROPANE
BINARY SYSTEM
El
\!
UNITS
.\ 1
“\.\ \ ]
%9UNITS
\\\
“\
REDUCED CHARTS
\
RESERVOIR FLUID
METHANE-PROPANE
BINARY SYSTEM
l_ll ALANI-KENNEDY
1.0 EQUATION OFSTATE
P/pk
o.ol~
o. I )
R!EEYimc,-T’
t
\
#cH
\
\
\
\
/
\J!!i( /
II
~
--
\
‘+,
\\
\ \\
ULVV
POINT
LINES
\
\
II I ‘\
[1 I \\
/
/ II /__pcL
,; “ \\
/ \\
\
\
k 4 h
<<?: r
/
~\
&A \ \\ \\
PG\\
A \
‘1
‘c \
‘o
<~ 30.00
\ \
1.
MOLE FRACTION LIGHT COMPONENT+
%,
\
Fig. 5 - Pressure,specificvolume,composition
phasediagram- twu componentsystem.
140C I I I I O,ooc
pk .- T= 100 “F -1
I20C
\
100(
I 00(
a a
z
a 80(
w-
CK
2
~ 60(
I.#
a
40( I
I
I
20C I
I o EXPERIMENTAL
I ❑ PREDICTED
c .~
4.0 8.0 I 2.0 16.0
A
I i
i?, MOLAL SPECIFICVOLUME, FT? MOLE 80 )0
Fig. 6 - Pressurevs nnlalspecificvolume Fig. 7 - Pressure vs liquid saturation (constant volume depletion) .
for methane,propanebinarymixture.
10:
I.0 ~
KO
~
[ \ i
0.1:
0.0I I I I 1 I 1
30 40 50 60 70 80 90 I00
LIQUID SATURATION
I
500C t 1 I I I I I I
< 4000
z
n
w-
CK
~ 300C
(n
w
lx
&
lx
~ 200(
2
w
m
w
K
I00(
I I 1 I 1
1 ! I I
c .07 .08 .09
.01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06
CUMULATIVE TANK OIL PRODUCTION
BBLS/ BBL HC PORE SPACE