50

Vechio and Tang (1990)128 discussed the influence and

formation of compressive membrane action in reinforced cement

concrete. An experimental programme is planned, two large scale slab

specimens are tested under concentrated mid span loads. One slab

restrained against lateral expansion at the ends, for the other was free

to elongate. The laterally restrained specimen produced high axial

compressive force, flexural stiffness and load carrying capacity. A

nonlinear analysis procedure was used to model specimen behaviour

and thus gave accurate predictions of load-deformation response and

the ultimate load.

Isao Kojima (1991)56 describes a series of missile impact tests of

reinforced concrete slabs. The method of testing consists of making

steel missiles collide against reinforced concrete steel slabs to

investigate the local behaviour of slabs. A total of 12 tests were

prepared varying the targets and missile conditions and concluded the

degree of damage from a soft-nosed missile is less than that of a hard-

nosed missile, steel lining is effective in preventing scabbing, the

impact resistance of a double reinforced concrete slab is inferior to

that of a single reinforced concrete slab in case of a hard-nosed missle

and almost equal in case of a soft-nosed missile and concluded that

the existing formula for evaluating critical thicknesses against

perforation and scabbing give slab thickness on the conservative side.

Morzouk and Hussein (1991)81 examined the strains, ultimate

capacity mode of failure and deformation of the concrete slab in

punching shear. Based on the test results a mechanical model was

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proposed with actual behaviour of the high strength concrete and

steel. The proposed model gives a fairly good agreement between the

predicted and experimental punching shear load.

Marzouk and Hussein (1992)82 investigated the deformation and

strength characteristics of punching shear failure of high-strength

concrete slabs. The tested specimen had different slab depth and

reinforcing ratios varying between 0.49 and 2.53%. The test results

revealed that high-strength concrete slabs exhibit a more brittle

failure than normal strength concrete. Experimental results indicated

that as the level of reinforcement is increased, the punching shear

strength of the slab also increased.

Kuang and Morley (1992)72 reported punching tests on twelve

restrained reinforced concrete slabs. The slab panels were restrained

on all four sides by edge beams. Investigate the influence of the degree

of edge restraint, span-depth ration and percentage of steel

reinforcement. The punching shear strengths were much higher than

those predicted by Johnson’s yield-line theory, ACI 318 and BS 8110.

Abul Azad et al., (1994)2 conducted on a series of simulated

deck panels of girder bridge slab to determine the punching resistance

of the reinforced concrete slabs, with the aim to generate reliable test

data from representative large-size models. Variables included in this

test were the different load areas and the amount of reinforcement in

the slab. A comparative study of the relative accuracy of three

analytical methods for computation of punching resistance of slabs

under a patch load has been presented by comparing results with the
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experimental values. Based on the observed failure modes, moderation

to the often used ACI formula for two way shear resistance has been

proposed.

Wen Bin Siao (1994)132 studied the punching shear strength of

flat slabs with and without shear reinforcements by a beam strip

approach, the effect of wide beam shear, especially when specimens

are supported on two opposite edges only and to unveil its inter

relationship with punching shear resistance. Predicted results were

compared with existing experimental data previously reported by other

researchers good agreement was observed.

Shaaban and Gesund (1994)104 studied the addition of steel

fibers to the concrete mix could increase the punching shear strength

of the reinforced cement concrete. Cast and tested 13 slabs and

cylinder specimens with addition of steel fibers 0 to 6.4% weight of

concrete. Test results show that addition of steel fibers to concrete mix

enhanced the punching shear strength of slabs and developed an

equation and it is good agreement with the experimental values.

David Z Yankelevsky (1997)31 presented a model to predict the

penetration and perforation of concrete slabs impacted by low velocity

missiles. The two stage model incorporates a first stage penetration

algorithm into an infinite medium and a second stage of punching

shear. The transition between stages is determined and the

penetration time history as well as concrete plug, shear resistance and

shape are calculated. The present model predictions are compared

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with several common formulae as well as with test data and good

agreement is obtained.

David Z. Yankelevsky and Orit Leibowitz (1999)32 presented a

model, based on rigid post-fractured behaviour and the properties of

the concrete at the rough crack interfaces that has developed. The

model predicts the force-displacement resistance during punching, the

stress distribution along the cracked interfaces and the shape of the

punching concrete plug. Comparison of the model predictions with the

test data showed good agreement.

Osman et al. (2000)89 investigated the high strength light weight

concrete slabs where the compressive strength is greater than 70 MPa

with steel ratio ranging from 0.5 to 2.0%. Four slabs were laid with

high strength light weight concrete and another two reference

specimens were laid with normal strength concrete and light weight

aggregate with steel reinforcement ratios of 1 and 0.5%. The results

were compared with other test data on normal strength and high-

strength concrete slabs and code predictions for slab strength.

Normally a reduction factor of 0.85 and 0.80 is recommended for light

weight aggregate by the ACI and BS 8110 codes respectively. These

reduction factors were conservative when applied to high strength

concrete and reduction factor of 0.85 for normal strength light weight

and 0.95 for high strength light weight concrete. The results revealed

that change of reinforcement had more serious effect on the

behaviour of high strength light weight concrete slab specimens when

compared with normal strength and high strength concrete slabs.

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Tuan Ngo (2001)123 studied the experimental results from 4

research works and that are used to review the existing

recommendations in design codes for punching shear failure of slabs.

Design codes referred in this study as AS 3600 and CEB-FIP MC 90.

In AS 3600 the punching shear strength is expressed as proportional

to fc½. However in CEB-FIP MC 90 punching shear strength is

assumed to be proportional to fc1/3, it shown that the present

provisions in AS 3600 are applicable up to 100 MPa.

Monetrey (2002)85 discussed punching failure mechanism based

on the results obtained with numerical simulations demonstrating

among others the influence of concrete tensile strength. An analytical

model was derived for punching load prediction. The model allows a

unified treatment of slabs with various types of reinforcement.

Uwe Albrecht (2002)124 studied the punching shear design and

detailing of the shear reinforcement of various European and

American design Codes and found that the thickness of the slab or the

amount of distribution of shear reinforcement may vary between

different countries. The punching shear capacity of concrete, the

punching shear resistance with shear reinforcement and the relevant

detailing provision of four European and two American Codes and the

CEB-FIP Model code are compared. The provisions have been

compared by analysis of flat slabs with typical dimensions and

reinforcement ratios.

Arpana Rani Datta and Salek M.Serak (2003)20 studied the

effect of overlay on punching shear capacity of slabs. Overlay causes

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an increase in thickness as well as in the stiffness of the slab. Total of

six simply supported square slabs with a side of 2250 mm were cast

and tested. These slabs were divided in to two groups. In one group

studied the effect of overlay. In other group studied the effect of dowel,

and concluded that the overlay causes an increase in the punching

shear capacity of existing slabs. In the case of slabs with larger steel

ratio and relatively high overlay thickness the capacity is greater that

of the monolithic slab (same thickness) for monolithic and overlay,

and also in slab with overlay and dowel bars, the punching shear

capacity is more than the slab with overlay and no dowel bar and the

results concluded that the slab with overlay is higher than the

predictions of present code provisions.

Salim and Sebastian (2003)101 presented the results of

experimental study of the ultimate punching load carrying capacity of

reinforced concrete slabs that were restrained by means of

incorporating hoop reinforcement. Four reinforced concrete slabs and

one control specimen were tested up to failure. Punching shear failure

loads in restrained slabs are predicted and presented using plasticity

theory. The predictions were in good agreement with experimental

data from the literature.

Kwan (2004)74 developed a new method for yield lines that are to

be applied any convex polygonal shaped slab. In this method

deflections of the slab divided by yield lines are measured in terms of

dip and strike angles of the slab surface, which are define the

geometry of collapse mechanisms or yield line patterns. The internal

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energy dissipation and the external work done at yield lines are

evaluated has a functions of dip and strike angles and principle of

virtual work is used for determination of the corresponding load

factor. A computer program is developed based on this method and

verified by checking results obtained by others and has good

agreement with the model and experimental values.

Oliveira et al. (2004)88 conducted experimentation on high

strength concrete slabs with rectangular supports and three different

load patterns. The results showed that current code provisions can

over estimate the punching resistance in some cases. Investigation

made using the finite element method on the distribution of shear.

Factors are proposed for these effects while using the control

perimeter and basic shear resistance of the CEB Model Code 90 and it

demonstrated that, this approach was provides strength estimates

better than those of MC 90, BS 8110 and ACI 318.

Susanto Tang et al. (2004)118 investigated the punching shear

strength of slabs with openings and supported on rectangular column.

Twenty slabs specimens are tested under concentrated loads. The

stresses in the slabs were concentrated mostly around the shorter

sides of the rectangular columns. Openings reduce punching strength.

An accurate equation for calculating the punching strength of slabs is

proposed based on the ACI 318-02 approach. The performance of the

proposed equation together with the ACI 318-02 equations has been

verified with 223 data from literature as well as with 20 slab

specimens.
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Ali et al., (2005)14 investigated the influence of length and

volumetric percentage of steel fibers on energy absorption of concrete

slabs with various concretes by testing 28 small steel fiber reinforced

concrete slabs under flexure. Variables included are fiber length,

volumetric percentage of fibers and concrete strength. The results

indicate that generally longer fibers and higher fiber content provide

higher energy absorption. The results are compared with a theoretical

prediction based on random distribution of fibers and found that the

theoretical method resulted in higher energy absorption than that

obtained in experiment.

Papanikolaou et al., (2005)90 presented the results of 30

reinforced concrete slabs subjected to a concentrated load in the

middle with and without shear reinforcement. Shear reinforcement

consists of either closed stirrups or bent up bars. Punching shear

strength were measured and compared with strengths predicted from

the American, Euro Code 2 and ACI 318, as well as two models from

the literature. It was found that the predictions by both codes were

conservative for the slabs without shear reinforcement and less

conservative for slabs with shear reinforcement, concluded that the

bent-up bars are more efficient than stirrups in increasing the

punching shear strength.

Aurelio Muttoni (2008)21 presented the phenomenon of

punching shear in slabs without transverse reinforcement on the

basis of the opening of a critical shear check and it lead to the

formulation of new failure criteria for punching shear based on the

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rotation of a slab. It required load-rotation relationship of the slab, for

which a simple mechanical model is proposed. Parametric studies

demonstrate that it correctly predicts several aspects of punching

shear previously observed in testing as size effect (decreasing nominal

shear strength with increased size of the member) and concluded that

the punching shear strength of a flat slab shown to depend on the

span of the slab, rather than on it’s thickness as often proposed.

Gerd Birkle and Walter H. Dilger (2008)41 studied the influence

of slab thickness on the punching shear strength of flat slabs clearly

demonstrated the significant effect of size on the shear stress

resistance, particularly for tests without shear reinforcement. New

tests were carried out in which the slab thickness varied between 160

and 300 mm and the tests by others with slabs up to 500 mm thick.

Concluded that slabs with shear reinforcement increases in shear

capacity and ductility when compared with slabs without shear

reinforcement.

Jahangir et al., (2009)59 investigated the punching shear

capacity of flat slabs. Fifteen slabs were cast and tested ascertain the

influence of boundary restraint, influence of flexural reinforcement

and the effect of the thickness of slabs and punching load-carrying

capacity, monitored crack pattern and load-deflection behaviour of

slabs. Punching shear strengths are calculated as per the American,

British, Canadian, European and Australian codes and concluded that

some codes are not effectively estimated the punching shear strength.