Chem 31 B 4th LE Handout

TOPIC: Amines
➢ Reaction w/ Acid

➢ Reduction of Nitrile

➢ Reduction of Amide

➢ Reduction of nitro compounds

➢ Synthesis of Amines: SN2 Reaction of Alkyl halides

➢ Synthesis of Amines: Reductive Amination of Aldehydes & Ketones

➢ Alkylation of Amines

➢ Acylation of Amines
TOPIC: Amino acids, peptides, & proteins
➢ The 20 Standard Amino Acids

ALKYL

Name: Glycine, Gly, G Name: Alanine, Ala, A Name: Valine, Val. V

Side chain: hydrogen Side chain: methyl Side chain: dimethylalanine

Name: Proline, Pro, P

Name: Leucine, Leu, L Side chain: pyrrolidine
Name: Isoleucine, Ile, I
Side chain: isobutyl
Side chain: sec-butyl
SULFUR-CONTAINING ALCOHOLS ACIDS

Name: Cysteine, Cys, C

Side chain: sulfhydryl/thiol Name: Serine, Ser, S Name: Aspartic acid, Asp, D
Side chain: hydroxylated Side chain: aspartate
alanine

Name: Threonine, Thr, T

Name: Methionine, Met, M Side chain: methylated serine Name: Glutamic acid, Glu, E
Side chain: thioether Side chain: glutamate
 BASES AROMATICS AMIDES

Name: Asparagine, Asn, N

Name: Phenylalanine, Phe, F Side chain: amide
Name: Lysine, Lys, K
Side chain: butylammonium Side chain: benzene ring

Name: Tyrosine, Tyr, Y

Name: Arginine, Arg, R Side chain: phenolic group Name: Glutamine, Gln, Q
Side chain: guanidinium Side chain: amide

Name: Histidine, His, H Name: Tryptophan, Trp, W

Side chain: aromatic imidazole Side chain: indole

➢ Zwitterionic form of amino acids

➢ pKa values of amino acids

➢ Formation of peptide bond

TOPIC: Carbohydrates
➢ Fischer, Haworth, & Chair Projections

➢ Anomers

➢ Conversion to ester:

➢ Conversion to ether:

➢ Reduction of sugars:
➢ Oxidation of Aldoses

➢ Examples of Disaccharides:
TOPIC: Lipids
Table 1. Some naturally occurring saturated fatty acids.

Table 2. Some naturally occurring unsaturated fatty acids.

➢ Saponification of Triacylglycerol
TOPIC: Nucleic Acids
➢ Nitrogenous bases: pyrimidines

➢ Nitrogenous bases: purines

➢ Pentose sugars

➢ Four Deoxyribonucleotides
➢ Four ribonucleotides