MAKING AND BREAKING

TIES
Belousov-Zhabotinsky series of reactions
Luminol Reaction

Heme
Sulfuric Acid and Sugar Reaction
C12H22O11(s) + H2SO4(aq) + ½ O2(g) →
11 C(s) + CO2(g) + 12 H2O(g) + SO2(g)
Thermite Reaction
2 Al(s) + Fe 2O 3(s) --> 2Fe(s) + Al 2O3(s)

molten iron
The Elephant Toothpaste Reaction
Copper Production Reaction
Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq)→
Cu(s) + FeSO4(aq)
Golden Rain Reaction

Pb(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) → PbI2(s) + 2 KNO3(aq)

Pharaoh’s Snake Experiment

NaHCO3 → Na2CO3 + H2O + CO2

C12H22O11 → 12 C + 11 H2O
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Topics
Chemical and Physical Reactions
Types of Chemical Reactions
Chemical Equations of Chemical Reactions
Balancing Equations
Energy of Chemical Reactions

At the end of this module, you should be able to:

1. recognize when a chemical reaction is taking place.
2. know the four basic types of reactions and
some special types.
3. predict the products of a reaction, given the reactants.
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Types of Changes that Matter Goes Through

Physical change – a change in phase or any physical property
- no new substance is formed
- no change in the composition of matter

Breaking or tearing Mixing sand

a piece of paper and water

Changes in phase or state

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Types of Changes that Matter Goes Through

Chemical change – any change in a substance that results to

a rearrangement of the way atoms are
chemically bonded
- a change in the composition of the
substance
- new substance or substances are formed
- also known as chemical reaction
- represented by a chemical equation

Example
Rusting of iron: iron + oxygen → rust
Chemical equation:
4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3
iron oxygen iron(III) oxide
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Types of Changes that Matter Goes Through

Chemical change – any change in a substance

that results to a
rearrangement of the way
atoms are chemically
bonded

15
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Types of Reactions

I. Combination or Synthesis reactions

II. Decomposition or Analysis reactions
III. Single displacement (replacement) reactions
IV. Double displacement (replacement) reactions
Special Types:
Double Displacement → Combustion reactions
Double Displacement → Acid-base or
Neutralization reactions
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I.. Synthesis
Example C + O2

C + O O → O C O

General: A + B → AB
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. Synthesis Reaction
Ex
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• Predict the products.

Na(s) + Cl2(g) →

Mg(s) + F2(g) →

Al(s) + F2(g) →

• Now, balance them.

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II. Decomposition or Analysis

Example: NaCl

2 Na Cl → Cl Cl + 2 Na

General: AB → A + B
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Ex. Decomposition Reaction

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Types of Chemical Reactions
II. Decomposition or Analysis
6 classes of decomposition reactions that are
promoted by heat or electricity:
1. The heating of metallic carbonates to form metallic
oxides and carbon dioxide
Calcium carbonate, when heated forms calcium oxide
and carbon dioxide
CaCO3 -----> CaO + CO2
2. The heating of metallic hydroxides (except NaOH
and KOH) yields metallic oxides and water
Calcium hydroxide, when strongly heated, gives
off water and produces calcium oxide
Ca(OH)2 ----> CaO + H2O
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Types of Chemical Reactions

II. Decomposition or Analysis
6 classes of decomposition reactions that are promoted
by heat or electricity:
3. The heating of metallic chlorates produces metallic
chlorides and oxygen
The decomposition of potassium chlorate is used to
obtain oxygen
2 KClO3 ----->2 KCl + 3 O2
4. The heating of some acids yields nonmetallic oxides
and water
Carbonic acid, when heated even at RT forms
water and carbon dioxide
H2CO3 ----> H2O + CO2
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Types of Chemical Reactions

II. Decomposition or Analysis
6 classes of decomposition reactions that are promoted
by heat or electricity:
5. The decomposition of some oxides by heating
Lead(IV) oxide decomposes to lead(II) oxide and
oxygen upon heating
2 PbO2 ----> 2 PbO + O2
6. The decomposition of some materials by the
application of electricity
Water undergoes electrolysis to yield H2 and O2
electricity
2 H2O ----> 2 H2 + O2
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III. Single Displacement

Ex. Zn + CuCl2

Cu + Zn → Zn + Cu
Cl Cl Cl Cl

General: AB + C → AC + B
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Ex. Single Displacement Reaction

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• Write and balance the following single

displacement reaction equation:
• Zn(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → ZnCl2 + H2(g)

• 2 NaCl(s) + F2(g) → 2 NaF(s) + Cl2(g)

•2 Al(s)+ 3 Cu(NO3)2(aq)→ 3 Cu(s)+ 2 Al(NO3)3(aq)

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IV. Double Displacement

Ex. MgO + CaS

Mg Ca → Mg Ca
+ +
O S S O

General: AB + CD → AD + CB
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IV. Double Displacement

• Think about it like “foil”ing in algebra, first and last ions
go together + inside ions go together
• Ex.
AgNO3(aq) + NaCl(s) → AgCl(s) + NaNO3(aq)

• Another ex.

K2SO4(aq) + Ba(NO3)2(aq) →2 KNO3(aq) + BaSO4(s)

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Predict the product(s) in each reaction:

1. HCl(aq) + AgNO3(aq) →
2. CaCl2(aq) + Na3PO4(aq) →
3. Pb(NO3)2(aq) + BaCl2(aq) →
4. FeCl3(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
5. H2SO4(aq) + NaOH(aq) →
6. KOH(aq) + CuSO4(aq) →
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Combustion Reactions
• Combustion reactions - a
hydrocarbon reacts with
oxygen gas.
• This is also called burning!!!
• In order to burn something you
need the 3 things in the “fire
triangle”:
1) Fuel (hydrocarbon)
2) Oxygen
3) Something to ignite the
reaction (spark)
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Combustion Reactions

• In general:
CxHy + O2 → CO2 + H2O
• Products are ALWAYS
carbon dioxide and water. (although
incomplete burning does cause some
by-products like carbon monoxide)
• Combustion is used to heat homes
and run automobiles (octane, as in
gasoline, is C8H18)
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• Another ex.
• C5H12 + 8 O2 → 5 CO2 + 6 H2O
• Write the products and balance the following combustion
reaction:
• C10H22 + O2 →
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Acid-base or Neautralization Reactions

When an acid reacts with a base, the hydrogen of the acid
combines with the hydroxyl of the base, forming water, and
the metal or metallic ion of the base unites with the
nonmetal or nonmetallic ions of the acid, forming a salt 
neutralization.
HCl + NaOH -----> H2O + NaCl
2 NaOH + H2CO3 -----> H2O + Na2CO3
All neutralization reactions are double displacement
reactions
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Acid-base or Neautralization Reactions

HCl + NaOH -----> H2O + NaCl

2 NaOH + H2CO3 -----> H2O + Na2CO3

The salts that are formed are essential materials in a lot of

applications.
Ex. Common salt (sodium chloride or NaCl) is widely
used in the food industry and is needed for human health
Soda ash or washing soda (sodium carbonate,
Na2CO3)→ a source of alkalinity in water
→ boilers to help prevent corrosion
→ as a water softener
→ an ingredient in soaps, detergents,
and other cleansing agents, and in
photographic developers
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State the general type of reaction & predict the products.

1. BaCl2 + H2SO4 →
2. C6H12 + O2 →
3. Zn + CuSO4 →
4. Cs + Br2 →
5. MgO →
6. NaOH + HNO3 →