USB - Felix Loten - SUT Subsea Installation 2014-05-29

Subsea Awareness Course
Society for Underwater Technology
Felix Loten – Senior Installation Engineer

AGENDA – Installation
Field Architecture Overview 0900 – 0910

Installation Vessels 0910 – 0930
Working Underwater 0930 – 0940
Installation of Structures 0940 – 1000
Installation of Flexible Pipelines 1000 – 1030
Break 1030 – 1045
Installation of Rigid Pipelines 1045 – 1130
Connections / Tie Ins 1130 – 1145
Installation of Moorings 1145 – 1200
2
Field Architecture
Field Architecture Overview – Facilities
 Facilities
 Processing facility in the field that separates and processes the fluid from the reservoir(s).
 May be manned or unmanned; minor processing through to full production and storage.
 Production may be exported to shore by pipeline or offloaded in shipments.
 Facilities can be fixed structures or moored structures and even disconnectable.
Vast array of production facilities with different

installation techniques
4
Field Architecture Overview – Subsea Tieback
Key Drivers:
 Water depth and location.
 Hydrocarbon product type (sweet / sour), refining
TYPICAL NORTH SEA INFRASTRUCTURE
requirements & well design requirements (re-injection).
 Weather and subsea conditions
 Regional / historical
MAINLINE TO
SHORE
HYDROCARBON
PIPING MANIFOLD
EXPORT LINE TO
STRUCTURE
MAINLINE
ELECTRO-
HYDRAULIC PRODUCTION /
FIXED UMBILICALS WATER
PLATFORM INJECTTION WELLS
TIE-BACK PIPELINES
SSIV WATER
INJECTION
5
Field Architecture Overview – Floater
WATER DEPTH 50m - 2896m

FPSO – permanent or disconnectable
TURRET
WATER
INJECTION MOORINGS
WELLS
RISERS
FLOWLINES
PRODUCTION
WELLS
GAS
INJECTION
WELLS
6
Field Architecture Overview – Video
7
Field Architecture Overview – NWS Examples
 North Rankin – fixed platforms with trunkline (pipeline) to shore

 Resource natural gas / condensate
 Water depth 125m
 135km from onshore processing (Karratha)
 Enfield – disconnectable moored FPSO.
 Resource crude oil / gas
 Water Depth 400m – 600m
 Location 52km NNW of Exmouth.
 Gorgon – subsea satellite fields tied back to onshore processing train.
 Resource natural gas / condensate
 Water Depth 200m – 1300m
 Location 200km offshore Barrow Island.
 Prelude – world first fixed moored FLNG.

 Resource natural gas
 Water Depth 250m
 Location 475km north-northeast of Broome.
8
Installation Vessels
 MODU (Mobile Offshore Drilling Unit)
 Moonpool size limited
 Deck crane limited 30t
 Anchored / DP / Jack-up
 Drill string deployment 500t
 Hs < 4m
Courtesy Petro Canada

10
 DLB (Derrick Lay Barge)
 Rigid pipelay (S-lay) and heavy lift, typically for topsides
 300 – 2000Te derrick crane (Hook depth limited); 500t A&R winch
 Small to large pipe diameters; depth limited by lay tension
 Anchors or Dynamic Positioning
 Hs < 2m
11
 Reel Lay Ship

 Rigid Pipelay (reel-lay) and
subsea construction
 400Te crane; +550t A&R
winch
 Dynamically Positioned
 Fixed reels
 Pipe laid vertically or at an
angle over stern, side or
through moonpool
 Pipe diameters < 18” but
can lay in ultra deep water
12
 SSCV (Semi Submersible Construction Vessel)  DCV (Deepwater Construction Vessel)
 Pipelay (J-lay, deepwater) / Heavy Lift  Pipelay (Deepwater reel-lay with liftable
 1000Te – 7000Te Crane cartridge reels) / Heavy Lift
 Anchors / DP  1000Te – 4000Te Crane
 Hs < 4m  Dynamic Positioning
 Hs < 3m
13
 MIV (Multipurpose Installation Vessel)

 Flexible, spool, structure and mooring
installation
 200Te – 600Te Crane
 Versatile vessel of various shapes and
sizes with large working deck
 Equipment varies including carousels,
flexible lay spreads, chain lockers etc
 Hs < 3m
14
Installation Vessels – MIV Video
15
 DSV (Dive Support Vessel)

 Saturation Diving (up to 200m typ)
 50Te – 250Te Crane
 Similar to MIV but often smaller back
deck and smaller crane
 Hs < 3m
16
 AHT (Anchor Handling Tug) / Supply vessel
 Mooring Installation and tows
 100Te – 500Te winches / A-frame optional (removable) / Limited crane
 Stern roller / tow pins / Karm Forks / Chain Lockers / Gypsies
 Small - moderate deck area
 Reduced accommodation and facilities
 Hs< 3m
17
 Summary of Vessel Costs:

 DSV: 1 unit of cost
 MIV: 0.75 – 1.25 units
 AHT: 0.5 - 0.75 units
 Reel Lay: 1 - 1.25 units
 DLB: 1.25 – 2.0 units
 SSCV / MODU: 4 units
 Key Cost Factors:

 Mobilisation location and transit
 Number of crew (S-lay labour intensive, diving intermediate, anchor handling low)
 Vessel spec (size of crane, DP 1, 2 or 3)
 Market conditions, synergies with existing work
 Additional equipment spread (flexible lay, piling hammers, pre-commissioning etc)
18
 Understanding Primary Vessel Equipment

 Vessel Positioning Equipment
 Vessel Cranes
 Pipelay / Flex Lay Equipment
 Winches
 Accomodation
19
20
 Three main methods for positioning vessels

 Manual propellers & thrusters
 Moorings – 4 to 8
 Dynamic Positioning
21
Installation Vessels - Positioning
 Dynamic Positioning
 Computer controlled thrusters
 Global or Local Reference
22
Installation Vessels – Positioning Reference
 DGPS (Differential Global Positioning System)
 0.02 – 3m at surface
 Inbuilt as part of the vessel DP
 Accessible by separate subsea construction survey system
23
Installation Vessels – Acoustic Positioning
 Subsea Acoustic Positioning
 Systems used to position equipment during installation.
 Additional equipment mobilised onto the installation vessel but
tied into the GPS as well as hull mounted transceiver.
 Long Base Line (LBL) Acoustics

 Accurate positioning by measuring ranges to 3 or more
transponders at known locations on the seabed or structures.
 2 – 6m at seabed absolute / 0.1 – 1m relative.
 Ultra Short Base Line (USBL) Acoustics

 Calculate position by measuring distance and bearing from a
vessel mounted transceiver to an acoustic transponder fitted to
the target. Accounts for vessel attitude, heading and GPS.
 2 – 10m at seabed absolute / 3 – 20m relative
 Long and Ultra-Short Base Line (LUSBL) Acoustics
 Combines the repeatability of LBL, where accuracy is virtually
independent of water depth, with the operational convenience of
USBL positioning.
24
Installation Vessels – Auxiliary Positioning
 Taut Wire
 Clump weight is lowered to the seabed
 The length and angle of the wire is measured to
determine the vessel position
 Fanbeam
 Laser position reference system
 Reflects signal off a prism installed on a fixed structure
 Radar . Artemis
 Radar based system with a transmitter installed on a
fixed structure and receiver installed on the vessel.
25
Installation Vessels – Crane Capacity & Lifting
 Stated crane capacity is typically the maximum capacity for the
optimal radius for an inshore lift.
 Capacity influenced by:
 Crane configuration
 Number of wire falls (parts)
 Crane radius and position
 On deck or subsea / amount of wire paid out
 Lift weights influenced by:
 Weather / Vessel motions
 Subsea hydrodynamic affects on the structure
 Combined crane / structure considerations:
 Crane heave compensation
 Passive heave compensation
26
Installation Vessels – Crane Capacity & Lifting
Harbour Lift Capacity
Offshore Lift on deck
Offshore Lift vessel to vessel

Subsea Lift
27
Installation Vessels – Selection
 Vessel Selection Considerations (just to name a few)
 Environmental response / Workability
 Deck space and capacity
 Crane capacity and reach
 Station keeping capability / redundancy
 Stability and manoeuvrability
 Auxiliary power
 Equipment maintenance regime
 Accommodation
 Transit speed
 Shallow water capability
 Berthing draft
 Day rate and availability
Multiple vessel types may be suitable but total cost of

the solution is usually the ultimate driver
28
Working Underwater - Diving
DSV
1 Bar
0m
SEA LEVEL
2 Bar
-10m
3 Bar
-20m 20M
4 Bar
AIR DIVING
-30m SATURATION DIVING
Breathing Mix: Air (Oxygen/Nitrogen)
5 Bar
Diving Basket/Bell Typically - 18 msw to -200msw
-40m
Breathing Mix: HeO2 (Helium/Oxygen)
6 Bar Sealed System & Diving Bell
-50m
NITROX DIVING
7 Bar
-60m Breathing Mix: Raised O2 %
8 Bar (Nitrogen/Oxygen)
-70m Diving Basket/Bell
BELL
9 Bar
-80m
DIVER
SEA BED
29 Footer can be customized

Working Underwater – Air / Nitrox Diving
DIVE CONTROL
CONTAINER
(D.C.C.)
WET
TWINLOCK DECOMPRESSION
CHAMBER UMBILICAL
DIVE
PANEL SURFACE
AIR
DIVE STANDBY
PANEL
DIVER
AIR TUGGER
WINCH
OXYGEN HP AIR
O2 QUAD QUADS
AIR WET BELL
LAUNCH/RECOVERY
‘A’ FRAME
LP HOT SEA LEVEL

COMPRESSOR WATER
HP MACHINE
COMPRESSOR
AIR WET
BELL
CLUMP
WEIGHT

Working Underwater - Diving

Working Underwater – Saturation Diving
LIFE SUPPORT SYSTEM
DIVING BELL
LIVING CHAMBERS
DIVE CONTROL
MOONPOOL

 Divers live, eat and sleep in a sealed chamber

 Atmosphere in the chamber is a mixture of Helium and Oxygen
 Chamber is pressurised to the same pressure at the underwater worksite

 Sat Control  Medical lock

 Controls gas levels,  Used to pass in food,
temperature, humidity etc equipment, laundry etc to
in chambers occupants

Working Underwater – Saturation Diving Bell
 Divers enter Bell
 Bell & Chambers sealed to maintain pressure
 Bell deployed to depth
 Internal pressure equal to external pressure
 Bottom door of bell can be opened

Working Underwater – ROV’s
 Remotely Operated Vehicles are used when:

 It’s too deep for divers
 A dive support vessel is not available
 A dive support vessel is not economical
 Are very effective, provided subsea hardware is

designed to be ‘ROV Friendly’
 Tooling interfaces
 Handles
 Access
 Affects aspect of design from rigging to valves
 ROV’s can mount a variety of tooling packages to

increase capabilities:
 Pipeline tie in systems
 Dredges, water jetting
 Torque tools
 Cutters

Working Underwater – ROV’s

Installation of Structures
Installation of Structures
 Subsea Structure Types

 Wellhead
 Drill Centre Template
 Manifold
 SSIV
 PLEM / PLET
 Subsea Pump Skid
 In Line Tee / Wye
 Protection Structures
 Foundation / Anchors (gravity, suction, pile)
39
Installation of Structures – Foundations
 Installation - Driven Piles

 Typically 12” to 84” / 10m to 50m
15Te to 150Te
 Subsea Hammer – 100kJ to 3000kJ
 Surface or Subsea Power Pack
 Upend / Follower / Hammer
 DSV vs MIV vs DLB
40
 Installation - Driven Piles
41
 Installation - Drilled and Grouted Piles
 Typically 12” to 84” , 10m to >50m , 15t to >150t
 Surface Drilling rig required
 Direct Circulation – <36”
 Reverse Circulation – >24”
 Upend / Insert / Grout
 DSV vs MIV vs DLB vs JUR
42
 Installation - Suction Anchors
 Typically 4m to 9m diameter, 5m to
>20m , 35t to >150t
 Sub-Surface Pump Skid Required
 Direct mount skid
 ROV skid
 Overboard / Landout / Penetration
 AHT vs DSV vs MIV vs DLB vs JUR
43
Installation of Structures – Suction Pile Video
44
 Installation –
Gravity Anchors
 Skirted Deadweight vs
Berm Grillage
 Single part vs Ballasted
 Overboard / Landout /
Ballast
 AHT vs DSV vs MIV vs
DLB vs JUR
45
 Installation Design Factors
 Soil Stratigraphy / Seabed Topography
 Deployment Loads (overboard, splash zone, at depth, recovery)
 Environmental Criteria / Workability
 Overall Dimensions
 Twist / rotation
 Landout tolerances
 Landout forces / speed
 Final position tolerances (level, verticality, spatial)
 Diver / ROV Access
 Connection Systems
 Interfaces
46
Installation of Structures – Manifold / SSIV
47
Installation of Structures – Weld head protection
48
Installation of Structures – PLET / PLEM
 Pipeline End Termination / Manifolds

 Installed as part of the rigid pipelay
49
Installation of Pipelines
Installation of Pipelines – Overview
 Flexible Pipe (Flowline, Riser)
 Production / Gas Lift / Gas Injection / Water Injection
 Short length, e.g. < 20 km
 Small or medium diameter, e.g. 2” to 20”
 Specialist product delivered on reels
 Bespoke design, materials and layers
 Rigid Pipeline (Flowline, SCR, Export)
 Flowline - Production / Gas Lift / Gas Injection / Water Injection
 Medium to long lengths > 20km
 Up to large diameters > 20”
 Various pipe types (SML, HFW, DSAW etc) from pipe mills in 12m joints
 Various coatings (CWC, corrosion, GSPU / GSPP insulation)
 Special types (PIP)
 Umbilicals
51
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Pipe
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Type
 Pipeline Types – Flexible - Composite structure
Rough Bore
Smooth Bore
53
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Layers
Pressure Vault
External Pressure / Internal
Pressure / Crushing
Teta
Zeta
Carcass
External Pressure /
Armour Wires Crushing
Axial Tensile and
Compressive Loads
54
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Layers
Pressure Sheath
• Makes the pipe leakproof
• Transfers the internal pressure to the pressure vault
External Sheath
• Keeps the sea water out
• Protects the steel layers against corrosion
55
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Properties
 Why is a flexible pipe flexible?

 Sliding of the different layers with respect to each other
 Sliding of the wires within one layer
Carcass at max
and min pitch
Zeta Wire at max

and min pitch
56
Installation of Pipelines – IPB & Umbilical
Umbilical Integrated Production
Bundle
57
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Risers
 SHAPES:
 “S” Shapes – Incorporates a midwater arch
 “Wave” Shapes – incorporate buoyancy modules
 CONFIGURATIONS:
 “Steep” Configuration – Incorporates and riser base
or bottom stiffener
 “Lazy” Configuration – No riser base or bottom stiffener
 “Pliant” Wave – Incorporates buoyancy modules

and clamp and hold down clump weight
58
 Flexible Riser – Free hanging
Top stiffener
• Good only for moderate environmental

conditions or for set-ups with negligible
heave motions (TLP).
• Only suitable for negligible heave motions.
59
 Flexible Riser – Steep S
• Good for congested seabed Top stiffener

developments.
• Good dynamic response
• Arch stability issues may restrict its Mid water arch
use in shallow waters (<90m)
Bottom stiffener
60
 Flexible Riser – Steep Wave
Top stiffener
• Good for congested seabed
developments
• Limited to single lines.
• Very good dynamic response.
Bottom stiffener
Buoyancy modules
61
 Flexible Riser – Lazy S
Top stiffener
• Good for satellite tie-backs with several

risers where vertical access from FPSO to
template is not necessary.
• Very good dynamic response
Mid water arch
• Arch behaviour may restrict its use in
shallow waters (<90m).
Tether
Clump weight
62
 Flexible Riser – Lazy Wave
Top stiffener
• Good for deep water diverless installation.

• Dynamic response is very sensitive to cross Buoyancy modules
currents due to lack of any anchoring.
• Not recommended if a large number of
individual risers must be accommodated
within a single anchoring sector.
63
 Flexible Riser – Pliant Wave ™
Top stiffener
• Developed as an hybrid
between lazy wave and steep Buoyancy
wave. modules
• Retains advantages of lazy wave
and dynamic behaviour of
steep wave.
Tether(s) Clamp
Clump weight
64
 Free Standing Hybrid Riser
Flexible
Jumper
Buoyancy
Tank
Rigid riser
• Good for deepwater applications.
• Shorter flexible riser makes this
more cost effective for deep water.
Bottom
Assembly &
Riser Base
65
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Supply & URB
 Installation
 Reels typically 8.6m dia & 200Te reel
 Can be up to 14m dia and 400Te
 Reels are driven by Under Rollers or Hub
Drives
 Lay over an Overboarding Wheel /
Overboarding Chute
 Under Roller Base

Installation
66
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Reel Hub Drive
 Installation - Hub Drive
 Technip TR System
 Line of reels on cradles
 Half winches on rails
 Engages and lifts
 Power drive reel centre ~ 100Te.m
 ~20t line tension
 260-450 Te product
 Overboarding Wheel /
Overboarding Chute
67
Installation of Pipelines – Tensioners & Chutes
 Installation - Horizontal Tensioner
 Bi-cat ~ 10 Te
 Tri-cat ~ 30 Te
 Quad-cat ~ 60 Te
 Overboarding Wheel /
Overboarding Chute
68
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Lay System
 Installation – Purpose built lay system with overboarding chute and tensioner
69
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible VLS / Carousel
 Installation - Vertical Lay
System
 Fed by Reels or Carousel
 Single or dual quad-track; 125
or 270+ Te line tension
70
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible VLS / Carousel
Deployment of the Flexible
CSO Constructor with VLS
 Vertical Lay / VLS:
 Vertical quad tensioners installed
over moonpool
 Suitable for deep water / high
tension
 Up to 135 Te for single VLS
 Up to 270 Te tension holding
capacity for double VLS
 Modular system can be mounted on
different vessel
 Typical lay speed 900m/hour
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible
 Installation Considerations
 Route Alignment
 Tie In Approaches
 Minimum Bend Radius
 “Grip” on product vs crushing
 Transportation – Reels or Carousel
 Damage to external coatings
 Stability on Seabed
 Connection System
 Diver / Diverless
 API / ANSI / Vendor hub
 Vertical / Horizontal
72
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid Pipe
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid
 Rigid Pipeline Types  Rigid Pipeline Installation

 Simple / Clad / Lined  Water depth
 Insulated / Weight Coated  Location
 Piggy Backed / Bundled  Size & type
 Pipe type (quality)
74
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid Pipe in Pipe
75
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid Pipe Fabrication
 Pipeline Fabrication
 Pipe supplied in 40’ / 12m length (joints) from the pipe mill
 Pipe coating applied at coating plant
 Coated joints must be connected together
 Welding / Inspection
 Local field joint coating
 May be pre-connected into double, triple or quad lengths in preparation for
installation
76
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid Pipe
 Pipeline Installation Techniques
 S-lay Shallow water to deepwater but limited by tensioner / vessel
thrust for large dia pipe
 J-lay Not for shallow water and typically for deep water / large dia
 Reel-lay Versatile and efficient for <20” lengths
 Bundle / Tow Suitable for tie-backs in some locations
 Tie In Required for all; ROV or diver types
77
Installation of Pipelines – S Lay
S-lay – Approx 2500m/day (OD, steel material and coating dependant)

78
79
Work Station
Welding
Inspection
Field Joint Coating
New Pipe Double Joint
80
81
Installation of Pipelines – S Lay Video
82
Installation of Pipelines – J Lay
J-lay – Approx 1500m/day (OD, steel material and coating dependant)

83
Quads on Ready Rack
84
Quad in J-Lay Tower
85
Workstation
(Welding, NDT & FJC)
86
Installation of Pipelines – Reel Lay
Reel-lay – Approx 15,000m/day (not dependant on OD, steel

87 material and coating)
Installation of Pipelines – Onshore Spool Base
88
Installation of Pipelines – Technip Spoolbases
Orkanger
Evanton
Mobile
Luanda
Installation of Pipelines – Pipe Delivery to Base
90
Installation of Pipelines – Pipe Joint Handling
91
Installation of Pipelines – Line Up for Stalking
92
Installation of Pipelines – Root and Hotpass
93
Installation of Pipelines – Fill / Weld Completion
94
Installation of Pipelines – NDE
95
Installation of Pipelines – NDE Acceptance
96
Installation of Pipelines – Cleaning
97
Installation of Pipelines – Field Joint Coating
98
Installation of Pipelines – Pipe Stalks Racked
99
Installation of Pipelines – Reeling onto Vessel
Dual Spooling
100
Installation of Pipelines – Reel Lay
Aligner Straightener Tensioner

101
Installation of Pipelines – Reel Lay SW Video
102
Installation of Pipelines – PLETS
 PLET must be designed for vessel and lay aystem
 Size
 Weight
 Dimensions
 PLR?
Installation of Pipelines – Deep Energy
 Length: 194.5 meters

 Speed: transit 20 knots at 8.2m draft
 Accommodation: 140 people
 Class 3 Dynamic Positioning system
 2 x 2,800 Te reels, 150 Te crane
 2 x 3,000m work-class ROVs; PLET handling system
 Capable of handling rigid pipe up to 18”, flexible pipe up
to 24” and umbilicals in water depths up to 3,000 m
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mIU_mWhRguA
One of the largest and fastest pipelay vessels ever built

104
Installation of Pipelines – Bundle Tow
Carrier Pipe
Length Typical ~7.5km
105
Installation of Pipelines – Bundle Preparation
 Bottom-tow Bundle
PLET
Bundle
Possible inline
structure
106
 Bottom-tow Bundle
 Gulf of Mexico Installation
Manifold or PLET
Dragging the bundle across the seabed

(Not very environmentally friendly)
107
 Controlled Depth Tow Method Bundle
 North sea installation
108
 CDTM Bundle
109
Installation of Pipelines – Pipeline Stabilisation
 Trenching
 Concrete Mattress
 Rock Dumping
 Rock Bolting
110
Installation of Pipelines – Considerations
 Rigid Pipeline Installation Considerations
 Route Alignment  Buckle detection
 Pipe Size and Properties  Line Tension
 Environmental Criteria / Workability  Material Specification & Welding Criticality
 Initiation / Tie Ins / Dry & Wet Recovery  Fatigue
 In Line Structure Interaction  Horizontal Catenary Load
 Hog Bend Stress / Sag Bend Stress  Temporary and Permanent Stability
111
Installation of Pipelines – Tie-Ins
 Umbilical jumpers
 Flowlines
 Multi-bore
 Rigid spools  Separate cores
Flying Leads
 Flexible jumpers
 Electrical jumpers
113
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid Spools
114
Installation of Pipelines – 6” Spool Installation
115
Installation of Pipelines – 36” Spool Installation
116
Installation of Pipelines – E-Spool Installation
117
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Jumpers
 First End
118
Installation of Pipelines – Flexible Jumpers
 Second End
119
Installation of Pipelines – FMC ROVCON Video
120
Installation of Pipelines – Flying Leads
 Hydraulic / Electrical
 Basket deployed to seabed
 ROV or Diver fly to place
121
Installation of Pipelines – Flying Leads
122
 Installation considerations
 Approach Alignment
 Sequencing
 Connection system
 ROV/Diver access
 Metrology and fabrication (rigid)
 Initiation / Laydown
 Over-length management (flexibles)
 Mechanical alignment
 Stabilisation
 Flooding and hydrotesting
123
Installation of Mooring Systems
 Mooring Components
 Installation Equipment / Vessels
 Methods
124
Installation of Mooring Systems - Components
Anchors / Piles
 Anchors
 Several variations on the same
basic principal
 Most common is Stevshark type (or

variants)
 Driven Piles
 Hammered into seabed using
specialist subsea hammer
 Suction Piles
 Suction applied to pull pile into the
seabed (often used in soft muddy
seabed conditions)
125 Introduction to Mooring Systems and Installation

Installation of Mooring Systems - Components
Anchors / Piles
Properties Anchor Pile Suction Pile Drag Anchor

Installation of Mooring Systems - Piles
 Installation - Driven Piles, Upending

Installation of Mooring Systems – Pile Hammer
Underwater Hammer and Pile Lifting
Tool
128
Installation of Mooring Systems – Suction Piles
 Installation - Suction Anchors

 Sub-Surface Pump Skid Required
 Direct mount skid
 ROV skid
 Overboard / Landout / Penetration
129
Installation of Mooring Systems – Preload
 Mooring Preload
 Generally specified by Client
 Can sometimes be challenged / influenced early in the design phase
 Has a major impact on vessel / methodology selection
 Required to:
 Prove anchor / pile holding capacity
 Pull chain through mud to establish ‘inverse’ catenary for piles
Chain post preload

Chain prior to preload
130
Installation of Mooring Systems – Preload
 Mooring Preload - Methods

 Pull on mooring with a tug
 Cross Tensioning (Stevtensioner, Bruce Tensioner)
131
Installation of Mooring Systems – Lines
Mooring Lines
 Chain
 Simple, hard to damage
 Can be hard to handle if the right equipment

is not available
 Studlink vs studless
 Available in several strength grades
 Jacketed Spiral Strand (JSS) Steel

Rope (jacketed or unjacketed)
 Better strength / weight ratio than chain
 Low tolerance to twist during installation
 JSS vs conventional construction

 Spiral strand made up of alternate r/h and l/h
wound layers
 Torque neutral
132
Connecting Links
 Shackles
 H-Links
 Used for long term
chain to chain
connections
 Kenter Links
 Not long term
(fatigue) rated so
usually used only
during installation
 Will pass over a

chain gypsy
 Pear Links
 Used where a
change in size is
required e.g. to a
different size of
chain
Typical Mooring Line
 Considerations for each element

 Weight (heavy is often desirable)
 Dynamic or static
 Corrosion
 Strength
 Wear
Installation of Mooring Systems – Hookup
Mooring Line Hookup
 Flappers
 One way locking movement used to pull chain in from the
surface
 Triplates
 Can be used to connect two lines together and then
deploy the connection
 Ballgrabs
 Self engaging – the harder you pull the stronger they grip
 Used to connect mooring lines subsea

Installation of Mooring Systems – AHT’s
Anchor Handling Vessels
 Purpose built for handling chain and

installing anchors
 Equipment
 Large Winch
 Chain Gypsy
 Chain lockoffs (shark jaws or Karm forks
 Chain lockers
 Stern Roller
 Equipment generally sized to suit and

capabilities (bollard pull) of the vessel
136
Anchor Handling Equipment
Karm Forks and Tow Pins
Shark Jaws Stern Roller

137
Chain Gypsies and Lockers
 Gypsies
 Mounted on the ends of the winch drum
 Vessels usually carry common sizes

(76mm, 84mm)
138
Installation of Mooring Systems – Installation
Case Study - Balnaves

 Anchor and Chain Installation
 Anchor deployed over stern roller
 Chain laid and second end abandoned on seabed
139

 Tensioning
 Tandem tug pull
 The two tugs connect to each other to increase Bollard Pull
 Pull to 364 Te top tension (corresponds to 291 Te at Anchor)
Beware of Uplift at
the Anchor
140
141

 Hookup
 Chains recovered to Deep Orient and Cut to Length
 Wire from Riser Column transferred to Deep Orient and connected to chain
142

 Hookup
 Chain and winch wire lowered to depth
 Mooring pulled in to design linh using winch on riser column
 Crane used to assist winch (reduce pull in load)
143
Subsea Installation – Conclusions
 Installation can drive the overall design and execution philosophy
 Interface knowledge transfer is critical to success
 Be careful to separate the sales talk from reality with vessel

specifications and capability
 When installation goes bad it really hurts in $$$ and
144
Transfer Between Two Floating Platforms Video
145
Thank you
www.technip.com
Presentation Improvements
 For further updates

 Update slide notes
 Add ROV Capabilities / Intervention
 Add air diving / saturation diving info
 Refine Flexible slides / explanation – look at the SUT Flexible installation
presentation and combine to improve this section. Make clearer the outline of reels
versus carousels, VLS vs other lay systems, riser vs flowline vs umbilical. Simplify
/ re-format the flexible make-up and configuration slides.
 Remove slide transitions
 Add very brief info on buckle initiation and buckle arrestor as well as J-lay collars.
 Add more notes / info on PIP or remove slide – maybe make this a specialist pipe
slide and also cover CRA clad / lined, SS, Chrome etc.
 Questions included lead time for flexibles from TP – answer 1 – 2 years (BGI).
 Look to add PLUTO WW2 reel lay history video for the break.
Back Up Slides
148
Pipelines - Rigid
 Pipeline Types – Rigid Manufacturing Process
 UOE / SAW – submerged arc seam, large diameter

>16”
 HFI (High Frequency Induction )/ ERW – electrical

resistance welded seam < 24” wt <18mm (See next
Slide)
 Seamless - <16”
149
Pipelines – Rigid
150
Installation of Pipelines – Rigid Pipe Fabrication
 Welding
 Number of different techniques to suit
 Material
 Speed
 Cost and availability of welders and equipment
 Mechanised or manual processes available
 Shielded Metal Arc Welding (SMAW) - Manual
 “Stick” welding
 Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) – Semi Automatic
 “MIG” welding
 Gas Tungsten Arc Welding (GTAW) – Semi Automatic
 “TIG” welding
151
Manual GTAW (TIG)
152
Mechanised GMAW (MIG)
153
Diver hot tapping works – West Delta
project Egypt
154
Diver hot tapping works – West Delta
project Egypt
155

USB - Felix Loten - SUT Subsea Installation 2014-05-29

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Subsea Awareness Course

Society for Underwater Technology

Felix Loten – Senior Installation Engineer

Field Architecture Overview 0900 – 0910

Vast array of production facilities with different

WATER DEPTH 50m - 2896m

 North Rankin – fixed platforms with trunkline (pipeline) to shore

 Prelude – world first fixed moored FLNG.

Courtesy Petro Canada

 Reel Lay Ship

 MIV (Multipurpose Installation Vessel)

 DSV (Dive Support Vessel)

 Summary of Vessel Costs:

 Key Cost Factors:

 Understanding Primary Vessel Equipment

 Three main methods for positioning vessels

 Long Base Line (LBL) Acoustics

 Ultra Short Base Line (USBL) Acoustics

Harbour Lift Capacity

Offshore Lift on deck

Offshore Lift vessel to vessel

Multiple vessel types may be suitable but total cost of

29 Footer can be customized

LP HOT SEA LEVEL

30 Footer can be customized

31 Footer can be customized

32 Footer can be customized

 Divers live, eat and sleep in a sealed chamber

33 Footer can be customized

 Sat Control  Medical lock

34 Footer can be customized

35 Footer can be customized

 Remotely Operated Vehicles are used when:

 Are very effective, provided subsea hardware is

 ROV’s can mount a variety of tooling packages to

36 Footer can be customized

37 Footer can be customized

 Subsea Structure Types

 Installation - Driven Piles

 Installation - Driven Piles

 Pipeline End Termination / Manifolds

• Makes the pipe leakproof

• Transfers the internal pressure to the pressure vault

• Keeps the sea water out

• Protects the steel layers against corrosion

 Why is a flexible pipe flexible?

Zeta Wire at max

 “Wave” Shapes – incorporate buoyancy modules

 “Lazy” Configuration – No riser base or bottom stiffener

 “Pliant” Wave – Incorporates buoyancy modules

• Good only for moderate environmental

• Good for congested seabed Top stiffener

• Good for satellite tie-backs with several

• Good for deep water diverless installation.

 Under Roller Base

 Line of reels on cradles

 Half winches on rails

 Engages and lifts

 Power drive reel centre ~ 100Te.m

 ~20t line tension

 Rigid Pipeline Types  Rigid Pipeline Installation

 Reel-lay Versatile and efficient for <20” lengths

 Bundle / Tow Suitable for tie-backs in some locations

 Tie In Required for all; ROV or diver types