SYNTHESIS OF LINE SOURCE ANTENNAS

A Project Report
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
Award of degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

By

K. S.N.L.SUDHA (05B01A0494) Y.VIJAYADURGA(05B01A04B5)

T.R.SRAVATHI (05B01A0475) K.PRATYUSHA (05B01A0463)

Under the guidance of

Prof. G.R.L.V.N.Srinivasa Raju

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

SHRI VISHNU ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN

(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)
BHIMAVARAM – 534 202
2008-2009

1
 SHRI VISHNU ENGINEERING COLLEGE FOR WOMEN
(Approved by A.I.C.T.E., Affiliated to JNTU, Kakinada)
BHIMAVARAM – 534 202

Department of
Electronics and Communication Engineering

CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that project work entitled “SYNTHESIS OF LINE

SOURCE ANTENNAS USING ITERATIVE SAMPLING METHOD” is

a bonafide work of K.S.N.L.Sudha, Y.Vijaya Durga, T.R.Sravanthi, K.Pratyusha bearing
Regd.No 05B01A0494, 05B01A04B5, 05B01A0465, 05B01A0463 of final year B.Tech
submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING during the academic year 2008-2009

Internal Guide: Head of department:

G.R.L.V.N.Srinivasa Raju Dr.P.RAJESH KUMAR, Ph.D
Professor in E.C.E Dept. Electronics and communication engg.

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 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Our most sincere and grateful acknowledgement is due to this sanctum, Shri
Vishnu Engineering College for Women, for giving us opportunity to fulfill our
aspirations and for successful completion of engineering.

We express our heartfelt thanks to our Director Prof.D.Raju, principal

Oblesh for providing us with the necessary facilities to carry out this project.

We express our deep sense of gratitude and sincere appreciation to our

guide Prof. G.R.L.V.N.Srinivasa Raju for his esteemed guidance and constant
encouragement throughout the project. We are indebted for his instruction guidelines that
proved to be very much helpful in completing our project successfully in time.

We also express our sincere thanks to Dr.P.Rajeshkumar, Head of

Electronics and Communication Department, for his valuable suggestions and
encouragement throughout the project.

We also express our sincere thanks to Prof. Mr.Siva Kumar, Mr.

S.Hanumantha Rao for their valuable suggestion and guidance in the completion of our
project.

We express our thanks to all other teaching and non-teaching staff and
associates of the department and also to our friends for their good wishes and
constructive criticism which led to the successful completion of our project.

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 CONTENTS

ABSTRACT
1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS

1.2 LINE SOURCE ANTENNA
1.3 ANTENNA SYNTHESIS
1.4 BEAM SHAPING
1.5 APPLICATIONS OF LINE SOURCE ANTENNAS

2. SYNTHESIS METHODS

2.1 WOODWARD-LAWSON METHOD

2.2 ITERATIVE SAMPLING METHOD

3. DESIGN PARAMETERS AND FLOW CHARTS

3.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS

3.2 FLOWCHARTS

4. SOURCE CODE

4.1 PROGRAM FOR WOODWARD-LAWSON METHOD

4.2 PROGRAM FOR ITERATIVE SAMPLING METHOD

5. RESULTS

6. CONCLUSION

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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 ABSTRACT

Aim of the project is to synthesizing a line source antenna with uniform

progressive phase using Iterative sampling method with mat lab. In this Iterative
sampling method the standard design or experimental pattern is taken from Woodward-
Lawson method.

The Woodward-Lawson method is simple, elegant and provides an insight

into the process of pattern synthesis. Woodward-Lawson method is very useful for beam
shaping. This method is used to find the excitation function to produce the desired
radiation pattern. The main drawback in this method is that the pattern of each composing
function perturbs the entire pattern to be synthesized; it lacks local control over the side-
lobe level in the unshaped region of the entire pattern.

The method used in this project is Iterative Sampling method. Iterative

sampling method is introduced for the synthesis of shaped-beam radiation patterns using
line sources. Given an original pattern which is some approximation to the desired
pattern, a series of correction patterns is added to it. Successive iterations are applied in
this manner until the desired performance is achieved. The current distribution is found
by a corresponding series of corrections. This method shows that patterns with low main-
beam ripple and/or low side-lobe level or sharp cut-off from the main beam can be
obtained. Unless there is significant ripple or side-lobe improvement, the complexity of
the required source current is usually lower than that of the original pattern. The iterative
sampling method is simple to apply and converges rapidly. The software package is
implemented using mat lab.

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1. INTRODUCTION

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 An antenna (or aerial) is a transducer designed to transmit or receive
electromagnetic waves. It matches the transmitter or receiver to the free space. The
antenna is used for radiating energy in the desired direction and to suppress the radiation
in unwanted directions. A completely non directional or Omni directional radiator
radiates uniformly in all directions and is known as isotropic radiator. Such radiator is not
available in reality. For point to point communication antennas should be directive.

For wireless communication systems, the antenna is one of the most critical
components. A good design of the antenna can relax system requirements and improve
overall system performance. TV is example for which the overall broadcast reception can
be improved by utilizing a high-performance antenna. The antenna serves to a
communication system the same purpose that eyes and eyeglasses serve to human. The
field of antennas is vigorous and dynamic.

Very long array of discrete elements usually are more difficult to implement,
more costly, and have narrow bandwidths. For such applications, antennas with
continuous distributions would be convents to use. A very long wire and a large reflector
represent, respectively, antennas with continuous line and aperture distributions.
Continuous distribution antennas usually have larger side lobes, are more difficult to
scan. In general continuous distribution antennas are not as versatile as array of discrete
elements. The characteristics of continuously distributed sources can be approximated by
discrete-element arrays, and vice-versa, and their development follows and parallels that
of discrete-element arrays.

Continuous line source distributions are used to approximate linear array of

discrete elements. As the number of elements increases in a fixed length array the source
approaches continuous distribution.

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 Antenna synthesis is the process of determining the excitation of a given
antenna type that either produces a radiation pattern which approximates a desired
radiation pattern or achieves a narrow main beam with low side lobes or a pattern with
decaying minor lobes or pattern which possesses null in certain directions.

There are various synthesis methods available for line sources antennas. Some
of the techniques are Fourier transform method, Woodward-Lawson method, Taylor line
sources method, Dolph-Tschebysheff polynomial method. Fourier transform method and
Woodward Lawson method are synthesis techniques which give the required source
distribution to produce a radiation pattern which closely approximate the desired
radiation pattern. These techniques are beam shaping techniques. Other techniques
include Tschebysheff array technique which produces pattern with narrow beams and low
side lobes.

Fourier transform method yields reconstructed pattern whose mean square

error from the desired pattern is minimum. Woodward method is flexible and can be used
to synthesize any radiation pattern. Tschebysheff technique is used for equal side lobe
levels and optimum beam width. In this tapering is not extreme. Taylor line sources
yields a pattern that displays an optimum compromise between side lobe level and beam
width. Iterative sampling method is simple and converges rapidly. Iterative sampling
method is extension of Woodward -Lawson method.

Synthesizing the desired pattern of line source is done using mat lab software
and the plots and results are obtained.

1.1 ANTENNA SPECIFICATIONS:

Array factor:-

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 The space factor (or) array factor is defined as “the radiation pattern of similar array
of non directive or isodirective elements.” The degree of polynomial, which represents
an array, is always one less than the apparent number of elements. The actual number of
elements is almost equal to the apparent number. Array factor is a function of geometry
of array and excitation phase. It determines the beam shape and side lobe level of array
and excitation phase. The total field of an array is equal to the field of a single element
positioned at selected reference points multiplied by the array factor

E (total) = E (single element at reference point) * array factor

Directive gain:

The extent to which a particular antenna concentrates its radiated energy relative
to that of some standard antenna is termed as directive gain. The directive gain in a given
direction is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in that direction to the average
radiated power.

Directivity:

Directivity is “the value of the directive gain in the direction of its maximum
value” or “directivity defined as the ratio of maximum radiation intensity of the subject
antenna to the radiation intensity of an isotropic antenna radiating the same total power”.

Beam width:

Antenna beam width is a measure of directivity of an antenna. Beam width of the

major lobe of particular level is one of the ways to describe conveniently the radiation
Pattern of an antenna as a function of angular width. The angular width (in degrees) of
the major lobe between two directions at which the radiated or received power is one half
the maximum powers.

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Factors affecting beam width:-

a) The wave length

b) The shape of radiation pattern

c) Dimension (e.g.:-radius of aperture …..)

A narrow beam is desirable for direction finding applications and accuracy of

direction finding is inversely proportional to beam-width. The narrower the beam width,
the gain or directivity is higher.

Bandwidth:

The bandwidth of an antenna is defined as the range of frequencies within which

the performance of the antenna with respect to some characteristics conforms to a
specified standard. The bandwidth can be considered to the range of frequencies on either
side of the corner frequencies, where the antenna characteristics with in an acceptable
value of the center frequency.

Antenna gain:

The ability of an antenna array to concentrate the radiated power in a given

direction, or conversely to absorb effectively incident power from that direction, is
specified variously in terms of its gain, power gain, directive gain or directivity.

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 Directive gain in particular direction is defined as the ratio of the power densely
radiated in that direction by the antenna to the power density that would be radiated by an
isotropic antenna.

The maximum directive gain is known as directivity. The gain directive of one of
the major lobes of the radiation pattern is known as directivity.

The power that must be radiated by an isotropic antenna to develop a certain

distance is divided by the optical power to yield a ratio. The only one difference between
power gain and directivity is:

In directivity the radiated power is considered where as in power gain the Power
fed to the antenna is considered.

Polarization:

Polarization refers to the direction in space of the electric vector of the electro
magnetic wave radiated from an antenna and is parallel to the antenna itself.

The polarization refers to the time varying behavior of the electric field strength
vector at some fixed point in space. Antennas are also referred to as vertically,
horizontally, elliptically and circularly polarized antennas.

Effective area:

The effective area or effective aperture of an antenna is defined in terms of the

directive gain of the antenna through the relation

G = (4 п Ae) / λ2

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 The effective area is the ratio of power available at the antenna terminals to the
power per unit area of the appropriately polarized incident wave.

Radiation pattern:

The energy radiated in a particular direction by an antenna is measured in

terms of “field strength” at a point, which is at a particular distance from the antenna.
Radiation pattern of an antenna is a graph which shows the variation in actual field
strength at all points which are at equal distance from the antenna.

Obviously graph of a radiation pattern will be three-dimensional. Cross

sections most frequently taken in radiation patterns are horizontal and vertical planes.
These are called the horizontal pattern and the vertical patterns respectively. The
graphical representation of radiation pattern of an antenna as a function of direction is
given by the name radiation pattern of the antenna. If the radiation from the antenna is
expressed in terms of field strength E is called field strength pattern. If radiation pattern is
expressed in power then it is called power pattern.

Antenna efficiency

The efficiency of an antenna is defined as the ratio of power radiated to the

total power supplied to the antenna and is denoted by η .Thus

Antenna efficiency = Power Radiated/Total Input power

Thus antenna efficiency represents the fraction of total energy supplied to the antenna
which is converted into electromagnetic waves.

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Front to Back Ratio:

It is defined as the ratio of power radiated in desired direction to the power

radiated in the opposite direction.
FBR=power radiated in desired direction/power radiated in opposite direction

The FBR changes if frequency of operation of antenna system shifts its value
tends to decrease if spacing between elements of antennas increases. In practice, for
receiving purposes adjustments are made to get maximum FBR rather than gain.

1.2 LINE SOURCE ANTENNA:

Continuous line-source distributions are functions of only one coordinate, and

they can be used to approximate linear arrays of discrete elements and vice-versa.

The number of elements increases in a fixed-length array, the source

approaches a continuous distribution. In the limit, the array factor summation reduces to
an integral. For a continuous distribution, the factor that corresponds to the array factor is
known as the space factor. For a line-source distribution of length l placed symmetrically
along the z-axis as shown in Figure the space factor (SF) is given by
L/2
SF(θ)= ∫ ln(z│)exp[j(vz│cosθ+φn(z│)dz│)]
-l/2

Where ln (z│) and φ (z│) represent, respectively, the amplitude and phase
distributions along the source. For a uniform phase distribution φ (z│) = 0.

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 Above equation is a finite one-dimensional Fourier transform relating the far-
field pattern of the source to its excitation distribution? Two-dimensional Fourier
transforms are used to represent the space factors for two-dimensional source
distributions. These relations are results of the angular spectrum concept for plane waves,
introduced first by Booker and Clemmow and it relates the angular spectrum of a wave to
the excitation distribution of the source.
For a continuous source distribution, the total field is given by the product of
the element and space factors. This is analogous to the pattern multiplication for arrays.
The type of current and its direction of flow on a source determine the element factor. For
a finite length linear dipole, for example, the total field is obtained by summing the
contributions of small infinitesimal elements which are used to represent the entire

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dipole. In the limit, as the infinitesimal lengths become very small, the summation
reduces to integration.

Discretization of Continuous Sources:

The radiation characteristics of continuous sources can be approximated by

discrete element arrays, and vice-versa. This is illustrated in Figure (b) whereby discrete
elements, with a spacing d between them, are placed along the length of the continuous
source. Smaller spacing between the elements yield better approximations, and they can
even capture the fine details of the continuous distribution radiation characteristics. For
example, the continuous line-source distribution In (z_) of can be approximated by a
discrete-element array whose element excitation coefficients, at the specified element
positions within −l/2 ≤ z_ ≤ l/2, are determined by the sampling of In (z_) ejφn (z_). The
radiation pattern of the digitized discrete-element array will approximate the pattern of
the continuous source.

The technique can be used for the discretization of any continuous

distribution. The accuracy increases as the element spacing decreases; in the limit, the
two patterns will be identical. For large element spacing, the patterns of the two antennas
will not match well. To avoid this, another method known as root-matching can be used.
Instead of sampling the continuous current distribution to determine the element
excitation coefficients, the root-matching method requires that the nulls of the continuous
distribution pattern also appear in the initial pattern of the discrete-element array. If the
synthesized pattern using this method still does not yield (within an acceptable accuracy)
the desired pattern, a perturbation technique can then be applied to the distribution of the
discrete-element array to improve its accuracy.

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1.3 ANTENNA SYNTHESIS:

Antenna synthesis is the process which determines the source distribution for
producing a given radiation pattern. Design is done to exhibit a desired distribution,
narrow beam width and low side lobe levels decaying minor lobes, nulls in far field
pattern... etc. The designed pattern should yield either exactly or approximately an
acceptable radiation pattern and it should satisfy other system constraints. In general
synthesis is to find not only the antenna configuration but also its geometric
dimensions and excitation distribution.

Antenna pattern synthesis usually requires that first an approximation analytical

model be chosen to represent either exactly or approximately the desired pattern .The
second step is to realize the analytical model by an antenna model. In general antenna
pattern synthesis can be classified into three categories.

1. Antenna patterns should posse’s nulls in the desired directions.

2. The patterns require exhibiting a desired distribution in the entire visible
region. This is referred as to beam shaping.
3. The third category requires producing patterns with narrow beams and low
side lobes.

The Synthesis methods are used to design both line sources and linear arrays
whose space factors and array factors will yield desired far field radiation patterns. The
total pattern is formed by multiplying the space factor by the element factor. For very
narrow beam pattern, total pattern is nearly the same as the space or array factor. For very
narrow beam patterns, the total pattern is nearly the same as the space factor or array
factor.

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1.4 BEAM SHAPING:

The patterns that exhibit a desired distribution in the entire visible region. This
is referred to as beam shaping. Like wise in the case of electronic pulse and wave shaping
circuits the radiation pattern can also be shaped depending on the applications and user
requirements. However, the pattern synthesis is not adequately investigated to meet
modern demands. The highly directive beams attainable with microwave antennas have
been utilized to achieve large antenna gain, precision direction finding, and a high degree
of resolution of complex targets. The exploration of a wide angular region with such
sharp beams requires an involved scanning operation in which the scanning time becomes
a limiting factor. This problem is much simplified if the required scanning can be reduced
to only one direction, the coverage of the angular region being completed by fanning the
beam broadly. For many applications, the characteristic shape of the fanned beam
obtained by simply reducing the corresponding dimension of the aperture is
unsatisfactory; it may be wasteful of the limited microwave power, or it may result in a
very unequal illumination of targets in different directions To overcome these limitations
it is necessary to impose on the beam by special design techniques some shape not
characteristic of the normal diffraction lobe. These beams are referred to as shaped
beams, and the antennas that produce them as shaped-beam antennas and this process is
called beam shaping.

Beam shaping applications and requirements:

There are a number of radar applications for microwave systems that impose
more or less severe beam shaping requirements upon the antenna.
a. Surface Antenna for Air Search: For use in search for aircraft, an antenna
on the ground or on a ship is required to produce a beam sharp in azimuth
but shaped in elevation; the azimuth coverage is obtained by scanning. The
elevation shape of the beam must provide coverage on aircraft up to a
certain altitude and angle of elevation and out to the maximum range of the

17
 system. This is to be accomplished without wasteful use of availablepower.
The antenna beam need not meet the coverage requirement very accurately,
since conservation of power and a relatively constant signal on a plane at a
fixed altitude are the only objectives

b. Airborne Antenna for Surface Search: An airborne antenna is required to

produce a beam sharp in azimuth but, so shaped in elevation as to provide
uniform illumination on the ground; azimuthal coverage is achieved by
scanning.

When an airborne antenna is used primarily for surface search over

sea against such point targets as ships and buoys, the purpose of beam
shaping is to conserve power, to maintain a relatively constant signal as the
target is approached, and to avoid overloading the indicator scope with sea
return. For successful surface search over land it is necessary to illuminate
the ground very uniformly in order to obtain “solid painting” on the indicator
scope and a fully intelligible picture.

c. Shipborne Antenna for Surface Search: A ship borne antenna for use in
surface search must scan in azimuth with a sharp azimuth pattern. To
accommodate roll and pitch the beam of an unstabilized antenna must be
broad in elevation. This broadening will be more conservative of power
and will provide a more constant illumination of the target if it is
accomplished with a shaped beam rather than a simple fanned beam.

d. Surface Antenna for Height Finding: A ground or ship antenna designed

for height finding must have a sharp elevation beam for obtaining precise
elevation information and a rapid elevation scan. Provision must also be

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made for scanning the antenna slowly in azimuth or for turning the antenna
to an assigned azimuth. The beam must be relatively broad in azimuth in
order that the target will be held in the beam long enough to obtain height
information. If the beam is assumed to be stationary in azimuth, an airplane
flying across the beam will be illuminated for a period proportional to its
distance away. To increase the time of illumination on near-by crossing
targets, a low-intensity broadening of the azimuth beam is required. If a
fixed minimum of illumination is to be achieved at a given linear distance
on both sides of the centre line of the azimuth beam, the amplitude pattern
must have the so called “beavertail” shape.

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2. SYNTHESIS METHODS

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 In general we have following synthesis methods

1. Schelkunoff Polynomial Method

2. Fourier Transform Method

3. Woodward-Lawson Method

4. Dolph-Tschebycheff Method

5. Taylor line source (Tschebycheff Error)

6. Taylor line source (One parameter)

Antenna pattern synthesis can be classified into three categories. One group
requires that the antenna patterns possess nulls in desired directions. The Schelkunoff
Polynomial Method introduced. By Schelkunoff can be used to accomplish it. Another
category requires that the patterns exhibit a desired distribution in the entire visible
region. This is referred to as beam shaping, and it can be accomplished using .The
Fourier transforms, the Woodward-Lawson and Iterative sampling methods. A third
group includes Techniques that produce patterns with narrow beams and low side lobes.
The methods used to accomplish this are namely the binomial method and the Dolph-
Tschebyscheff method (also spelled Tchebyscheff or Chebyshev). Other techniques that
belong to this family are the Taylor line-source (Tschebyscheff-error) and the Taylor
line-source (one parameter).

In this project we implemented Iterative Sampling Method

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2.1 Woodward-Lawson Method:

The Woodward-Lawson method is simple, elegant, and provides insight into

the process of pattern synthesis. In Woodward-Lawson method the desired pattern can be
specified in either Piecewise form or Sampling form. A very popular antenna pattern
synthesis method used for beam shaping was introduced by Woodward and Lawson. The
synthesis is accomplished by sampling the desired pattern at various discrete locations.
Associated with each pattern sample is a harmonic current of uniform amplitude
distribution and uniform progressive phase, whose corresponding field is referred to as a
composing function. For a line-source, each composing function is of a bm*sin (ψm)/ψm
form. The excitation coefficient bm of each harmonic current is such that its field
strength is equal to the amplitude of the desired pattern at its corresponding sampled
point. The total excitation of the source is comprised of a finite summation of space
harmonics. The corresponding synthesized pattern is represented by a finite summation of
composing functions with each term representing the field of a current harmonic with
uniform amplitude distribution and uniform progressive phase.

The formation of the overall pattern using the Woodward-Lawson method is

accomplished as follows. The first composing function produces a pattern whose main
beam placement is determined by the value of its uniform progressive phase while its
innermost side lobe level is about −13.5 dB; the level of the remaining side lobes
monotonically decreases. The second composing function has also a similar pattern
except that its uniform progressive phase is adjusted so that its main lobe maximum
coincides with the innermost null of the first composing function. This results in the
filling-in of the innermost null of the pattern of the first composing function; the amount
of filling-in is controlled by the amplitude excitation of the second composing function.
Similarly, the uniform progressive phase of the third composing function is adjusted so
that the maximum of its main lobe occurs at the second innermost null of the first
composing function; it also results in filling-in of the second innermost null of the first

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composing function. This process continues with the remaining finite number of
composing functions.

The main drawback of this method is, the pattern of each composing function
perturbs the entire pattern to be synthesized, and it lacks local control over the side lobe
level in the unshaped region of the entire pattern. In 1988 and 1989 a spirited and
welcomed dialogue developed concerning the Woodward-Lawson method .The
Woodward-Lawson method deals with the synthesis of field patterns. The analytical
formulation of this method is similar to the Shannon sampling theorem used in
communications. In this method, the radiation pattern of an antenna can be synthesized
by sampling functions whose samples are separated by λ/l rad, where l is the length of the
source.

Line source

Let the distribution of a continuous source be represented with in -l/2≤z│≤l/2 by a

finite summation of normalized sources each of constant amplitude and line phase of the
form

im (z│) = (am/l) exp (-jkz│cos θm) -½< z│<½

θm represents the angles where the desired pattern will be the total current I (z │), is
given by a finite summation of 2M (even samples) or 2M+1(odd samples)

M
I (z│)=(1/l) ∑ am exp(-jkz│cos θ)
m=-M

Where m= ±1, ±2, ±3………..±M (for 2M even number of samples)

m= 0, ±1, ±2, ±3….....±M (for 2M+1 odd number of samples)

Associated with each current source the corresponding field pattern is

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 SF(θ) = bm (Sin[kl(cos θ- cos θ m)/2])
[kl(cos θ- cos θm)/2]

Total pattern is

M
SF (θ) = ∑ bm Sin[kl(cos θ - cos θm)/2]
m=-M [kl(cos θ - cos θm)/2]

2.2 ITERATIVE SAMPLING METHOD:

The iterative sampling method is introduced for the synthesis of shaped-beam

radiation patterns using line-sources. Given an original pattern which is some
approximation to the desired pattern, a series of correction patterns is added to it.
Successive iterations are applied in this manner until the desired performance is achieved
patterns with either low main-beam ripple and/or low side lobe level or sharp cut-off
from the main beam can be obtained.

Let Fd (u) be the desired pattern’ where u=cosθ and θ is the angle from the z axis
along which the current distribution of aperture length L is disposed. Since this is an
iterative procedure, it begins with any pattern which is some approximation to B(u) and
its corresponding source current. This original pattern F(0) (u) can be that of any standard
design or possibly eves an experimental pattern. A series of correction patterns is then
added to the original pattern. If the resulting pattern, called the first-iteration pattern, is
not satisfactory, further iterations may be applied. For the ith iteration, the total pattern
corrections the sum of the correction patterns weighted by correction coefficients as
follows,

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 N
(i)
ΔF (u) = ∑ an (i) G (u – un(i))
n=-N

where an(i) is the correction coefficient and G(u-un(i)) is the correction pattern centred at
and having a value of unity there. The number N is chosen such that the largest number
of corrections (2N + 1 if odd and 2N if even) of all the iterations is accommodated; for
other iterations many of the an(i) coefficients will be zero. The resultant pattern after K
iterations is the sum of the original pattern and all corrections:

K
(K)
F (u) = F (u) + ∑ ΔF(i) (u)
(0)

i=1

For a line source the correction pattern has a corresponding correction current term gn(i)
(s) related to it by
Lλ/2

Gap (u – un (i)) = ∫ gn(i)(s) exp (j2Пus) ds

-Lλ/2

Where ‘s’ is the normalized aperture coordinate z/X and Lλ is the normalized aperture
length L/h.

The ith iteration is for the line source

Δfap(i) (s) =∑ an(i) gn(i) (s)

n =-N

The tota1 current is then the sum of the original and all correction currents and after K
iterations for the line source.

25
 K

fap(K) (s) = fap(0) +∑ Δ fap(i)(s)

i =1

For line sources one of the simplest correction patterns is

Gap (u – un(i)) =sin [Lλ (u – un(i)) П] / [(u – un

(i)
)ПLλ ]

These functions satisfy with Corresponding to this we have

an(i) =Fd (un(i)) – F( = -1) (un(i))

I

A good choice of iterative sample points is the mean va.lue of the previous iterative
sample points or

un(i) = [un(i-1) + un-1(i-1)] /2

With successive iterations the number of iterative sample points is reduced as the pattern
approaches the desired pattern to within acceptable limits, i.e., further corrections are
applied over regions where the pattern error is still unacceptable.

26
3.1 DESIGN PARAMETERS
Woodward-Lawson method:-

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 Input data to be given:-
a) The radiation pattern desired.
b) Number of elements (N).
c) Spacing between the elements (d).
d) Wavelength (λ).
e) Length of the source (l).
 Objectives to be achieved:-
a) Determine the sampling points.
b) Calculate the excitation coefficients.
c) Determine the current distribution.
d) Determine the space factor.
e) Plot the normalized magnitude vs. θ
f) Plot the normalized current vs. θ
Iterative Sampling method:-
 Input data to be given:
a) The radiation pattern desired.
b) Number of elements (N).
c) Spacing between the elements (d).
d) Wavelength (λ).
e) Length of the source (l).
f) Number of iterations (K)
 Objectives to be achieved:-
a) Determine the sampling points.
b) Calculate the excitation coefficients.
c) Calculate the correction coefficients.
d) Calculate the correction patterns.
e) Determine the current distribution
f) Determine the space factor.
g) Plot the normalized magnitude vs. θ

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 h) Plot the normalized current vs. θ

3.2 FLOW CHARTS:

Woodward-Lawson Method:

SPACE FACFOR FLOW CHART:

CURRENT DISTRIBUTION FLOW CHART:

29
ITERATIVE SAMPLING METHOD:

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CURRENT DISTRIBUTION FLOW CHART:

SPACE FACTOR FLOW CHART:

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 SOURCE CODE

4.1 Program for Woodward – Lawson Method:

Current distribution:

clc
clear all;

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close all;

%----------- Parameters ------------

N = input('Enter the value of N --------> ');

N = round(N); % convert to integer

if(mod(N,2) == 0)
M = N/2;
Else
M = (N-1)/2;
end
%M = 5;
lambda= 10;
samples = 'odd'; % possible values can be 'odd' or 'evn'
k = 2*pi/lambda;
if(samples == 'odd')
m = -M : M;

else
m = -M : M;
index = find(m == 0);
m(index) = [];
end
[row, col] = size(m);
bm= [zeros(1,2) ones(1,col-4) zeros(1,2)];

%--------------- Line Source Parameters & Code ----------------

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length = M*lambda;
kk = 1;
j=sqrt(-1);
for z=-length/2:1:length/2
sum = 0;
jj = 1;
[row, col] = size(m);
for ii = 1 : col
mm = m(ii);
yy = cos_theta_m(mm, lambda, length, samples);
sum = sum + (bm(jj)*exp(-j*k*z*yy));
jj = jj + 1;
end
SF(kk) = sum/length;
kk = kk + 1;
end
constant=max(SF)

%---------------------------- Lets plot the results -----------

figure; grid; hold on;

z = -length/2 : 1 : length/2;
plot(z, SF/constant, 'r');
xlabel('source position');
ylabel('Normalized current');
title('current distribution for line source');
%----------------------------------------------------------------

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SPACE FACTOR:

clc
clear all;
close all;

%----------- Parameters ------------

N = input('Enter the value of N --------> ');

N = round(N); % convert to integer

if(mod(N,2) == 0)
M = N/2;
else
M = (N-1)/2;
end
%M = 5;
lambda = 1;
samples = 'odd'; % possible values can be 'odd' or 'evn'
k = 2*pi/lambda;
if(samples == 'odd')
m = -M : M;
else
m = -M : M;
index = find(m == 0);
m(index) = [];
end

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[row, col] = size(m);
bm = [zeros(1,2) ones(1,col-4) zeros(1,2)];

%--------------- Line Source Parameters & Code ----------------

length = M*lambda;

kk = 1;
for theta = 0 : pi/1000 : pi
sum = 0;
jj = 1;
[row, col] = size(m);
for ii = 1 : col
mm = m(ii);
yy = cos_theta_m(mm, lambda, length, samples);
zeta = (k*length/2)*(cos(theta) - yy);
if(zeta == 0)
sum = sum + bm(jj);
else
sum = sum + bm(jj)*sin(zeta)/zeta;
end
jj = jj + 1;
end
SF(kk) = sum;
kk = kk + 1;
end

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%---------------------------- Lets plot the results -----------

figure; grid; hold on;

theta = 0 : pi/1000 : pi;
plot(theta*180/pi, abs(SF), 'r');
xlabel('Observation angle theta (degrees)');
ylabel('Normalized magnitude');
title('Normalized amplitude patterns');
legend('Line-source |SF(theta)| (l=5*lambda)’);

%----------------------------------------------------------------

Function call program:

function y = cos_theta_m(m, lambda, length, samples) % samples can be 'odd' or 'evn'

if(samples == 'odd')
y = m*lambda/length;
else
if(m > 0)
y = (2*m-1)*lambda/(2*length);
else
y = (2*m+1)*lambda/(2*length);
end
end

4.2 Program for Iterative Sampling method:

Current distribution:

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 5. RESULTS

Woodward-Lawson method:
Current distribution:
The total current with finite summation of all samples

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N=30, l=15λ

When N=20, l=10 λ

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Space Factor

For Single composing function:

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N=30, l=10 λ, m=3

N=20, l=5 λ, m=-2

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Total pattern by summing all samples

When N=21,l=10λ

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when N=30, l=15λ

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Iterative sampling method:

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Current distribution:

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6. CONCLUSION

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 The Woodward method reconstructs patterns whose values at the sample
points are identical to the ones of the desired pattern: it does not have any control of the
pattern between the sample points, and it does not yield a pattern with least mean square
deviation. Woodward method is more flexible, and it can be used to synthesize any
desired pattern in fact it can ever be used to reconstruct pattern which, because of their
complicated nature, cannot be expressed analytically. Measured pattern either analog or
digital can be synthesized using Woodward method.

The trade off of side lobe level and ripple with the transition width is
well known. The classical synthesis methods each provide some specific degree of trade
off. However, the iterative sampling method allows the synthesis of a pattern whose
degree of trade off is close to that required by the particular design problem at hand.
Beginning with an origina1 pattern which is a rough approximation to the desired pattern,
one can apply corrections to the regions which require improvement while allowing the
closeness of fit to be relaxed in other regions. The pattern and its corresponding current
distribution are found by summing series of elementary functions.

7. BIBLIOGRAPHY

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1. WARAEN L.STUTZMAN, “Synthesis of Shaped-Beam Radiation Pattern Using the
Iterative Sampling Method” IEEE Trans. Antenna and Propagation, VOL.AP-19, pp.36-
41, January 1971.

2. Antenna Theory and design practice Constantine A.Balanis

3. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiation systems E.C.Jordan and K.G.Balmain

4. Microwave Antenna Theory and Design Samuel Silver

5. Antenna theory and design Stutzman warren.L.

6. Antennas John D.Kraus

7. Antenna design in computer applications David Pozar

8. Antennas and wave propagation G.S.N.Raju

9. Antennas and wave propagation K.D.Prasad

10. Getting started with MATLAB Rudra Pratap

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