TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Week 8 – Solutions
CAPACITY AND LOS
 EXAMPLE 1: UNIFORM DEMAND

• Assume that 50 vehicles were counted during all periods

with an interval of 5 minutes during rush hour. Calculate the
PHF.
 EXAMPLE 1 SOLUTION:

• If during 12 intervals of 5 minutes at rush hour was measured

50 vehicles, then rush hour consists of 600 vehicles/hour = V
• The flow rate, q is equal to:
q = 50 veh (12 intervals at one hour) = 600 veh/h
• PHF = V / q = 600 / 600 = 1.00
 EXAMPLE 2: DEMAND WITH EXTREME PEAK

• Assuming that during 5 minutes, 150 vehicles were measured

and during the rest of the hour some vehicles were not
measured. Calculate the PHF.
 EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION:

• V = 150 veh/h
• The flow rate, q is equal to:
q = 150 veh (12 intervals in an hour) = 1800 veh/h
• PHF = V / q = 150 / 1800 = 0.083
FREEWAY AND HIGHWAY LOS
Example
Determine the typical LOS for a three lanes highways at 7 a.m.
(4000vph) and 10 p.m. (1700vph)
Geometry
• 11 ft. lane width
• Left lateral clearance = 5 ft.
• Right lateral clearance = 4 ft.

Other
• 7 am PHF = 0.95
• 10 pm PHF = 0.99
• 2% trucks
• 3% buses
• Assume BFFS=70mph
• 0.5 interchange per mile
• Assume no RVs and commuters
Example Solution:
Determine FFS
First, assume BFFS is 70 mph for urban freeway.
Then, determine adjustment values.

𝑓𝐿𝑊 = 1.9
𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 0.8

𝑓𝑁 = 3.0
𝑓𝐼𝐷 = 0.0
Determine FFS

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 − 1.9 − 0.8 − 3.0 − 0.0
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 64.3 𝑚𝑝ℎ
Determine Flow Rate (vp) Assume the terrain is Level.

𝐸𝑇 = 1.5
𝐸𝑅 = 1.2
Determine Flow Rate (vp)
1
For 𝑓𝐻𝑉 assume there are 𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 𝑃𝑇 𝐸𝑇 − 1 + 𝑃𝑅 (𝐸𝑅 − 1)
no RV’s.
1
𝑓𝐻𝑉 =
1 + 0.05 1.5 − 1 + 0 (1.2 − 1)

𝑓𝐻𝑉 = 0.9756

For 𝑓𝑃 assume “commuters”, therefore: 𝑓𝑃 = 1.00

𝑉 4000 𝑣𝑝ℎ
Flow Rate 𝑣𝑃 = =
𝑃𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝑓𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑃 0.95 ∗ 3 ∗ 0.9756 ∗ 1
= 𝟏𝟒𝟑𝟖. 𝟔 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒍𝒑𝒉
Determine LOS
Density:

𝑣𝑃
𝐷=
𝑆

1438.6
𝐷=
64.3

𝑝𝑐
𝐷 = 22.4 /𝑙𝑛
𝑚𝑖
 LOS at 7 a.m.:

LOS Criteria for Basic Freeway Segments

“C”
OBS.: Do the same
procedure for LOS
at 10 p.m.

From Highway
Capacity Manual,
2000
LOS EXERCISES
 EXAMPLE 1
• In a future highway is expected a demand of 3,000 veh/h,
where 12% will be trucks, 5% buses and 0% recreational
vehicles.
• Determine the minimum number of lanes needed on the
highway to provide a level of service C, knowing that:
• PHF = 0.80
• The ground is slightly inclined (rolling)
• Design speed = 70 mph
• Lane width = 12 feet
• The road will have appropriate lateral spaces
EXAMPLE 1 SOLUTION
• Service flow
q = V / PHF = (3000 veh / h) / (0.80) = 3750 veh/h
• From Table “A” for ideal flow with service level C for a design speed of
70 mph.
MSFc = 1770 pc/h/ln
• Adjustment factor fw = 1.0 since the line width is 12’ and lateral
obstruction are OK (over 6’)
• To calculate fhv, equation 2 and Table “C” are used:

1
f hv =
1 + PT ( ET − 1) + PR ( ER − 1) + PB ( EB − 1)
 1
f hv = = 0.68
1 + 0.12(4 − 1) + 0(0 − 1) + 0.05(3 − 1)

• Number of lanes N can be calculated applying equation 1:

q = q* . N . f . fhv
p

Then: N = V / (vp . f . fhv)

p

N = 3750 / (1770 x 1.00 x 0.68) = 3.11 lanes

N = 4 lanes
 EXAMPLE 2
• A flat highway has a volume V = 4500 veh/h in 4 lanes of 11
feet per direction.
• The combination of vehicles consists of 75% private cars,
10% trucks, 10% busses y 5% recreational vehicles.
• Obstruction sides are 5 feet to the right and 3 feet to the left
of the roadway.
• If the design speed is 60 mph and the PHF = 0.75
• Calculate the level of service level and the ratio v/c
 EXAMPLE 2 SOLUTION:

• Service flow
q = V / PHF = (4500 veh / h) / (0.75) = 6000 veh/h
• Using equation 2 and Table “C” to calculate fhv
1
f hv = = 0.87
1 + 0.10(1.7 − 1) + 0.05(1.6 − 1) + 0.10(1.5 − 1)

• The average lateral space is (5+3)/2 = 4 feet, lane width of 11

feet and 8 lanes highway (4 lanes per direction). Using Table
“B” obtains that:
fw = 0.94
• Applying equation 1 can calculate the ideal flow q*:
q = q* . N . fw . fhv
Then: q* = q / (N . fw . fhv)
q* = 6000 / (4.0 x 0.94 x 0.87) = 1834 pc/h/ln

• Since the capacity of a highway lane design speed of 60 mph is

2000 pc/h/ln the ratio v/c is equal to:
v / c = 1834 / 2000 = 0.92
• And from the Table “A”, 0.92 in the column of 60 mph is
between 0.84 of the LOS “D” and 1.00 of the LOS “E”; then
Level of Service “E”.
EXERCISE 1: Free-Flow Speed Adjustment

An existing six-lane (3 lanes per direction) freeway in an “urban area” has the following
physical characteristics:

- 11-ft lanes
- 2-ft lateral clearance on outer shoulders
- 1 interchange per mile

Calculate the free-flow speed for this section of freeway.

Solution:

Free-flow speed is estimated by the following equation, which utilizes the tables given. It is
known that for an urban area the base free-flow speed is equal to 70 mph.

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

Where:

𝑓𝐿𝑊 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝟏. 𝟗

𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝟏. 𝟔

𝑓𝑁 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 𝟑. 𝟎

𝑓𝐼𝐷 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝟐. 𝟓

So:

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 − 1.9 − 1.6 − 3.0 − 2.5 = 𝟔𝟏 𝒎𝒑𝒉

EXERCISE 2: LOS and Density

An existing “urban” freeway has the following characteristics:

- 8 lanes (4 lanes per direction)

- Carries a flow of 4000 vph
- 8% trucks and no RV’s
- Level terrain
- Drivers are commuters.
- PHF = 0.95
- 12-foot lane widths
- Interchange density is less than 0.5 per mile
- Obstructions within 4 feet of the outside edges of the freeway

We are interested in determining the existing LOS and density.

Solution:

To determine the existing LOS using the applicable graph or table, we need to calculate (1) the
service flow rate and (2) the adjusted free-flow speed.

1. The service (or passenger-car equivalent) flow rate calculation is as follows:

𝑉
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑃𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝑓𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑃

- V = Hourly peak hour volume (vph) = 4,000

- PHF = Peak hour factor = 0.95
- fHV = heavy vehicle adjustment factor =

1 1
= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟔
1 + 𝑃𝑇 (𝐸𝑇 − 1) + 𝑃𝑅 (𝐸𝑅 − 1) 1 + 0.08(1.5 − 1) + 0

- fP = Driver population factor = 1.0 (drivers are commuters)

- vp = 15-minute passenger-car equivalent flow rate (pcphpl) =

𝑉 4000
= = 𝟏𝟎𝟗𝟓
𝑃𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝑓𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑃 0.95 ∗ 4 ∗ 0.96 ∗ 1
 2. The free-flow speed calculation is as follows:

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

Where:

𝑓𝐿𝑊 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟎

𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟒

𝑓𝑁 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 𝟏. 𝟓

𝑓𝐼𝐷 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝟎. 𝟎

So:

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 − 0.0 − 0.4 − 1.5 − 0.0 = 𝟔𝟖. 𝟏 𝒎𝒑𝒉

We the draw the free-flow speed curve of 68.1 mph on the graph as shown below.

68.1

1095
At the flow rate of 1095 pcphpl, the LOS is B. Density is calculated as:
𝑣𝑝
𝐷=
𝑆
Where:

Vp = flow rate (pcphpl) = 1095

S = average passenger-car speed (mph) = 68.1

D = density (pc/mi/ln) =
𝑣𝑝 1095
𝐷= = = 𝟏𝟔. 𝟎𝟖 𝒑𝒄/ 𝒎𝒊⁄𝒍𝒏
𝑆 68.1
Exercise 3: Level of Service

A new 1-1/2 mile section of freeway is going to be built in an “urban area” with the following
characteristics:

- 5% grade
- 1.5 interchanges per mile
- Traffic volume of 3080 vehicles per hour
- 5% trucks, no buses and no RV’s
- Estimated peak hour factor is 0.95
- Full shoulders
- Level terrain
- Drivers are commuters
- 12-foot-wide lanes

How many lanes will be required to provide LOS C?

Solution:

First, we find a new equation for “N” (number of lanes) from the following equation:
𝑉
𝑣𝑝 =
𝑃𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑁 ∗ 𝑓𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑃

So:
𝑉
𝑁=
𝑃𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑣𝑝 ∗ 𝑓𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑃

Where:

- V = Hourly volume (vph) = 3080

- PHF = Peak hour factor = 0.95
- fP = driver population factor = 1.0 (for commuter traffic)
- fHV = heavy-vehicle adjustment factor =

1 1
= = 𝟎. 𝟗𝟖
1 + 𝑃𝑇 (𝐸𝑇 − 1) + 𝑃𝑅 (𝐸𝑅 − 1) 1 + 0.05(1.5 − 1) + 0
The value for “vp” can be interpolated from the table or the graph given, after we’ve adjusted
the free-flow speed.

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

Where:

𝑓𝐿𝑊 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = 𝟎. 𝟎

𝑓𝐿𝐶 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑟𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝑠ℎ𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝟎. 𝟎

𝑓𝑁 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 𝟑. 𝟎 (We’ll assume 3 lanes to begin with and
come back to check to see if it agrees with our final solution)
𝑓𝐼𝐷 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 = 𝟓. 𝟎

So:

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷

𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 − 0.0 − 0.0 − 3.0 − 5.0 = 𝟔𝟐 𝒎𝒑𝒉

The maximum service flow rate (vp) for LOS C at a free-flow speed of 62 mph is 1680 pcphpl.

Maximum FFS

Therefore:
𝑉 3080
𝑁= = = 1.97 ≈ 𝟐 𝒍𝒂𝒏𝒆𝒔
𝑃𝐻𝐹 ∗ 𝑣𝑝 ∗ 𝑓𝐻𝑉 ∗ 𝑓𝑃 0.95 ∗ 1680 ∗ 0.98 ∗ 1.0
Checking the free-flow speed, we need to change the value for “fN” (adjustment for number of
lanes):

𝑓𝑁 = 𝑎𝑑𝑗𝑢𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒𝑠 = 𝟒. 𝟓

So:
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 𝐵𝐹𝐹𝑆 − 𝑓𝐿𝑊 − 𝑓𝐿𝐶 − 𝑓𝑁 − 𝑓𝐼𝐷
𝐹𝐹𝑆 = 70 − 0.0 − 0.0 − 4.5 − 5.0 = 𝟔𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎𝒑𝒉

And:
3080
𝑣𝑝 = = 𝟏𝟔𝟓𝟒 𝒑𝒄𝒑𝒉𝒑𝒍
0.95 ∗ 2 ∗ 0.98 ∗ 1

According to tables, the LOS is C. From this way, we have confirmed that it is necessary to have
2 lanes (per direction)
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Week 10 – Solutions
 GRAVITY MODEL – EXAMPLE WITH CALIBRATION
• A project is going to attract trips from three
surrounding areas
• The site will receive 1,524 trips during its morning
peak hour and all are coming from the three
areas Zone 3
(7,500 people)
• According to the given data, calculate the number
of trips to each zone
Zone 2
(4,500 people)

tv1= travel time

Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
 GRAVITY MODEL - EXAMPLE
A j F (t ) ij
3000viajes 12 Tij = Pi
TR1 = 1524 = 249viajes n
(3000viajes 12) + (4500 16) + (7500 15)  A F (t )
j =1
j ij

4500viajes 16
TR 2 = 1524 = 498viajes
(3000viajes 12) + (4500 16) + (7500 15)
Zone 3
(7,500 people)
7500viajes 15
TR 3 = 1524 = 777viajes
(3000viajes 12) + (4500 16) + (7500 15)

ANY PROBLEMS WITH Zone 2

THESE SOLUTION?? (4,500 people)

tv1= travel time

Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
 GRAVITY MODEL - EXAMPLE
A j F (t ) ij
3000viajes 12 Tij = Pi
TR1 = 1524 = 425viajes n
(3000viajes 12) + (3000 16) + (3000 15)  A F (t )
j =1
j ij

3000viajes 16
TR 2 = 1524 = 567viajes
(3000viajes 12) + (3000 16) + (3000 15)
Zone 3
(3,000 people)
3000viajes 15
TR 3 = 1524 = 532viajes
(3000viajes 12) + (3000 16) + (3000 15)

DOES IT MAKE SENSE??? Zone 2

(3,000 people)

tv1= travel time

Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
F =G
M 1M 2 MODEL CALIBRATION
d2
T = Pi Ai Fij K ij
Pi Ai
T =k
Wc DOES IT MAKE SENSE???
asumir q c = 1 Zone 3
Total Zona 1 Zona 2 Zona 3 (7,500 people)
 1524x3000 1524x 4500 1524x7500 
1524 = k  + + 
 12 16 15 
k = 0.0009697
Zone 2
(4,500 people)
Zona 1 = 369
Zona 2 = 416
tv1= travel time
Zona 3 = 739
Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
MODEL CALIBRATION

Total Zona 1 Zona 2 Zona 3

 1524x3000 1524x3000 1524x3000 
1524 = k  + + 
 12 16 15  Zone 3
k = 0.001569 (3,000 people)

Zona 1 = 598
Zona 2 = 448
Zona 3 = 478 Zone 2
(3,000 people)

tv1= travel time

Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
 MODEL CALIBRATION
M 1M 2
F =G
d2 Now it makes sense, the only problem is how
T = Pi Ai Fij K ij to justify c = 1
Pi Ai We are saying that the traffic is ONLY
T =k
Wc influence by the inverse of time
asumir q c = 1 Zone 3
Total Zona 1 Zona 2 Zona 3 (7,500 people)
 1524x3000 1524x 4500 1524x7500 
1524 = k  + + 
 12 16 15 
k = 0.0009697
Zone 2
(4,500 people)
Zona 1 = 369
Zona 2 = 416
tv1= travel time
Zona 3 = 739
Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
MODEL CALIBRATION
Total Zona 1 Zona 2 Zona 3
 3000 4500 7500 
1031.25 =  + + 
 12 16 15 
3000/12 = 250
Zone 3
4500/16 = 281.25 (7,500 people)
7500/12 = 500

Zona 1 = 369
Zona 2 = 416 Zone 2
Zona 3 = 739 (4,500 people)

tv1= travel time

Zone 1
tv1= 12
SITE
(3,000 people)
 EXERCISE
• The production and attractiveness ratios of four zones in a city have been estimated and are
shown below:
Zone Production Atractiveness
1 1500 0
2 0 3
3 2600 2
4 0 5
• When calibrating the gravity model, the “c” constant of the W function (Fij = W-c) came up to
be equal to 2.0 and all the Kij=1.
• Apply the gravity model to calculate all the Tij trips using the interzone impedance values Wij
shown next
I–J 1 2 3 4
1 5 10 15 20
2 10 5 10 15
3 15 10 5 10
4 20 15 10 5
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING

Week 11 – Solutions
Example
Consider a simple transportation network that has one origin and
one destination and two links/paths that provide access from the
origin to the destination. One link is 7.5 miles long and has a
capacity of 4000 vehicles per hour and a speed limit of 55 miles
per hour. The other link is 5 miles long and has a capacity of
2000 vehicles per hour and a speed limit of 35 miles per hour.
Assuming that 5000 drivers wish to make the trip from the origin
to the destination, find the loaded network?
 All or nothing assignment
Link 1
Capacity: 4000 vehicles; Speed = 55 mph; Distance = 7.5 miles
Free-flow travel time = 7.5/55 = 8.18 minutes V1 6.8677
t = t01[1 + 1.1492( ) ]
C1
Link 1 Dest.
origin
V1 5.5226
Link 2 t = t01[1 + 1.03( ) ]
C1
Link 2
Capacity: 2000 vehicles; Speed = 35 mph; Distance = 5 miles
Free-flow travel time = 5/35 = 8.57 minutes

All-or-nothing suggests that link 1 is the shortest path from origin to

destination and will be assigned with all 5000 vehicles and link 2 will be
assigned 0 vehicles
 Link 1
Incremental assignment
Capacity: 4000 vehicles; Speed = 55 mph; Distance = 7.5 miles V1 6.8677
Free-flow travel time = 7.5/55 = 8.18 minutes t = t01[1 + 1.1492( ) ]
C1
Link 1 Dest.
origin
V1 5.5226
Link 2 t = t01[1 + 1.03( ) ]
Link 2 C1
Capacity: 2000 vehicles; Speed = 35 mph; Distance = 5 miles
Free-flow travel time = 5/35 = 8.57 minutes

Let us first assign 1000 vehicles to link 1 and 1000 6.8677

t = 8.18[1 + 1.1492( ) ] = 8.18
then update link travel time, which will be: 4000
The next 1000 vehicles will still be assigned to link 1, which
gives a travel time of 8.26. The next 1000 vehicles will still be
assigned to link 1, which results in 9.48 min. Thus, link 2 now t = 8.57[1 + 1.03( 1000 )5.5226] = 17.39
becomes the shortest path, and therefore, the next 1000 2000
vehicles to link 2, which gives 8.76 min. Thus, the last 1000
vehicles will be loaded on link 2, which will give a travel time of:
Example: do all-or-nothing and incremental assignment
Link 1 2 Link 4
4
1 Link 3
Link 2 3 Link 5

From\to 1 2 3 4
1 0 100 100 100 Observed O-D flow
2 0 0 50 50
Vl
3 0 0 0 100 tl = t0 /[1 − ]
4 0 0 0 0 Cl
Link characteristics
link 1 2 3 4 5
t0l 10 15 3 5 4
Cl 300 500 150 200 200