WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

WATER RESOURCES
ENGINEERING
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

SOURCES OF WATER
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

Surface water is the easiest water to understand

because we see it everyday.

▪ It is any water that travels or is stored on top of the

ground. This would be the water that is in rivers, lakes,
streams, reservoirs, even the oceans—even though we
can’t drink salt water.
▪ Surface water is treated before it becomes drinking
water. This is done because things like leaves, fish,
animal droppings, and boat fuel can easily get into
lakes, streams, and rivers.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

2. Ground water. Any water that is underground is

groundwater.
- Groundwater stays cleaner than water on the
surface.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

● PROBLEMS REGARDING GROUNDWATER

When farmers use fertilizers and insecticides, rain will wash them into the
soil where they get into groundwater.
Gas stations have big, underground tanks where they keep the gas. If these
leak, the gas sinks into the groundwater, too.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

DEMAND FOR WATER

Demand management is the purposeful and beneficial

manipulation of the level and timing of water usage.

▪ People's demand for water has never been as great as it

is today due to population growth and mobility, rising living
standards, changes in food consumption and increased
energy production, especially biofuels.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

▪ Population growth has put agriculture by far the greatest consumer of

water, accounting for 70 percent of all water consumption, compared with 20
percent for industry and 10 percent for domestic use. The report said water
demand for agriculture worldwide would increase by 70 percent to 90
percent by 2050.

▪ Another reason for increasing water demand is changes in lifestyles and

eating habits in recent years, in particular an increase in the share of meat
and dairy products consumed in emerging countries. The production of a
kilo of wheat requires 800 to 4,000 liters of water, while a kilo of beef takes
2,000 to 16, 000 liters.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

▪ Demand management involves measures that promote the

efficient use of water, including load management and load
reduction or conservation.
 WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING

▪ Conservation can forestall future supply-capacity needs; it

can be implemented on the supply side as well as the
demand side; and it can consist of both temporary measures
used during emergencies and permanent measures used to
improve long- term efficiency.
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERING
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

●Elements of water supply

▪Source of supply
▪Storage
▪Transmission
▪Treatment
▪Transmission and storage
▪Distribution
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

The material in this chapter is represented in three parts:

▪ Water uses and quantities

▪ Water characteristics and quality
▪ Water distribution
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● WATER USES AND QUANTITY

Water varies from city to city depending on the climate,

characteristic of the environment concern, population and other factors.
In a given city, water use also varies from season to season, day to
day and hour to hour. Thus in the planning of the water supply system, the
probable water use and its variation must be estimated as accurately as
possible.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● Water uses

An average of about 416 billion gallons (1.6x10⁹m^3) of water was

withdrawn daily from the surface and underground sources in the United
States. Municipal and industrial use accounted for 66% of total.
Much of the water that is withdrawn is returned into surface to
surface stream in the form of waste water or irrigation returns. Actual
assumption of water by evapotranspiration or by incorporation in an
industrial product is much less than the withdrawal.
Municipal and Industrial water consumption accounts for only about
18% of the total consumptive use.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● MUNICIPAL USES OF WATER AND INDUSTRIAL USE

Municipal uses of water maybe divided into various categories:

a. Domestic use- water which is use in private residences,

apartment houses, etc., for drinking, bathing and lawn sprinkling
and sanitary and other purposes.

b. Commercial and industrial use- water is use for commercial

establishment and industries
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

c. Public uses- include the water require use in park civic building,
schools, hospital and street washing etc.

d. Loss and waste- water that leaks on the system, meter slippage,
unauthorized connection and other uncounted-for water.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

I. FACTORS AFFECTING WATER USE

a. Climate- more water is used in warm dry climate than in humid climate
for bathing and lawn watering. In extremely cold climate, water maybe
washed at faucets to prevent freezing.

b. Characteristic of population- water use is influenced by the economic

status of the customers. The per capita use of water is much lower in poor
areas than in wealthy areas.

c. Environmental concern- increase public concerns about excessive use

of resources have led the development of devices that can be employed to
reduce the quality of water used in residences.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

d. Industry and commerce- the actual amount depends on the extend of

the manufacturing and the type of the industry.

e. Water rate and metering- customers whose water supply is metered are
more likely to repair leaks and use water with discretion.

f. Size of city- the difference result from greater industrial use more parks
greater commercial use, and perhaps more loss and waste in large cities.

g. Need for water conservation- drought condition have forced the

residence of affected community to reduce water use voluntarily, and in
some cases the agency responsible for providing water has had to ration the
available supply.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

II. Estimate of water use- the first step in the design of water supply
system.

III. Fluctuation in water use- in mid winter the average daily use is usually
about 20% lower than the annual daily average.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● WATER CHARACTERISTICS AND QUALITY

▪ Pure water is a tasteless, colorless, and odorless liquid

made up of hydrogen and oxygen with a chemical formula
of H2O.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● WATER QUALITY AND WATER QUALITY STANDARDS

▪ The quality of the water is assessed in terms of its physical, chemical and
biological impurities, the quality will depend on the previous history of the
water. To establish the quality of the water or to compare water with other, it
is necessary to define the basis of the comparison that is to be made. The
basis is defined in terms of the quality requirements for a specific beneficial
use to which the water is to be put.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

Principal Beneficial uses of water and typical water

QUALITY PARAMETERS
1. Public water supply
2. Water contact recreation
3. Fish propagation and wildlife
4. Industrial water supply
5. Agricultural water supply
6. Shellfish harvesting
7. Navigation
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● WATER-DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
▪ Extensive distribution systems are needed to deliver water to individual
consumers in the required quantity and under a satisfactory pressure. The
distribution system is often the major investment of municipal waterworks.
1. Types of water distribution system- this requires a reservoir at a
sufficient elevation above the city so that the water can reach any part of the
distribution system with adequate pressure.
a. Single- main system- a single main serves both sides of a
street.
b. Double-main system- main oneach side of the street.

2. Pressure requirement in water-distribution system

 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

3. Distribution Reservoir- use to provide storage to meet fluctuation in use

to provide storage for fire-fighting use and to stabilize pressure in the
distribution system.

4. Design of water distribution- requires a detailed map of the city,

contours and location of present and future streets and lots are identified.
a. Valves
Air- relief valve should be provided at summits and drain valve
should be provides at low points. Other valves should be not be
more than one quarter mile (.4 km)
b. Hydrant
Fire should not be more than 500 ft apart to provide excessive head
loss in small-diameters fire host.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

5. Cross connection- occurs when the drinking water supply is connected

to some source of population.

6. Construction and Maintenance of Water Distribution System.

7. Pumping required for water supply system- pumps are required to

deliver water from wells and in most communities the topography is such the
water must be lifted to distribution reservoir and elevated tanks.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

● DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPAL WATER SUPPLY WATER SYSTEM

1. Planning requirement- the design of complete water system is the

exception rather than the rule.
Usually the work consists of an extension or improvement
of existing facilities rather than design of a completely new project.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

2. Planning steps
a. Obtain data on, or estimate the future population of the community, and
study local condition to determine the quantity of water that must be
provided.

b. Locate one or more sources of water of adequate quality.

c. Provide with the necessary storage of water, and design the works
required to design the works required to deliver the water from its source to
the community.

d. Determined the physical, chemical and biological characteristics – quality

requirement.
 WATER SUPPLY SYSTEM

e. Design any water- treatment facilities that may be necessary to meet

water- quality requirement.

f. Plan and design the distribution system, including distribution reservoir,

pumping station, elevated storage, layout and size of mains, and location of
fire hydrants.

g. Provide for the establishment of an organization that will maintain and

operate the supply, distribution, and treatment facilities.