Metode Density

1. ISO 6883:2017 - Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of conventional mass per
volume (litre weight in air)
Method for the determination of the conventional mass per volume (“litre weight in air”) of animal
and vegetable fats and oils (here in after referred to as fats) in order to convert volume to mass or
mass to volume. The procedure is applicable to fats only when they are in a liquid state. Milk and
milk products (or fat coming from milk and milk products) are excluded from the scope of this
document.
Conventional mass per volume litre weight in air : quotient of the mass in air of fat to its volume at
a given temperature (expressed in kilograms per litre (numerically equal to grams per millilitre))
Principle : The mass of a volume of liquid fat in a calibrated pyknometer is measured at a specified
temperature
Procedure :
Calibration of pyknometer
Determination
General
Fats which are solid at ambient temperatures
Using the Jaulmes pyknometer

Using the Gay-Lussac pyknometer

 ISO 5725-1, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 1:
General principles and definitions
 ISO 5725-2, Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results — Part 2:
Basic method for the determination of repeatability and reproducibility of a standard
measurement method
2. ISO 18301:2014 - Animal and vegetable fats and oils — Determination of conventional mass per
volume (litre weight in air) — Oscillating U-tube method
The conventional mass per volume (“litre weight in air”, sometimes called “apparent density” or
“conventional density”) is an important parameter for the shipping of oils and fats. It is used to
convert the dipped volume of oil in a tank into the mass of oil in the tank and is thus usually
measured at loading and discharge of a ship. The manual method (see ISO 6883) uses a pyknometer,
a method which requires a skilled technician to perform it correctly. The automatic method is
simpler to carry out and temperature control might also be easier.

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination of the conventional mass per
volume of vegetable and animal oils and fats within the range of 0,800 kg/l to 1,000 kg/l which are in
a single-phase liquid state at the test temperature. This method is not intended for use in calibrating
online density meters

This method is not intended for use in calibrating online density meters.

Conventional mass per volume litre weight in air : mass of the substance, divided by its volume,
measured in air (Mass is expressed in kilograms per litre while volume is expressed in litres).

Calibration : set of operations that establishes the relationship between the reference “litre weight
in air” of standards and the corresponding “litre weight in air” reading of the instrument.

Principle
A small portion (typically 1 ml) of the test sample is introduced into a temperature-controlled
sample cell. The oscillation frequency is noted and the “litre weight” of the test sample is calculated
using cell constants previously determined by measuring the oscillation frequencies when the cell is
filled with calibration media of known litre weight.

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3. ASTM D 4052 - 95 - Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Liquids by Digital
Density Meter
This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of petroleum distillates
and viscous oils that can be handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15
and 35°C. Its application is restricted to liquids with vapor pressures below 600 mm Hg (80 kPa) and
viscosities below about 15000 cSt (mm2/s) at the temperature of test (units of measure for density
are grams per millilitre or kilograms per cubic metre).

 Density : mass per unit volume at a specified temperature

 Relative density : the ratio of the density of a material at a stated temperature to the
density of water at a stated temperature

Principle : A small volume (approximately 0.7 mL) of liquid sample is introduced into an oscillating
sample tube and the change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube is
used in conjunction with calibration data to determine the density of the sample.

Significance and Use

 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other
properties to characterize both the light and heavy fractions of petroleum and petroleum
products.
 Determination of the density or relative density of petroleum and its products is necessary
for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes at the standard temperature of 15°C

4. ASTM D 5002 – 99 - Standard Test Method for Density and Relative Density of Crude Oils by Digital
Density Analyzer

This test method covers the determination of the density or relative density of crude oils that can be
handled in a normal fashion as liquids at test temperatures between 15 and 35°C. This test method
applies to crude oils with high vapor pressures provided appropriate precautions are taken to
prevent vapor loss during transfer of the sample to the density analyzer.

Principle : Approximately 0.7 mL of crude oil sample is introduced into an oscillating sample tube
and the change in oscillating frequency caused by the change in the mass of the tube is used in
conjunction with calibration data to determine the density of the sample.

Significance and Use

 Density is a fundamental physical property that can be used in conjunction with other
properties to characterize the quality of crude oils.
 The density or relative density of crude oils is used for the conversion of measured volumes
to volumes at the standard temperatures of 15°C or 60°F and for the conversion of crude
mass measurements into volume units.
 The application of the density result obtained from this test method, for fiscal or custody
transfer accounting calculations, can require measurements of the water and sediment
contents obtained on similar specimens of the crude oil parcel.
5. ISO 12185:1996 - Crude Petroleum and Petroleum products - Determination of density -
Oscillating U-tube method

This International Standard specifies a method for the determination, using an oscillating U-tube
density meter, of the density of crude Petroleum and related products within the range 600 kg/m3
to 1 100 kg/m3 which tan be handled as Single-Phase liquids at the test temperature and pressure.
This International Standard is applicable to liquids of any vapour pressure as long as suitable
precautions are taken to ensure that they remain in Single Phase with no loss of light ends and
subsequent changes in composition and density during both the Sample handling and the density
determination.

Principle : A small (typically less than 1 ml) Portion of the test Sample is introduced into a
temperature-controlled Sample cell. The oscillation frequency is noted, and the density of the test
Sample calculated using cell constants previously determined by measuring the oscillation
frequencies when the cell is filled with calibration fluids of known density.

6. ASTM D 1298 – 99 - Standard Test Method for Density, Relative Density (Specific Gravity), or API
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by Hydrometer Method

This test method covers the laboratory determination using a glass hydrometer, of the density,
relative density (specific gravity), or API gravity of crude petroleum, petroleum products, or mixtures
of petroleum and nonpetroleum products normally handled as liquids, and having a Reid vapor
pressure of 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) or less. Values are measured on a hydrometer at either the
reference temperature or at another convenient temperature, and readings corrected to the
reference temperature by means of the Petroleum Measurement Tables; values obtained at other
than the reference temperature being hydrometer readings and not density measurements.

Principle : The sample is brought to a specified temperature and a test portion is transferred to a
hydrometer cylinder that has been brought to approximately the same temperature. The
appropriate hydrometer, also at a similar temperature, is lowered into the test portion and allowed
to settle. After temperature equilibrium has been reached, the hydrometer scale is read, and the
temperature of the test portion is taken. The observed hydrometer reading is reduced to the
reference temperature by means of the Petroleum Measurement Tables. If necessary, the
hydrometer cylinder and its contents are placed in a constant temperature bath to avoid excessive
temperature variation during the test.

Significance and Use

 Accurate determination of the density, relative density (specific gravity), or API gravity of
petroleum and its products is necessary for the conversion of measured volumes to volumes
or masses, or both, at the standard reference temperatures during custody transfer.
 This test method is most suitable for determining the density, relative density (specific
gravity), or API gravity of low viscosity transparent liquids. This test method can also be used
for viscous liquids by allowing sufficient time for the hydrometer to reach equilibrium, and
for opaque liquids by employing a suitable meniscus correction.
  When used in connection with bulk oil measurements, volume correction errors are
minimized by observing the hydrometer reading at a temperature close to that of the bulk
oil temperature.
 Density, relative density (specific gravity), or API gravity is a factor governing the quality and
pricing of crude petroleum. However, this property of petroleum is an uncertain indication
of its quality unless correlated with other properties.
 Density is an important quality indicator for automotive, aviation and marine fuels, where it
affects storage, handling and combustion.

Hydrometer
7. AOAC official method 985.19 : 2012 – Apparent weight per unit volume and Spesific Gravity of
Fats and Oils

Principle : Weight of given volume of liquid fat at desired temperature is determined in pcynometer
previously calibrated at same temperature.

8. AOCS official method Cc 10a-25 : 2003 – Spesific Gravity of Oils and Liquid Fats

Definition : This method determines the ratio of the weight of a unit volume of the sample at 25 0C
to the weight of a unit volume of water at 25 0C. Applicable for all oils and liquid fats.

Pcynometer:

9. AOCS official method Cc 10c-95 : 2003 – Determination of Mass per Unit Volume (“Liter Weight”)
in Air of Oils and Fats.

Definition : This method determines the mass per unit volume (“liter weight”) of oils and fats in
order to convert volume to mass or mass to volume, and involve the measurement of the mass, at
the required temperature of a volume of the oil or fat contained in a pycnomeeter that has been
calibrated at the same temperature. The mass per unit volume (“liter weight”) of oils and fats is
defined as the ratio of the mass of the oil or fat to its volume at a given temperature and is
expressed in grams per milliliter (g/mL) atau kilogram per liter (Kg/L).