'.

~mannesm'a;;'~
• Rexroth

Basic Principles and Components of

Fluid Technology
The Hydraulic Trainer. Volume 1

I Rexroth Hydraulics
 ~W@[J@llliJ~D©@ u[J@lDmJ®IT
W@~lliJm® ~

Basic Principles and

Components of
Fluid Technology
Instruction and Information
on the
Basic Principles and Components of Fluid Technology

Authors
H. Exner· R. Freitag· Dr.-Ing. H. Geis • R. Lang. J. Oppolzer
P. Schwab· E. Sumpf
U.Ostendorff
Hydromatik GmbH, Ulm
M. Reik
HYDAC GmbH, Sulzbach

Editor
RudiA.Lang
Mannesmann Rexroth GmbH
 Issued by MannesmannRexrolhAG
0-97813lohla MaIO
JahnslraBe3·5·0·97816lohraMain
Telefon +49/09352118-0
Telefax +49109352118·3972
Telex 689418n'd

Printed by SChIeunungdflKl:: GmbH

Utertstra8e27
0·97828 Marktheidenfeld am Main

lithography MaIOTeam Chemtegraphlsme GmbH

Goldbachelstla6e 14
0-63739 Aschatlenburg

Photographs and Diagrams 8rueninghaus Hydromatlk GmbH, Horb and Elchmgen

HYDAC GmbH, Sulzbach
Mannesmann Rexroth AG, lohr a. Main

Issue RE 00 301/1978 {lSI issue, 1978}

RE 00 290110.91 (2nd issue, 1991)

IS8N 3·8023·0266-4

C 1991 by Mannesmann ReXlothAG

All rights reserved-subjecl to revision.
Preface

Hydraulics is a relatively new technology used in power transmission, which may be adapted to
market requirements.

The use of hydraulic drives, as well as hydraulic open loop and closed loop control systems has
gained in importance in the field of automation. Nowadays, it is unusual to find an automatic pro-
duction procedure which does not use hydraulic components.

However, in spite of the wide range of applications, there are still many more to be found. Hence,
manufacturers are expanding their experience by referring to literature and attending training
courses.

This manual Basic Principles and Components of Hydraulics (from the series The Hydraulics
Trainer) should aid you in gaining knowledge of hydraulics systems. It is not only intended to be
used as a training text, but also as an aid to the hydraulics system operator.

This trainer deals with the basic principles and functions of hydraulic components. Relationships
between functions are clarified by means of numerous tables, illustrations and diagrams. This
manual is therefore an invaluable reference aid for everyday work.

This manual is the result of collective work by a group of authors, to whom we are most grateful.
We would also like to thank Mr Rudi A. Lang, who acted as project manager and editor. In addi-
tion, Mr Herbert Wittholz must be thanked for his careful proofreading of the chapter on basic
principles and also for his many useful comments.

Mannesmann Rexroth GmbH

Lohr a. Main
Contents

Preface...

Contents 5

Chapter 1

Basic Principles
Rudi A. Lang

1 Introduction... . 23
1.1 Fluid technology... . 23
1.2 Hydro-mechanics 23
1.2.1 Hydrcrstatics..... . 23
1.2.2 Hydro-kinetics... . 24
1.3 Types of energy ',ar15'e" (cho;"e) 24
1. Parameters, symbols, units...•, <,
2 Physics terms... . 26
2.1 Mass, force, pressure..... . 26
2.1.1 Mass... . 26
2.1.2 Force... . 26
2.1.3 Pressure... . 26
2.2 energy, power..... . 27
2.2.1
2.2.2 Energy... . 27
2.2.3 Power.... . 28
2.3 Velocity, acceleration 28
2.3.1 Velocity 28
2.3.2 Acceleration 28
2.4 Hydro-mechanics 28
2.4.1 Hydro·statics.... . 28
2.4.2 Pressure... . 28
2.4.2.1 Pressure due to external forces 29
2.4.2.2 Force transmission 29
2.4.2.3 Pressure transmission 30
2.4.3 Hydro-kinetics... . 30
2.4.3.1 Flow law.... .. 30
2.4.3.2 Law of conservation of energy... .. .. 31
2.4.3.3 Friction and pressure losses... . 31
2.4.3.4 Types of flow... . 32
3 Hydraulic systems... . 33
3.1 Important characteristics of hydraulic systems... . 33
3.2 Design 01 a hydraulic system 33
3.2.1 Energy conversion... . 33
3.2.2 Control of energy...... .. 33
3.2.3 Transport of energy 33
3.2.4 Further information... . 33
3.3 Design of a simple hydraulic system... .. 34
 Chapter 2

Symbols to DIN ISO 1219

Rudi A. Lang

1 Basic symbols I function symbols I operational modes... . ...,... . 39

2 Energy transfer and storage... . 42
2.1 Hydraulic pumps and motors... . 42
2.2 Hydraulic cylinders... . 42
2.3 Accumulators.... . 42
3 Open and closed loop control of energy... . 43
3.' Directional valves/continuously variable valves (modulating valves}... . 43
3.2 Check valveslisolaling valves... .. . . .. . 43
3.3 Pressure control valves... . 44
3.4 Flow control valves... . 44
3.5 2-way cartridge valves (logic elements)... . 44
4 Fluid storage and preparation... . 45
5 Measuring devices and indicators..... . 45

Chapter 3

Hydraulic Fluids
.....Eberhard Sumpf

1 Introduction... . 47
2 Fluid requirements... . 48
2.1 Lubrication and anti·wear characteristics... .. .48
2.2 Viscosity... . . 49
2.3 Viscosity index... . 49
2.4 Behaviour of viscosity with respect to pressure .. . 49
2.5 Compatibility with different materials... . 49
2.6 Stability against shearing... . . 49
2.7 Stability against thermal loads... . 49
2.8 Stability against oxidation... . 49
2.9 Low compressibility... . 50
2.10 Little expansion due to temperature... . 50
2.11 Little formation of foam.... . . 50
2.12 Low intake of air and good release of air... .. 50
2.13 High boiling point and low steam pressure... .. 50
2.14 High density...... . 50
2.15 Good thermal conductivity... . 51
2.16 Good di-electric (non-conducting) characteristics... . 51
2.17 Non-hygroscopic... .. . 51
2.18 Fire-resistant - does not burn... . 51
2.19 Non-toxic as a fluid, as vapour and after decomposition 51
2.20 Good protection against corrosion... . 51
2.21 No formation of sticky substances... . 51
2.22 Good filtration capability.... . 51
2.23 Compatible and exchangeable with other fluids..... . 52
2.24 Formation of silt... 52
2.25 User-friendly servicing... . . 52
2.26 Eccologically acceptable... . 52
2.27 Cost and availability... . . 52
3 Summary of common fluids... . 53
4 Example of selection of suitable hydraulic components 54