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Introduction
D. M. R. C. is an active face of multy mode Mass Rapid Transport System
[MRTS] for Delhi, which is launched with a view to reduce the traffic
congestion and to make the transportation easy and comfortable for Delhi‟s
commuters.
Such a system for Delhi had long been under consideration. The first concrete step
in this direction was however, taken when a feasible study for developing such a
multy modal MRTS system was commissioned by Govt. of National Capital
Territory of Delhi [GNCTD] with support from Govt. of India [GOI] in 1989 and
completed by rites in 1991. It was recommended predominantly a200 km rail based
network, report was completed by RITES during 1995.
The first phase of the project comprsing of 62.06kms [in three lines including
elevated {RC}, at grade and under ground {MC}] has been completed in 2005
phase is in progress.
Details of Phase-I
Line U/G Elevated At Grade Total
Stations
Length
Awards won
System Design
The essential parts of the clock systems are:
1. Master clock
2. Sub Master clock
3. Digital clocks, Analog clocks and equipments (like PIDS
and PAS)
Master Clock
It is installed in the OCC. Its characteristics are:
1. The digital clock LUMEX-19 are digital and indicate time in hours and minutes
by 190mmhigh digit of red LEDs. Time is displayed in 12 or 24-hour format, via
display switch setting. These clocks are intended for the operation by hard-wired
time code (TC).
4. All clocks shall be connected via pair cables to sub master clocks
5. In case of power failures the display is turned OFF. The internal clock continues to
keep correct time for at least 48 hours with the help of built-in rechargeable
battery. After the power failure, the display is turned on and correct time is shown.
Time Synchronization
1. GPS-Master Clock
The GPS receives correct UTC time from the GPS satellite. The time information is
sent to the master clock once a minute. The master clock receives the time information,
performs some checks and then synchronizes the internal clocks. It takes about ten
minutes for the master clock to synchronize.
Operational Reliability
To ensure a dependable and stable function of the master clock
system and to make the availability as high as possible, even
during break down conditions, several fault tolerant functions
are used. They are as follows:
1. In case of interruption of the GPS continue to operate
autonomously and as so on as the synchronization signal is
restored, master clock synchronization signal, the master clock
will read just itself fully.
The remote site equipment also includes transmit and receive antennas, GPS
antenna, -48v power supply and the telephone company supplied x.21 line
termination equipment.
Various EBTS configurations are available to meet the channel requirements for
each site and provide from 4 to 28 logical channels.
The EBTS can be configured with up to seven base Radios (BRs), each of which
provides four logical channels.
The EBTS can be configured with up to seven Base Radios (BRs), each of which
provides four logical channels. An EBTS with up to four BRs is supplied in a single
2m 19'' cabinet and an EBTS with 5-7 BRs is supplied in two 2m19" cabinets.
The EBTS has remote software download capabilities and is remotely managed via
the Zone manager. Local configuration and programming of the EBTS is
accomplished using the TETRA EBTS service software (TESS).
EBTS components
The EBTS is comprised of one or two equipment cabinets, depending on how many
BRs are required. Each equipment cabinet contains base radio and RF distribution
equipment. There is one site controller and one EAS per EBTS and these are
contained in the prime cabinet. The equipment cabinet is a self –contained 1.9metre
cabinet that e contains the various equipment modules.
Breaker panel
Junction panel(top of cabinet )
Cavity combiner
Receiver multicoupler (RMC) and preselector trays
Environmental Alarm system (EAS)
Site Controller
Base Radio (1 to 4)
The site controller and Base Radio are interconnected via an Ethernet local
Area Network (LAN).the site controller also provides the communication interface
between the master site and the EBTS via a .21 link.
BREAKER PANEL
The Breaker Panel is mounted in the upper most location of the equipment
cabinet. This is the central location for power distribution and overload protection
of the equipment cabinet.
Each circuit breaker is dedicated to a single module within the equipment
cabinet. The circuit breakers provide manual on\off control for the modules, as
well as providing automatic disconnect in the event of an electrical overload.
JUNCTION PANEL
The junction panel provides a central location for cabinet grounding and
intercabling . Access to the junction panel is gained from the top to the
equipment cabinet. The junction panel is mounted at the top of the equipment
cabinet toward the rear, as shown in the fig.
CAVITY COMBINER
The cavity combiner operates over the 380-433 MHz frequency range and is
available in either manual tune or automatic tuning versions. The cavity combiner
is mounted below the breaker panel in the equipment cabinet. It has a power
monitor that is used to detect antenna system failure. A transmit post filter is
present in the 3.4MHz sub-band configuration. This filter is not present on the
5MHz configuration.
FILTER TRAY
The filter tray contains the receiver preselector filters. There is one preselector
filter per receive diversity branch. The output of the filters is fed into the RMC
.Preselectors are required for both the 3.4 MHz and 5MHz configurations.
RECEIVER MULTICOUPLER
The receiver multicoupler (RMC) is an active receive multicoupler assembly that
provides multiple receive signal ports. Each diversity branch antenna is
connected via a preslector filter to module in the receiver multicoupler. Each
RMC module is then correspondingly connected to one receiver in each of the
BRs . The receiver multicouplers are mounted below the combiner.
The EAS accepts 48 alarm inputs and provides eight control outputs. The EAS
interfaces with the site controller via an IEEE 1284 interface.
SITE CONTROLLER
The TETRA Site Controller (TSC) provides the X.21 remote interface to the
Master Site and controls the BR operation over a local Ethernet link. The TSC is
capable of controlling up to seven BRs and consists of the following modules:
Power PC motherboard
Front panel swithces,indicators, and test connectors
Internal power supply
Site reference ISA(SRI) card
X.21 interface card
Ethernet LAN PCI(ELP) card
Flash memory card
Transient protection card
The site controller front panel is equipped with several switches, indicators, and test
connectors as follows:
Power switch
Pushbutton CPU reset
Red and green LEDs to indicate the status of the EBTS
Trunking status LED indicators
BNC port for monitoring time/frequency standard signals
DB9 service access connector for Man –Machine interface(MMI)
Site controller power supplies
The internal power supply converts the rack -48v to -60v power (-44 to -60vdc).
This card provides a time /frequency reference for the EBTS. It uses the GPS signal
to ensure that the reference is accurate and that EBTS is synchronized with its
adjacent sites.
This card is a two –port serial card that interfaces there PCI bus used by the site
controller to the X.21 link used to communicate with the master site.
This card provides the Ethernet interface between the site controller and the base
radios.
This card interfaces to the CPU via the ISA bus. The card provides permanent
storage for EBTS executable, configuration, and log files.
This card provides transient protection for the IEEE 1284 parallel I/O data between
the motherboard and the EAS.
BASE RADIO
The base radio (BR) provides reliable digital communications capabilities by
incorporating compact software – controlled design. Increase channel capacity is
achieved through voice compression techniques and time division multiplexing. Each
BR is made up of the following FRUs:
The receiver multicoupler (RMC) is logically considered part of the RFDS, but is
physically contained in a separate FRU below the RFDS. The RMC is an active
receive multicoupler assembly that provides multiple receive signal ports from a
single antenna. Each diversity branch antenna is connected to a receiver
multicoupler . As standard the EBTS is equipped with two RMCs to support dual
branch diversity. Each RMC is then correspondingly connected to one receiver in
each of the BRs. A receiver amplifier and splitter are provided to support receiver
diversity for multiple BR operation.
TELEPHONE SYSTEM
To establish a telephone system one requires instruments, exchange and a transmission channel.
EXCHANGE
TX mission EXCHANGE
Channel
An instrument is connected to other via local exchange. If two users are to be connected which
are in range of two diff. exchanges, a reliable transmission channel is required over which voice
signal can easily travel.
In M2 type system-
6th number slot is for main CPU card.
10th number slot is for redundant CPU card.
In M3 type system-
20th number slot is for main CPU card.
6th number slot is for redundant CPU card.
8. INTOF card
This is used in only M3 system for connecting two shelves 0 and 1.
9. MMSFD card (Mask Memory Storage Floppy Drive)
This is used to take configuration back up. This is a storage device that keeps the recrd
of configuration of the system.
Stations connectivity:
Station 1 Station 2
M2 M2
Or Or
M3 M3
Numbering plan:
1. EPABX (Electronic Private Automatic Branch Exchange)
Two digit station code + three digit specific
room no.
10 500
Station code
Specific room no.
2. Direct line
6 10 50
Phones at a station :
Main Intermediate
EPABX Distribution Distribution
Frame Frame
NETWORKING
Advantages of network:
1. Resource sharing
2. Management is easy
3. Cost reduction
4. Fast communication
Disadvantage of network:
OSI Layers
Network topologies
Applications
Twisted pair cables are used with the following Ethernet physical layers: 10Base-T,
100Base-TX, 100Base-T2, 100Base-T4, and 1000Base-T. The following sections describe
the various types of twisted pair cabling.
a) Unshielded Twisted Pair Cabling (UTP)
As the name implies, "unshielded twisted pair" (UTP) cabling is twisted pair cabling
that contains no shielding. For networking applications, the term UTP generally refers
to the 100 ohm, Category 3, 4, & 5 cables specified in the TIA/EIA 568-A standard.
Category 5e, 6, & 7 standards have also been proposed to support higher speed
transmission. UTP cabling most commonly includes 4 pairs of wires enclosed in a
common sheath. 10Base-T, 100Base-TX, and 100Base-T2 use only 2 of the twisted pairs,
while 100Base-T4 and 1000Base-T require all 4 twisted pairs.
The various versions of 150 ohm STP cable are identified by a "Type" number. The
original IBM Cabling System specifications defined STP cable Types 1, 2, 6, 8, & 9 for
support of Token-Ring frequencies up to 16 MHz. Later, an enhanced IBM Cabling
System defined STP-A cable Types 1A, 2A, 6A, & 9A for support of FDDI frequencies
up to 100 MHz. The "A" suffix denotes the enhanced IBM Cabling System. Type 1 is the
heavy black cable that is most commonly associated with the IBM Cabling System. It
contains only 2 twisted pairs as compared to UTP and ScTP which typically contain 4
twisted pairs. Note that 100Base-T4 and 1000Base-T cannot be adapted to use STP
because they require a cable with 4 twisted pairs.
2. Coaxial Cabling
Coaxial cable is a type of communication transmission cable in which a solid center
conductor is surrounded by an insulating spacer which in turn is surrounded by a
tubular outer conductor (usually a braid, foil or both). The entire assembly is then
covered with an insulating and protective outer layer. Coaxial cables have a wide
bandwidth and are capable of carrying many data, voice, and video conversations
simultaneously.
The following sections describe the various types of coaxial cabling used with Ethernet.
a) Thicknet
The standard allows a 10Base5 coaxial cable segment to be up to 500 meters in length.
Up to 100 transceivers may be connected to a single segment at any multiple of 2.5
meters apart. A 10Base5 segment may consist of a single continuous section of cable, or
be assembled from multiple cable sections that are attached end to end. If multiple cable
sections are used, it can result in "impedance mismatches" that are caused by slight
differences in the impedance of each cable section. When excessive, these mismatches
can cause signal reflections that result in bit errors and discarded frames. Segments with
multiple sections are often built with cable that comes from a single spool. This ensures
each section of the cable segment will have consistent impedance since it was built by
one manufacturer, at one time, using the same equipment. Cable segments can be joined
at any point along their length and are not restricted to 2.5 meter intervals like
transceivers.
10Base5 coaxial cable segments are built using "N-type" connectors. Each end of a
segment must have an N-type coaxial connector with N-type 50-ohm terminators
installed. Two sections of a segment are interconnected using two N-type coaxial
connectors that are mated together through an N-type barrel connector. Long 10Base5
segments typically have one or more barrel connectors to allow the segment to be split
for purposes of problem isolation. For safety reasons, the standard specifies that a cable
segment should be connected to earth ground at one and only one point. This may be
done at the terminator at the end of the cable, or at a barrel connector where two
segments are joined.
b) Thinnet
10Base2 transceivers (MAUs) are connected to the Thinnet cable segment through a
"BNC Tee" connector, and not through "tapping" as with 10Base5. As the name implies,
the BNC Tee connector is shaped like the letter "T". The horizontal part of the "T"
includes female connectors that mate with the male BNC coaxial connectors on each
end of the attaching cable sections. The vertical part of the "T" includes a male BNC
connector that either plugs directly into the Ethernet network interface card (NIC) in the
computer station, or to an external thin Ethernet transceiver that is then attached to the
NIC through a standard AUI cable. If stations are removed from the network, the "T"
connector is removed and replaced with a "BNC Barrel" connector that provides a
straight through connection.
Each end of a 10Base2 coaxial segment must be terminated with a BNC 50-ohm
terminator. For safety reasons, a ground wire should connect the segment to earth
ground at one point, typically at the terminator on the end of the segment.
The 10Base2 standard states that the coaxial cable types known as RG58A/U and
RG58C/U can meet the cable specifications in the standard. However the specifications
for these cable designations are not precise and the construction of RG58A/U and
RG58C/U cables may vary from one manufacturer to another. To make sure you are
getting the right cable, you should specifically request cable that is guaranteed to meet
the IEEE 10Base2 thin Ethernet specifications.
c) CATV
Fiber optic cabling is constructed of three concentric layers: The "core" is the central
region of an optical fiber through which light is transmitted. The "cladding" is the
material in the middle layer. It has a lower index of refraction than the core which
serves to confine the light to the core. An outer "protective layer", or "buffer", serves to
protect the core and cladding from damage.
The following sections describe the two primary types of fiber optic cabling: "multi-
mode fiber" and "single-mode fiber".
a) Multi-Mode Fiber (MMF)
Multi-mode fiber allows many "modes", or paths, of light to propagate down the fiber
optic path. The relatively large core of a multi-mode fiber allows good coupling from
inexpensive LEDs light sources, and the use of inexpensive couplers and connectors.
Multi-mode fiber typically has a core diameter of 50 to 100 microns.
Two types of multi-mode fiber exist with a refractive index that may be "graded" or
"stepped". With graded index fiber the index of refraction of the core is lower toward
the outside of the core and progressively increases toward the center of the core,
thereby reducing modal dispersion of the signal. With stepped index fiber the core is of
uniform refractive index with a sharp decrease in the index of refraction at the core-
cladding interface. Stepped index multi-mode fibers generally have lower bandwidths
than graded index multi-mode fibers.
The most popular fiber for networking is the 62.5/125 micron multi-mode fiber. These
numbers mean that the core diameter is 62.5 microns and the cladding is 125 microns.
Other common sizes are 50/125 and 100/140.
The primary advantage of multi-mode fiber over twisted pair cabling is that it supports
longer segment lengths. Multi-mode fiber can support segment lengths as long as 2000
meters for 10 and 100 Mbps Ethernet, and 550 meters for 1 Gbps Ethernet.
Single-mode fiber is capable of supporting much longer segment lengths than multi-
mode fiber. Segment lengths of 5000 meters and beyond are supported at all Ethernet
data rates through 1 Gbps. However, single-mode fiber has the disadvantage of being
significantly more expensive to deploy than multi-mode fiber.
4. Ethernet Connectors
a) RJ-45
Definition
CAT5 is an Ethernet cable standard defined by Electronics
Industries Association and Telecommunication Industry
Association (commonly known as EIA/TIA). CAT5 is a
5th generation of twisted pair Ethernet cabling and most
popular of all twisted pair cables in use today.
CAT5 cable contains four pair of copper wires. CAT5
support Fast Etherneta (100 Mbps) and comparable
alternatives such as ATM as with all other types of twisted
pair EIA/TIA cabling. CAT5 cable runs are limited to a
maximum recommended run rate of 100m (328 feet).
Although CAT5 cable usually contains four pair of copper
wire, fast Ethernet communications only utilize two pairs
and are backward compatible with ordinarily CAT5.
Twisted pair cables like CAT5 comes in two main
varieties, solenoid and stranded.
Solid CAT5 cable supports longer runs and works best in
the fixed wiring configurations like office buildings.
Standard CAT5 cable, on the other hand, is more reliable
and better suited for shorter distance, movable cabling
such as on the fly “patch” cabling.
Though newer cable technologies like CAT6 and CAT7 are
being developed, CAT5 cable remains the popular choice,
because it is the both affordable and plenty fast enough for
today‟s LAN.
CCTV
(Closed Circuit Television)
This is used to monitor the station and the platforms along with the metro corridors
where it is very difficult to keep a view on the corridors. Mostly it is used for security
reasons and help train operators in the curved station platforms.
2. Originating stations
3. Concourse area
1. Camera
This is the main part, which captures the screen. It captures light, which falls on the
CCD chip inside the camera. This chip converts the light into electrical signal. Generally
they are equipped with many kinds of signal conditioning systems, which raise the
voltage of signal so that it can be fed into multiplexer, or switch. A lens is used to focus
on the screen and is also used to control the light entering the camera, since the
lightening conditions keep varying during the day. Multiplexers or switches are used to
change to different cameras. There are two types of cameras used in metro:
a) Fixed Camera
They are used at fixed positions and controller cannot change its view. It is
positioned at platforms, stairs, entry and exit.
b) P-T-Z Cameras[ Motor driven & Dome cameras]
This is used in the concourse area. It has most of the advanced facilities installed
and can be controlled and directed from the station control room. This camera has
PTZ (pan-tilt-zoom) facility. It is also used at OCC.
The cameras operates at 12 V DC or 24V
2. Serge Arrester
This is used to protect the interference caused in the signal of the camera towards the
QUAD. It suppresses the extra noise signals and limits the fluctuations in voltage. It is
used at monitors end, one each for every monitor.
3. QUAD
Here the four inputs are used to insert camera outputs and one output goes to video
amplifier. For recording mechanisms the four outputs again form QUAD (which is
interlinked to camera) goes to DVR. It has option of viewing one camera output or
QUAD in the monitor.
5. Video Amplifier
This amplifies the signal and transfers it towards the serge arrester of the monitor.
6. Monitor
This is used to view all camera movements. Two monitors are situated at one point at
the platforms via provisions of viewing all the eight camera outputs (view of coaches).
There are four such points at the platforms, having two each such points.
7. DVR (Digital Versatile Recorder)
This has 16 inputs from QUAD and it transfers signals to MATRIX and records the
outputs as well. It has got hard disk of 160 GB or 320 GB and can record for seven days
and then overwriting is done on the hard disk. Recording is done at the speed of 1
image/sec. It is supported by TCP/IP protocol. All the 16 cameras are controlled
independently.
Dome Cameras
Fixed Cameras
(Platform) Monitor
1 Matrix SCR Matrix
2
Q D
U V
A
D R
16 Monitor
SCR
(Concourse)
17
18 D
V
R
16
30 MUX
1
FOTS
AFC-Automatic Fare Collection System
In this we have studied about fare collection system of the DMRC. The
AFC is composed of:
1. One central computer for all the system
2. One station computer for a particular station
3. Several equipments of different types (TOM, BIM, GATE, PTD, TR)
General System Architecture
WAN
Central Layer
CC
Central Computers Production Server Initialisation Machine Machine
OCC LAN
DMRC AFC System
Station LAN
SC/PTD Emergency Push Button
communication GRCU
unit
Station Layer
PTD
Portable Ticket
Decoder (Transient Link)
Line printer
MS :
Disk MiddleWare
Server
Switch HP
16 port 10/100
Ethernet 100BaseT
WAN
Router
Printer
Printer
LW : 5 Local
Workstations
LW_A to LW_E
CSC
Module
CSC
Module
SC :
Station's
Computers
The central computer is composed of Data Centre (DC), Middle Ware Server (MS),
Archiving Server (AS), Administration Console & Certificate Authority (ACCA),
Network Management Console (NMC) and Local workstation. The CC is able to
communicate with SCs and PIS via the WAN.
It is used to: Provide facilities for generation, version control and download of
parameter files configuration data and software updates to the AFC equipment.
Enquiry transaction history for a specific CSC.
Relay the Master Clock System and broadcast the time synchronization via NTP
over the LAN.
Communicate with an external system.
Manage business report execution.
Compute detached processing allowing Data center to be fully available for the
current data transactions flow processing.
* Archiving Server (AS)
The archiving server is dedicated to archive the data using the data using AFC Serve
Archive Software in order to save a DLT tape partial or global data from the central
system and particularly concerning data centre server SQL data base (transactions data,
financial data, client data, statistic data etc…).
1) Computers management
2) Database management
Administration of SQL server is done with SQL Server Enterprise Manager which
provides scheduling engine administrator alert capability and built in replication
management interface. SQL Server Enterprise Manager is used to:
3) Users management
The Users management is based on the standard
windows 2000 principle (domain/group/users
management and Active Directory).
These central subsystems are interconnected within the central DMRC OCC building on
the redundant Local Area Network (LAN). The central computer is able to
communicate with the Stations Computers (SC) and the Production Server (PS) via the
DMRC communication Wide Area Network (WAN).
LMT
PTD for Ticket
SC : Station Inspector
Computer
1 Switch
Lan/Wan Router
LMT
1 switch
LMT
(Laptop Maintenance Tool)
AGE Legend Printer
Receip
t
PID
X X X X X X X
Printer
Receip
t
PID
Excess Fare
E E E E Office Room E E E
Station Computer
These are the computers located at the basic station and perform the different functions.
Functions:
1. Account Sales
i) Collate ticket usage transaction and update audit registers from the station
equipments for
transmission to the CC.
Control, monitoring and event logging of all the connected AFC equipment
in the station
b) The means to obtain a detailed analysis of patron traffic and system performance.
a) It receives operating and configuring date from the central computer and
distributes these to the AFC station equipment.
b) Housekeeping
Software self-test, end of day, security, back-up command scheduling, date and
time management, Ups management, purge, start-up and shut-down.
ii) Key management: Reception of the different keys, distribution to the AFC
equipment, Version processing.
Sub-Assembly List
1. Station Computer (SC): The functions of the station computer are wide and locked
up as done lastly.
2. Report and Log Printer (RP): It is dedicated for every paper report established via the
predefined MMI on Sc and for predefined events and alarm trailing.
Equipment List
These are the equipments which are attached to the station computer and are employed
to different functionalities. The list of these equipments is as follows:
A ticket sale
A ticket reloading
A ticket consultant
A ticket data analysis and solving of conflicts and error
A ticket refund
A ticket cancel
A replacement of the damaged cards
EFO TOM is similar to BO TOM with extra capabilities
of zero adjustments and issue exit tokens [free/paid]. It
is located in customer care Centre.
A ticket initialization
A agent card creation
Gate
The access to the Delhi Railway lines is controlled by the Gate equipment. The gate
equipment is made of stainless steel housing which is elegantly styled with the flowing
curves that guide the passenger into the aisle. Presenting the passenger with the
modern smart card and the token validation target whilst a high-tech colour graphics
display provides passenger information.
The Gate equipment is a computer based automatic machine that consists of stainless
steel cabinet managing central retractable barrier leaf also called flap in this document.
The Gate is linked to the Station network in order to dialog with the Station Computer.
Its main functions consist in Patron‟s ticket Checks – Tickets data are read and
displayed. Then the agent consults this data. No automatic intervention and no
modification are possible at the tickets level. Only the agent is capable to indicate the
result of the consultation (fault to fault) to the customer.
When PTDs are used for checking by operator, interval batteries provide for power
supply.
When PTDs are not used agents, this equipment is stored in the SC room for at least
three reasons.
Ticket checking
Manage incidents (status and alarm monitoring)
and maintenance operations
Manage equipment operation
FARE MODE
1. Contactless smart card [csc]
CSC- a chip with a processor and read/ write memory and additional
circuitry activated on RF 13.56MHz frq.
7 8 9 F3 Sensor
* 0 # F4 Flap
TFT Screen 1 Direction
flow
VGA/1 In Sensors
Valid Your card Monitoring
or insezrt Token
CSC Card KBD Out Directional
Flaps Display
Out
SMA
RS/232
Out
.
Out Passage Auth
VGA/2
UCM Intrusion
Buzzer
RS/485 In
Valid Your card PLC
Passage Ack
or Token
Msg. Available
TFT Screen 2
SMV Electronic
Tagging Ethernet TCP/IP
PID SC PID
DISPATC
DISPAT
HER CHER
SMV
CSC SMA
CSC
LS UCM LS
Keyboard K
PLC INTERFACE
BOARD
VARIAT
OR
GED
OPTOCE GRCU
M M LLS
SUBMITTED BY – ANKUR BHOGIA
SUBMITTED TO – MR. KANAUJIA