DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

UNIVERSIDAD NACIONAL DE
MOQUEGUA
SUBJECT: DEPOSIT TYPE VETA AND
PORFIDO TYPE FACILITY
PROFESSOR: Ing. JOSE SALAS MEDINA

MEMBERS:
 COLQUE CALIZAYA DANIEL
 MAMANI MALADONADO YUDITH
 GONZALES HUMIRE MARY CIELO
 COILA TURPO ABEL
 BENEGAS CONDORI ALFREDO
 MAMANI AMESQUITA JOEL
 MAMANI MAMANI CHRISTIAN
 CHAMBI LAURA YESENIA
 LLANOS RIVERA ALEXANDER
 QUENTA ROQUE EDUAR
 LOPEZ MAMANCHURA OSCAR

1
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

INDEX
VETAS TYPE DEPOSIT ...………………………………………………………………………………….…..3

PORPHYRY TYPE DEPOSIT…....………………………………………………………………….…………5

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PORPHYRY.………………………….……………………………….…..6

a) GEOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS …………………………………………………….….6

DEPOSITS TYPE PORPHYRY OF COPPER IN PERU:

a) Cuajone Copper Porphyry ………………………………………..……………………..……8

b) Toquepala Copper Porphyry …..……………………………………………………………8

CONCLUSIONS …………………………………………………………………………………….…………….9

BIBLIOGRAPHY ……………………………………………………………………………………..…………..9

2
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

DEPOSIT TYPE VETA

Definition:
Vetas are structures of post-magmatic formation, mostly hydrothermal. The minerals are
crystallized from an aquatic phase according to temperature and pressure (among other
factors see more information).
Fault zones can also show a tabular mineralization due to a metasomatosis of the fractured
rocks in the fault zone. Fracking gave space for ascending liquids or descendants.
In conclusion, the differences between the three groups are not as marked, that is, there
may be transient structures between the groups, for example between vein and mineralized
fault zone.
Vetas or vein structures generally appear in "sets" that is, parallel structures or subparallels
that are lost after a few hundred meters. In addition, the syn-genetic failures show a
mineralization.

Figure 1. The mineralization of a veta can be internally heterogeneous. There are

medium-grade or high-grade sectors or sterile sectors.

Conclusion for yacimientos vetiformes:

a) strong impact tectonic
b) syn- and post-genetic tectonic structures
c) Formation factors: mineralization corresponding to temperature, pressure, pH,
oxygen leakage of the hydrothermal system, porosity of the rock, fracturing of the
rock, type of minerals
d) changes of the mineralization towards the depth, the run and the width of the
structure.
e) Non-linear behavior of mineralization distribution

3
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

It should also be mentioned that deposits are the most important deposits in mining. High
laws were a strong advantage.

Figure 2. Strong enrichment in syngeneic structures graphed

with isolines.

Vetas are highly heterogeneous structures, that is, one can expect abrupt changes in
lithology and, of course, in the contents of ore.
The heterogeneity extends to the three dimensions - the vein run, the width of the vein and
the depth.
It is recommended:

a) Perform ditches:
Sampling (interior and exterior always perpendicular to the main
structure.
b) perforations:
It is done from the outside, cutting the vein in depth never from the
inside of the vein down, chasing the vein....

4
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

DEPOSIT TYPE PORPHYRY

Definition:
They are deposits of great tonnage and low law. They are associated to intrusive generally
felsic rocks of granodiorite composition (developed in arcs of islands). In general, copper
bodies are related to the youngest and most felsic intrusive bodies

Figure 3. Copper Porphyry Model

The alteration sequence is as follows:

1) formation of potassium and propylitic alteration zones....
2) development of the phyllic alteration (outward and upward).
3) formación de facies de alteración argílica en la parte superior del sistema.

The latter can be advanced, involving the presence of minerals such as kaolinite and alunite,
and in it can be mineralized auriferous, in a more superficial environment (from about 2 km
depth to the surface).

Figure 4. The alteration sequence

5
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

The main characteristics of the porphyries are indicated in the following table:

a) Geological characteristics

Favorable box rock: Favorable rocks to contain Cu porphyries are porphyritic igneous rocks
of tonalitic, granodioritic and monzogranitic composition located in volcanic and sedimentary
rocks.
Control and form of mineralization: mineralization is found in porphyritic rocks and encasing
rocks in the form of stockwork veins and disseminations.
Mineralogy and characteristics of the alteration: the mineralization and the hydrothermal
alteration have a close interrelation. Generally, the following zones can be distinguished
from the center to the periphery of the deposit:
Potassium zone:
Calcopirita + pirita +- molibdenita; zonas de calcopirita + bornita + magnetita +- Au
Phyllic and argillic zone:
Pirita +- calcopirita; cuarzo + sericita +- caolinita

6
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

Structure Mechanisms Stockwork Structure:

The location of the hydrated magmas either as a porphyritic stock at subsurface levels or as
deep pegmatitic bodies.
It occurs due to heat loss in the contact with the encasing rocks, developing a crystallization
from the outside towards the interior of the magmatic chamber.
As a consequence of this fact and the low diffusion of water in the magma, the water begins
to saturate in the margins of the magmatic bodies, developing a solid phase in the form of a
cap and a fluid phase overlying the cap. The solid cap is constituted mainly by plagioclase,
hornblende, biotite and quartz.
The fluid phase is found in the apical parts of the stock forming a volatile residual mass.
This fluid phase develops by retrograde boiling, allowing to increase the internal pressure in
the cap and in the fluid. Along with the increase in water concentration, there is an
enrichment of other volatile constituents such as chlorine, sulfur, fluorine, etc., which also
increase the internal pressure of the fluid.
Evolution model of a porphyritic deposit:

1. Magma,
2. Solidified porphyritic cap,
A. Magma location
3. Fluid phase.
B. Solidification of magma
4. Release area of pressure and
C. Explosion and hydrofracturing
volatiles;
D. Formation of the stockwork
5. Intrusive gaps;
structure and the mineralized
6. Dykes and
zone.
7. Stockwork and mineralized zone.

Figure 5. Evolution model of a porphyritic deposit

7
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

Characteristics of the stockwork:

The stockwork is characterized by presenting an interlaced network of mineral carrying veins
that crosses a rock mass.
The stockwork structures form mineralized bodies that can reach areas larger than one
square kilometer (copper porphyry).
Related to these structures are known as deposits of Cu-Mo, Mo, Pb-Zn. It is also
characterized by the mineral as filler, by the frequency of the veinlets. Stockwork structures
occur mainly in intrusive rocks sometimes of extruded rocks of felsic composition, and rarely
in sedimentary rocks.

DEPOSIT TYPES OF COPPER PORPHYRY IN PERU:

 The Porphyry of Minas Conga
 Toquepala field.
 Cuajone deposit.
 Quellaveco Field
 Río Blanco Field
 Toromocho site.
 Cerro Negro deposit

a) Cuajone Copper Porphyry:

LOCATION
The porphyry of Cuajone is located in the South of Peru approximately 42 Km. To
the Northeast of the city of Moquegua
b) Toquepala Copper Porphyry:

The Toquepala deposit is located in a region of rugged topography, due to innumerable

deep ravines that run from the mountains to the deserts of the coast. The area of the mine
is between 3,100 and 3,600 meters above sea level
Generalities:
 Large reservoir (more than 1 km in diameter, more than 1 km deep).
 Conical external shape and vertical walls.
 Copper porphyry subordinated to a gap chimney and dacitic porphyry.
 It has undergone processes of erosion, oxidation and secondary enrichment.
 Its sterile overload is composed of approximately 150 m of leached material.
 Its reserves were calculated in more than 400 Mtc, with 1.00% Cu.
 To date the reserves are 300 Mtc with 0.83% Cu and 558 Mtc have been
extracted with 1.03% Cu.
 Exploitable at low cost and on a large scale, by the open pit system.

8
 DEPOSIT OF MINERALS

CONCLUSIONS:

They are normally controlled by high or moderate dip angle faults that cut intrusives and / or
their box rocks. The major veins can extend up to several km in its run and 1 km in depth by
the manteo. Veins may be accompanied by other types of deposits, but larger ones are
presented alone.
The large porphyries such as Cuajone, Toquepala, Quellaveco and Cerro Verde are found
in the youngest bands of the Middle Paleocene - Lower Eocene while the smaller ones such
as Posco, Cachuyo, Cahuyito and La Llave are found in the oldest Jurassic belt. The types
of deposits are not exclusive to a particular metallogenic epoch, at least in the case of copper
porphyries, which are present throughout geological history. What can be highlighted is its
categorical importance in size and law for younger and younger times.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:

 http://www.proexplo.com.pe/2013/programa/cursos_cortos/Yacimientos%20y%20Met
alogenia/DEPOSITOS%20TIPO%20PORFIDO.pdf
 http://www.cec.uchile.cl/~vmaksaev/Dep%F3sitos%20Epitermales.pdf