Index

ActivMedia, 137 Barlow, John Perry, 6

Adams, James, 136 Being Digital, 182
Adelaide Institute, 221 Bell, Daniel, 22, 355
Afghan Media Center, 312 Benetton, 208
Africa, culture, 216 Beniger, 356
Internet use in, 217–218, 322 Benton Foundation, 338
Africa Online, 319, 323 Berelson, Bernard, 23
African National Congress (ANC), 225–226 Bigelow, B., 215
Al Ahram, 172 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, 74
Alexander, Lamar, 105 “Bill for the More General Diffusion of Knowl-
Al-Jazeera, 313 edge, A,” 51
Alves, Rosental Calmon, 175 Bill Moyers’ Journal, 23
American Psychologist, 34, 40 Bill of Rights, 21
America Online, 318 Bloomberg, 253, 319
Anonymity, in cyberspace, 106 B’nai Brith, 220
Anti-Defamation League (ADL), 220 Bosnia, 331
Apartheid, 225–227 Boston Globe, 315
Apocalypse Now, 264 Boulding, Kenneth, 354
Apple Computer, 11 Boyle, J. 357
Architecture, as symbolic communication, 250 Boyte, Harry, 39
Aristotle, 41 Bradley, Bill, 1
ARPANET, 103, 191 Brazil, Internet use in, 316
Artificial intelligence, 346 Breslow, Harris, 212
Asia Pacific Broadcasting Union, 328 British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC), 171, 227
Aspen Institute, The, 143 British Independent Television News (ITN), 247
AT&T, 185 Broadcasting
Australian Ballot, 52–53 and bandwidth, 118
contrasted with Internet, 118
Babe, R. E., 353, 355 limitations of, 28–29
Baldwin, James, 340 models of, 117–119
378 Index

Brown v. Board of Education, 54 Cold War, and Cuban technology, 184–186

Bush, George W., 1 Common Cause, 338
Business Week, 218 Common Sense, 133, 140
Commons, John, 62–66
California Voter Foundation, 150 Communications Decency Act, 134
Camden Conference on Telecommunications, 72 Communications Research Centre (Canada), 176
Caribbean Broadcasting Union, 328 Communications technologies, 24–26, 135–136
Carpentier, Alejo, 179 Community
Casablanca, 264 and cyberspace, 63–64
Cato Institute, 338 defined, 85–86
CD-ROM, 214 and government, 80–82
Center for Automated Interchange of Information virtual, 86–89, 95
(CENIAI), 191, 193 Community technology centers (CTCs), 58
Center for Responsive Politics, 338 Computer
Central Institute for Digital Research (Cuba), 185 communications, 26
Charlotte Observer, 334 and democracy, 101
Chat rooms, 95, 124 and publishing, 57
Chayevsky, Paddy, 140 sciences, 350–352
Chicago Tribune, 275–279 and television, 118, 150
Children’s Television Network, 120 Congress of South African Trade Unions
China, and the Internet, 210–211, 317, 321 (COSATU), 235
Christian Coalition, 120 “Constituents for a Theory of the Media,” 11
Church, and printed texts, 367–370 Consumer choices, 130–131
Churchill, Winston, 141 Consumerism, 130–131
Citizen initiatives, 26–27 Convergence, of media, 118
Citizen Kane, 264 Cookies (software), 148
Citizenship Coro, Arnaldo, 185
historical models of, 49–59 Costner, Kevin, 214
and the Internet, 55–59 Coughlin, Charles, 25
and journalism, 257–259 Creole Petroleum Corporation, 184
CIVICUS, 46 C-SPAN, 160, 337
Civitas, 46 Cuba, 179–198
Clarissa, 261 Cuban Democracy Act of 1992, 183
Classified advertising, 279 Cuban Liberty and Democratic Solidarity Act
Clinton, Bill, 109, 183, 271 of 1996, 180
Clinton, Hillary, 4 Cyberia, 203–204
Clueless, 26 Cybernetics, 186, 49, 348–349
CNN, 171, 207–208, 253, 311, 335 Cyberspace. See also Internet
Cohiba Hotel, 179 and anonymity, 106
Colas, Dominique, 61 and China, 210–212
 Index 379

as contested space, 101–105 Douglass, Frederick, 83

control of, 5 Drudge, Matt, 3, 172, 271, 368
and cultural conflict, 213 Drudge Report, The, 368
cultural politics of, 203–222 Durkheim, Emile, 85
and democracy, 101–110
metaphors for, 103 Elections
political attitudes toward, 9–12 in future, 143–61
race in, 203–222 of 2000 in U.S., 1–4
and social diversity, 210–222 voter turnout, 145
as threat to expertise, 365–371 Electronic
utopian views of, 72 commerce, 103–104, 114–126
Cybertexts, 212 democracy, 69–83
Cyber Yugoslavia, 222 mail, 26, 138, 192, 195, 273
town halls, 26
Darwin, Charles, 255 voting, 94
Davila, Carlos Lage, 181 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 11, 129
Davis, J. 359 Entertainment and journalism, 331–334
Declaration of Independence, 144 Enzensberger, Hans Magnus, 11
Deer Hunter, The, 264 Erbring, Lutz, 89–90
Degas, Edgar, 367 European Internet Network (EIN), 319
Democracy Excite (search engine), 88
defined, 36–37, 49–51, 70–72, 104–109, Expert paradigm, 365–367
116–119, 134 Explorer (Internet browser), 205
digital, 2–5, 44–45
and digital commerce, 113–126 Fairness doctrine, 146
and the Internet, 69–83, 101–110 Falun Gong, 210
and new media, 33–47, 57–59, 72–79, 105–108 Fanning, David, 335
and technology, 21–47, 259–263, 334–336 Featherstone, Mike, 311
Department of Commerce (U.S.), 218 Federal Communications Commission, 146, 370
Department of Land Affairs (S. Africa), 236 Federal Election Commission, 105
Der Standard, 316 Federalist Papers, 30
Des Moines Register, 172 Federal Register, 125
Descartes, René, 347, 350–351, 360 Federal Trade Commission, 121
Dibbel, Julian, 8–9 Fiber-optics, 150, 194
Digital divide, 8, 72, 122–123, 149–154, 209, Finley, M., 349
218–219, 309–310 Firestone, Charles, 143
Digital Freedom Network, 317 First Amendment, 21–22
Digital revolution, 9–10 First Casualty, The, 255
Discovery Channel, 335–336 Follow the Money (PBS), 338–339
Dole, Robert, 46, 107, 128 Forbes, Steve, 1, 107
380 Index

Fowler, Mark, 146 Harper, Christopher, 33

Fox Television Network, 151 Hatefilter, 220
Frankfurt School, 9 Hate groups (online), 219–220
Fred Friendly’s Media and Society, 23 Hate speech, 332
Fredin, E., 283 Hatewatch, 219
Freedom Forum, 176 Havel, Vaclav, 331
FreeNet, 104 Hayek, Frederick, 61–62, 355
Frontline (PBS), 335, 339 Hegemony, 234
Helms-Burton (law), 180, 198
Gandy, O., 356 Henderson, Stephen, 277
Gardner, H., 350 Henry, Patrick, 50
Gatekeepers, 42–43, 272–274 Heron, Gil Scott, 12
in online journalism, 274–275 High-definition television (HDTV), 149–150, 154
Gates, Bill, 370 Hitler, Adolph, 25
General Electric, 114 H-net, 88
Gentry, Leah, 276 Hobbes, Thomas, 110
GeoCities, 86 Human Genome Project, 115
Ghana, 176–177 Human Rights Commission (S. Africa), 225
Giddens, Anthony, 310, 350 Human Rights Information Network, 219
Gilder, George, 9, 72 Hutchins, Robert, 135
Gillespie, Dizzy, 177 Hypertext
Gingrich, Newt, 9, 138 in Cuba, 179
Globalization, 119, 204, 221–222, 261, 309–312, defined, 281–284
326–327 design of, 296
Global journalism, 309–328 and journalism, 281–304
Goebbels, Joseph, 25, 40 and readers, 289–302
Gonzalez-Manet, Enrique, 184–187, 190–191
Gore, Al, 1, 10, 108 IBM, 188
Gore2000, 108 Independent Television (ITV), 247
Granma, 186, 194 Independent Television Commission (ITC), 247
Green Party, 4, 151 Individualism, and democracy, 134
Guardian, 171 Industrial Revolution, 113, 116
Gunpowder, 33 Indymedia.org, 4
Gutenberg, 259, 282, 370 Informatics conferences, 194
Guzman, Debra, 219 Information, 93–94, 343–364
as commodity, 356–361
Habermas, Jürgen, 7–8 defined, 346–348
Hand, Learned, 21 economics, 353–356
Hanekon, Derek, 238 as expertise, 365–71
Harden, Mark, 369 vs. knowledge, 42–43
 Index 381

sharing, 93–94 Jefferson, Thomas, 50–51

society, 343–344 Jensen, M., 322
superhighway, 10 Johnson, Samuel, 266
technologies (promise of ), 343 Jones, Paula, 335
theory, 352–353 Journalism
Information Telegraphy Agency of Russia and deadlines, 335
(ITAR), 316 education, 284–285
Inside China Today, 319 and entertainment, 331–334
Intellectual property, 370 global, 309–328
International Telecommunications Union, and hypertext, 281–287
126, 323 and knowledge hegemony, 368–369
Internet. See also Cyberspace and new media, 334–340
access to, 26, 91–93, 113, 123, 153, 209, 309, 315– online, 171, 251–253, 272–279, 324–328
317 as public writing, 249–254
cafes, 78, 173–176 scandals, and news content, 332–333
global impact of, 171–173, 176–177 and violence, 262
governance of, 114–116, 126–131 Jupiter Communications, 273
investment, 114–115
and journalism, 171–173 Kaiser Family Foundation, 91
kiosks, 173 Kennedy, John F., 186
and knowledge hegemony, 368 Kennedy-Nixon debates, 2
as market-driven, 117–118, 158–159 Ketterer, S., 286
and political campaigns, 1, 3, 139, 143–161 Khrushchev, Nikita, 186
and political gossip, 123–125 Kim, Y. M., 220
regulation, 320–321 Kinney, Jay, 206
as social space, 63–65 Kneeland, Carole, 333
structure of, 101 Knightly, Philip, 255
taxation, 119 Knowledge hegemony, 366, 369–370
as text-based, 35 Kolowich, Michael, 273
voting, 94 Krippendorf, K., 356
Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Kuala Lumpur, 206
Numbers (ICANN), 314 Kuhn, Thomas, 367
Internet use Kurtz, Howard, 368
in Africa, 322
in Cuba, 180 Lamberton, D. M., 355
in Mexico, 316 Land Reform Act (S. Africa), 238
in Peru, 173 Langlois, R., 349
in South Africa, 323 Latin American Laboratory for the Protection
Investigative Reporters and Editors (IRE), 286 Against Information Viruses, 195
Isikoff, Michael, 368 “Laws of Cyberspace, The,” 5
382 Index

Lazarus, Neil, 226 Media literacy, 160

Lazio, Rick, 4 MediaMOO, 88
League of Women Voters, New Jersey, 96 Mein Kampf, 142
Lehrer, Jim, 339 Microsoft, 205, 344
Lessig, Lawrence, 5–6, 63 Mill, J. S., 39
Levin, Richard, 235–236 Mindshare Internet Campaigns, 2
Levy, Pierre, 6 Minitel, 94
Lewinsky, Monica, 251, 271, 335, 368 Minow, Newton, 24
Libertarian, attitude to civil society, 61–62, 72 Modernity, 258
Limbaugh, Rush, 177 Morris-Suzuki, T., 357
Little, Darnell, 276 Morton, Andrew, 255
Los Angeles Times, 281–290 MSNBC, 335
Luther, Martin, 133, 142, 367 Multiculturalism, 203–208
Multimedia design, 204
Machlup, F., 345, 351 Murrow, Edward R., 271
MacMillan, Harold, 367 Mussolini, Benito, 65
MacNeil, Robert, 336 Myanmar, 210
Macpherson Report, 253 Myrland, Susan, 58
Macrostudio (Lima), 173–176
Magaziner, Ira, 45–47, 70, 126–131 Nader, Ralph, 4, 151
Making Multicultural Australia, 216 National Association of Broadcasters, 79
Malaysia, 206 National Center for Teaching and Self-Advancement
Mandela, Nelson, 229–230 of Informatics, 188
Mansfield, U., 351 Nationalist, The, 220
Marais, Hein, 236 National Science Foundation, 205
Markle Foundation, 1 National Television Standards Committee
Martí, José, 180 (NTSC), 149
Marx, Karl, 22, 61, 354 Natives Land Act of 1913 (South Africa), 233
Mattelart, Armand, 184 Negri, A., 360
McCarthy, Joseph, 25 Negroponte, Nicholas, 113, 182
McCombs, Max, 271 Nelson, Ted, 282
McDonald, Country Joe, 80 Netherlands, The, 325
McLaren, P., 208 Netizen, 3, 101, 105
McLuhan, Marshall, 22 Netsizer, 315
Media Network Information Center (Cuba), 192
in developing nations, 171–177 New Deal, 62, 134
differences among, 23–24 News
participatory m., 11–12 and the concept of time, 247–249
power of, 22–23 sources of, 272–273
privatization of, 45–47, 103–104 Newspaper readership, 136–137
 Index 383

Newspaper Web sites, 171–172 Printing press, 8, 23–24

Newsweek, 271, 368 Privacy, 120
New York Times, 40, 124, 171, 315, 335, 368 Privatization, 130–131
Nie, Norman H., 89–90 of media, 45–47, 103–104
Nightline, 23 Progressive Era, 49, 51–53
Nkrumah, Gamal, 172 Progressivism, 56–57
Nordlund, Peter, 212 Propaganda, 27
Protestant Reformation, 367
Occidental Petroleum, 184 Public Access Computing Project, 74
Online. See also Internet Public Agenda Foundation, 29
activism, 12–13, 73–80 Public Broadcasting System (PBS), 312
communities, 8–13, 85–98 Purdum, Todd, 368
journalism, 171, 272–279, 324–328 Push technologies, 130
usage, types of, 87–89 Putin, Vladimir, 320
Ordinary People (South African TV series), 227–232, Pylyshyn, Z. W., 348
237–242
Oregon Trail, The, 215 Quattrone, Michael, 336
Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD), 121 Race, in cyberspace, 203–221
On the Origin of Species, 255 Racial Fordism, in South Africa, 234
Oxford English Dictionary, 266 Radio Marti, 181
Rand Corporation, 10
Paine, Thomas, 77, 140–142 Reading hypertext, 289–302
Party politics, 51–52, 58 Reconstruction and Development Program (South
Patrick, Andrew, 176 Africa), 235
PBS’s Democracy Project, 337, 340 Reed, John, 255
PC Week, 135 Reform Party, 3
PC World, 135 Regulation, of online content, 119–120, 211, 221
Perlmutter, D., 215 Representative democracy, 95–97
Perot, Ross, 25–27, 95 Republic.com, 69
Pew Center for the People and the Press, 87 Resource journalism, 337–340
Pew Internet and America Life Project, 92 Reuters, 316, 319
Pew Research Center, 2 Reuters Financial Television, 253
Playboy, 120 Rheingold, Howard, 8–9, 88
Plebiscites, 27 Robert, Henry, 72
PLO-TV, 312 Romeo and Juliet (film), 263
Pool, Ithiel de Sola, 7, 12, 22 Roosevelt, Franklin, 142
Pornography, 129, 182, 262, 332 Roper Starch Worldwide, 272
Postmodern media, 263 Roszak, T., 349, 353
Press, Larry, 185 Rothstein, Edward, 40
384 Index

Rousseau, Jean-Jacques, 42 Stencel, Mark, 171

Russia Today, 319 Stephenson, Neil, 89
Stone, Oliver, 41
Salinger, Pierre, 271 Stonehenge, 250
Saving Private Ryan, 40 Stonler, T. 352–353
Scandal, as news content, 332–333 Strong Democracy, 38
Schiller, Herbert, 310 Suarez, Ray, 338
Schlessinger, Laura, 336 Sunstein, C., 69
Schudson, Michael, 36 Sustainable Seattle, 77
Seattle Community Network (SCN), 74–76 Systems Theory, 349–350
Seattle Independent Media Center, 78
Seattle Post-Intelligencer, 78 Talk of the Nation, 338
Seattle Public Library, 76 Talk radio, 332
Seattle Times, 78 Technological determinism, 5–8, 33
Segmentation, as feature of digital media, 44 Technologies of Freedom, 7
Seiger, Jonah, 2 Technology, and democracy, 33, 44, 334–336,
Shannon, Claude, 352 259–260
Shaw, Donald, 271 Technology magazines, 135
Sina.com, 319 Telecommunications and Information Infrastructure
Slate, 35, 43 Assistance Program, 73
Slevin, James, 310 Television, 34, 45–47, 118, 130, 137, 260, 332–340
Smithsonian Institution, 216 high definition (HDTV), 149–150, 154
Somalia, 321 Television: Technology and Cultural Form, 5
Sorthvit (Black and White), 212 Ten Days That Shook the World, 255
South Africa Third World, 206
broadcasting, 227–229 Thomas (Web server), 3
and new media, 225–242 Thompson, Fred, 338
South African Broadcasting Corporation (SABC), Tiananmen Square, 154
225, 228–232 Times of India, 317
South Africa Now, 312 TINORED (network), 188
Spice Girls, 265 Tönnies, Ferdinand, 85
Speakeasy Café, 78 Transnational corporations, 210
Spears, Britney, 264 Tripp, Linda, 335
Spielberg, Steven, 40 Turner, Frederick, 10
Springer, Jerry, 335 TV Marti, 180–181
Stacks, M., 359
Stapleton, Walter Merino, 174–175 UNESCO-TV, 312
Starr, Kenneth, 140 Union of Radio and Television of African
Starr, Paul, 5 Nations, 328
Starr Report, 3, 251–253 United Democratic Front (UDF), 235
 Index 385

United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural World Bank, 123

Organization (UNESCO), 191–193 World Report, 311–312
United Press International, 136 World Trade Organization (WTO), 4, 78, 119
Universal Mobile Telecommunications System World Wide Web. See Internet
(UMTS), 310 WoYaa (Internet portal), 319
Unix-to-Unix copy program, 193
Urs, Krishna, 175 Yahoo, 88, 318–319
U.S. News and World Report, 129 Yeltsin, Boris, 142
Youngman, Owen, 278–279
Ventura, Jesse, 3 Youth Computing Clubs, 194
Virtual communities, 8, 46, 86–89 Yugoslavia, 222
Vital Issues: Reshaping and Industrializing the
Nation, 215 Zablocki, Benjamin, 85
Voice of America, 171, 177, 181 Zapatistas, 102
Zee-TV, 312
Waddington, C. H., 348
Wall Street Journal, 277, 321
Washington, George, 50–51
Washington Post, 124, 150, 171–172, 368
Washington Post Magazine, 123
Washingtonpost.com, 171–172
Weaver, Warren, 352
Webcasting, 176–177
Web sites, and journalism, 171–172, 338–340
Webster, R., 353
Web, White and Blue (online debate), 1
Weiner, Daniel, 235–236
Well, The, 11
Welles, Orson, 264
Whine, Michael, 220
White, David Manning, 274
White, Rick, 138
Whitman Center, 128–129
Wiener, Norbert, 348
Willey, Kathleen, 335
Williams, Raymond, 5
“Will the Revolution Be Televised?,” 12
Wired, 3, 10, 135
Wireless Application Protocol (WAP), 309
Witheford, N., 360