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Modal Analysis
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Figure 4. Simple plate frequency Figure 5. Overlay of time and Figure 6. Simple plate sine dwell
response function. frequency response functions. responses. The deformation patterns
have been generated using PSV Soft-
ware.
deformation patterns are seen (mode 3 right part of the figure). This model As typically a large number of
and 4, respectively). Such natural fre- will generally be evaluated using equations must be solved, matrices
quencies and mode shapes occur in all some set of equations where there are often used for organizing them.
structures to some extent. is an interrelationship, or coupling, The matrix representation of all of the
Basically, structure characteristics such between the different masses, or equations of motion describing how
as mass and stiffness determine where degrees of freedom (DOF), used to the system behaves will look like
these natural frequencies and mode model the structure.
shapes will exist. Design engineers This means that if one pulls on one
need to identify these frequencies and of the DOFs in the model, the other
know how they might affect the re- DOFs are also affected and also where M, C, K are the mass, damping
.. .
sponse of the structure when a force move. This coupling means that the and stiffness matrices respectively; x, x
excites the structure. equations are more complicated in and x the corresponding acceleration,
order to determine how the system velocity and displacement and F is the
Time Domain, Frequency Domain behaves. force applied to the system.
and Modal Space
In Figure 7, a simple cantilever beam
is shown that is excited at the tip of Figure 7: Composing time and frequency response from simple modal models.
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Usually the mass is a diagonal matrix Multiple reference tests are an import- This is extremely useful information.
and the damping and stiffness matrices ant tool when the structure under test However, many times the operating
are symmetric with off-diagonal terms exhibits a high modal density, closely shapes are confusing and do not
indicating the degree of coupling bet- coupled modes or repeated roots. necessarily provide clear guidance as
ween the different equations or DOFs The dynamic MIMO model is a linear to how to solve or correct an operat-
describing the system. The size of the frequency domain model where spectra ing problem (and modification and
matrices is dependent on the number (Fourier transforms) of multiple inputs response tools cannot be utilized on
of equations used to describe our sys- are multiplied by elements of an FRF operating data). The best situation
tem. Mathematically, something called matrix to yield spectra of multiple exists when both operating data and
an eigensolution is performed and the outputs. The FRF matrix model can modal data are used in conjunction
modal transformation equation is used be written as: to solve structural dynamic problems.
to convert these coupled equations Laser scanning vibrometry is ideally
into a set of uncoupled single DOF suited for modal tests because it
systems described by diagonal matrices Here m is the number of inputs provides an unambiguous phase
of modal mass, modal damping and (references), n the number of outputs reference, highly precise measure-
modal stiffness in a new coordinate (responses), f the frequency, vn(ƒ) the ment data without mass loading
system called modal space described as vector of outputs, rm(ƒ) the vector of problems and a high spatial resol-
inputs and Hnm(ƒ) the matrix of the ution for detailed FEM correlations.
FRF’s describing the system. If Hnm(ƒ) Both complete and partial data sets
is known, e.g. as a result from scanning can be exported to commercially
vibrometer measurements where n is available software packages for
where p is the vector of the modal the number of scan points and m the experimental modal analysis (LMS,
coordinates. So the transformation number of the reference channels, ME’scope, and others).
from physical space to modal space the response of the system to a set
using the modal transformation of inputs can be predicted. Acknowledgement
equation is a process whereby a com- We wish to thank Dr. Peter Avitabile,
plicated set of coupled physical equa- Modal Data and Operating Data
Director of the Modal Analysis &
tions is converted into a set of simple Modal data requires that the force Controls Laboratory at University of
uncoupled single DOF systems. As is is measured in order to determine Massachusetts Lowell. The main part
shown in Figure 7, the analytical model the frequency response function and of this tutorial is taken from his article
can be broken down into a set of single resulting modal parameters. Only entitled “Experimental Modal Analysis –
DOF systems where the single DOF modal data will give the true princi- A Simple Non-Mathematical Overview”
describing mode 1 is shown in blue, pal characteristics of the system. published in Sound & Vibration
mode 2 is shown in red and mode 3 is In addition, structural dynamic modi- magazine, January 2001 (http://
shown in green. Modal space allows fications and forced response can macl.caeds.eng.uml.edu/umlspace/
the system to be described easily using only be studied using modal data s&v_Jan2001_Modal_Analysis.PDF)
simple, single DOF systems. (operating data cannot be used for
E-mail: Peter_Avitabile@uml.edu
these types of studies). Also, corre-
Multiple Reference Analysis (MIMO) lation with a finite element model
MIMO means Multiple Input/Multiple is best performed using modal data.
Output and is a measuring technique However, modal data alone does
where multiple inputs (excitations, not identify whether a structure is
references) are used to excite the adequate for an intended service
measurement object at the same time or application since modal data are
and multiple outputs (responses) of independent of the forces on the
the vibration are measured to obtain a system. Operating data on the other
matrix of FRF’s that describe how the hand is an actual depiction of how
vibrating system reacts to an excitation. the structure behaves in service.
Polytec Tutorial
Please download all parts of this series as PDF files on www.polytec.com/vib-university
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