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IN ACCEPTANCE OF FORMWORK
IT NEED TO BE CHECKED:
where:
V –volume of placed layer,
tpw–time of bonding start of used cement,
tur–time of mixing the concrete mix.
where
Lo–sum of length of horizontal projection straight segments of pipeline,
αk–sum of deviation angles of pipeline way,
sk–deputy length which correspond to shift resistance by changing the
direction of flow by 90o; sk= 10 -12 m,
hw–height difference of shifted mix,
sh–deputy length corresponding
Main factors causing the increase of porosity, and consequently decreasing the
quality of the concrete:
considerably high –from workability conditions quantity of water in the
concrete mix than it is needed for hydratation process; excess of water
evaporating from concrete cause it’s capillary porosity;
inserting to concrete mix –mainly during the mixing time -some amount
of air bobbles (even to 10% of volume);That bobbles make defects of
concrete structure.
Decreasing of porosity can be obtained by:
taking W/C < 0,38 providing required consistency and workability by
adding adequate amount of superplasticizer -it leads to elimination of
capillar porosity;
proper compaction–permits to elimination of air bobbles from the mix and
tight filling of formwork and covering reinforcement bars.
The more irregular shape of aggregate’s grain the greater amplitude (by
using the same frequency of vibration).
The greater size of aggregate’s grain the greater amplitude and lower
frequency.
The greater volume density of grains the greater frequency (for chosen
amplitude).
The lower indicator of consistency, the bigger and longer damping of
vibration and vibration time.
Time of vibration is established experimentally –it’s extension can lead to
segregation.
HIGH TEMPERATURES
In summertime we should:
Use concretes made from components which properties will be proper to
work in high temperatures;
Use proper designed concrete mixtures;
Use cooled concrete;
Use concrete mixtures with proper workability;
All concrete works should be realized without any breaks;
Concrete works should be realized during the best weather conditions, it
should be planned earlier;
Time table of works should allow some flexibility in concrete works,
Concrete and concrete mixture should be protected against loss of
moisture;
Heat exchange and cooling of concrete should be quaranteed.
The advantages of the upper system are high capacity on curves and free
selection of the bridge cross-section. Moreover, the railway loading gauge
under the new structure is not affected normally.
The variant with the lower mobile support is advantageous due to lower
cost implications. Furthermore, pre-assembled reinforcing elements can
be brought in with the crane (time advantage) and suspensions through the
structure are not required.
Large-panel systems
Frame systems
Mixed systems
Precast columns, precast beams, precast floor slabs, precast walls, precast
staircases,
9. TECHNOLOGY OF AUTOMATIC CLIMBING SYSTEMS,
PROCESSES AND APPLICATION.
Low temperature increase that time, while high temperatures essentially shorten
it.
METHODS OF PLACEMENT
Concreting order from technological point of view is most often free. In some
circumstances concreting order is determined by strength matters of formwork
and scaffolding or unfavorable deflection of formwork weighted by concrete.
Concreting gaps:
expansion joint;
-shrinkage–thermalgaps;
-working gaps; general rule of preparing working gaps is to:
make them in places of lowest internal forces,
-concreting together that element which statically belong together,
-place perpendicularly to main compression stresses in that way to avoid in them
tensile stresses.
CONNECTING OLD AND NEW CONCRETE
For obtaining the best connection between old and new concrete the surface of
working gap need to be unequal and rough.
Good connection can be obtain by forging top layer of concrete on depth of 3
cm:
-manually, water or sand jet, shot peening.
Just before placement of new concrete:
-surface of connection is being cleaned
-surface of connection is being abundantly damped with water.
-mortar or sprayed mortar is being placed with thickness of 5 mm
GENERAL CONDITIONS:
During the concreting time it is necessary to observe behavior of
formwork and scaffolding , if there is no loss of shape correctness of the
structure.
Speed and height of filling the formwork depends of strength and stiffness
of shuttering which takes concrete pressure.
During the hot, sunny weather placed mix should be protected against lose
of water.
In time of rain placed concrete should be immediately protected against
the raining water.
In places where complicated shape of shuttering or closed-packed
reinforcement make difficult to mechanically consolidate the