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"Of all the parameters that can be measured non-intrusively in industry today,
Vibration is movement relative to the one containing the most information is the vibration signature.“ Vibration Analysis can Identify These and Other Problems
a reference position, such as the center line of
a shaft on rotating equipment. Art Crawford Imbalance Misalignment Looseness
Belt Problems Rolling Element Bearing Defects Gear Problems
Vibration is a result of an excitation force or Resonance Electrical Problems Rubs
Each machine fault generates a specific vibration pattern Oil Whirl Sleeve Bearing Problems Oil Whip
forcing function and may be either random or Vibration analysis can often pinpoint a failing element of a
rotating machine in time to avoid catastrophic failure and The frequency of the vibration is determined by the machine Vane Pass Flow Prolems Blade Pass
periodic. geometry and operating speed
costly replacement of machinery as well as lengthy production Cavitation Lubrication Problems Pipe Strain
interruptions. A single vibration measurement provides information about
multiple components
VIBRATION ANALYSIS IS USED TO IMPROVE PROFITABILITY IN EVERY MAJOR INDUSTRY IN THE WORLD
Velocity waveform for misalignment is very periodic and repetitive with one or two peaks • Pulses appear once per revolution with cracked or commonly exist, and appears as • Gear natural resonance is excited by gear defects; an increase in
(events) per revolution. Offset amplitudes typically appear higher in the radial plane; broken tooth high-frequency synchronous peaks amplitude is a good indicator of potential problems
*Since gearboxes are naturally energetic due to the gears meshing, 0.06
angular misalignment amplitudes typically appear higher in the axial plane. • Defects can display harmonics of • Gear misalignment often appears as 2 x GMF in the spectrum. 1 X GM
trending is very helpful.
GMF and/or turning speed • To analyze gear problems, set Fmax at 3.5 X GMF to allow room
Gear Mesh Frequency = Rotation Speed (in Hz) X # of sidebands for sidebands. Accelerometer selection and mounting is critical. 0
Gear Teeth Freq: 681.25
• Sideband amplitudes will normally
Mechanical Looseness For example, a gear is rotating at 10 Hz with 72 teeth: increase as condition deteriorates
• Use at least 1600 lines of resolution if the Fmax is < 2000 Hz; 0 500 1000 1500
Frequency in Hz
2000 2500 Ordr: 31.00
Spec: .02673
The spectrum (expressed in orders) demonstrates extensive impacting at gear turning speed. Recurring use at least 3200 if Fmax is > 2,000 Hz. (The objective is to
GMF = 10 Hz X 72 = 720Hz periods of high spiking appear in the waveform each time the cracked tooth passes through engagement. resolve the slowest shaft speed in mesh).
• Mark gears to be reinstalled to allow same mesh
Belt Defects Gear Ratio Calculation • Best to replace gears in sets
Knowing the ratio of the GEAR LATER
EARLY
input to output gears
TOOTH GEAR
can be very helpful in GEAR
determining the turning WEAR TOOTH
speed of the output TOOTH
shaft. WEAR
WEAR
Ratio = Number of teeth
on output shaft gear to (Use (Expanded
the number of teeth on same Spectrum)
input shaft gear scale)
For example, a gear box
with 72 teeth on the
Looseness is characterized by harmonics of TS with raised noise floor. Waveform displays input gear and 24 teeth
random impacting which may be in a nonrepetitive irregular pattern. on the output gear, the
Highest amplitudes typically occur in the radial direction, specifically the vertical plane for Worn or mismatched belts produce sub-synchronous and sometimes non-synchronous peaks and harmonics. The 2 x belt frequency typically ratio would be 72 / 24 or
horizontally mounted equipment. dominates, and multiples of the 2 x appear throughout the spectrum, because the defective belt passes over 2 sheaves. ASK BILL DAVIS 3:1
Trend plot clearly shows increasing gear tooth
•The number of turning speed harmonics and their amplitudes increase with the severity The highest amplitudes typically occur in the radial direction, specifically in line with the belts. For example, if input is wear over several months, despite readings taken
of the problem •To resolve belt frequency in the spectra, it is necessary that •An eccentric sheave produces radial vibration at 1 x TS of the sheave 10 Hz, output would be under varying load Gears demonstrating wear over time. Note changes in amplitude from early stage wear to more
•Unstable phase characterizes looseness the time block of data includes at least 6 revolutions of the •Misaligned sheaves create axial vibration at 1 x TS of the sheave 30 Hz (TS X Ratio). advanced tooth wear and increasing side bands
•Fractional harmonics (1/4, 1/3, 1/2, ¾) may appear develops due to looseness belt (further references are available in Art Crawford’s books)