Economic Geology

Vol.94,1999,pp. 867-882

FaciesAnalysis
of Volcano-SedimentarySuccessionsHosting
MassiveSulfideDeposits
in the IberianPyriteBelt,Spain
CARLESSORIANO,
L*
VIEPSDepartment
of EarthSciences,
MonashUniversity,
Wellington
Road,Clayton,Victoria3168,Australia

ANDJOANMARTI
Instituteof EarthSciences
'JaumeAltoera"CSIC, C/LluisSoleSabarfs
s/n,Barcelona
08028Spain

Abstract

The Iberianpyritebeltvolcanogenie sulfides arehostedin volcano-sedimentary successions of UpperDe-

vonianto LowerCarboniferous ageandrepresent thegreatest concentration of largemassive sulfidedeposits
onEarth.Mostof theoredeposits areexposed at thesurface,andlittleinvestment in geological research has
beenneeded tominethem.Asa consequence, fundamental aspects oftheoregeology, suchasthedepositional
environment, theeruptivestyleof volcanism, thechronostratigraphic relationsbetween faciestypes,andthe
finalmodeof eraplacement of volcanic rockshavenotbeenstudied previously in detail.
A faciesanalysishasbeensystematically carriedoutonseveral volcano-sedimentary successions of theore-
hostunit. Seventeenvolcanicandsedimentary faciesare defined.The mainfaciesare silicicvolcanic facies,
marievolcanic facies,reworked volcaniclasticfacies,siliciclastic
facies,slopeinstabilityfacies,andhydrother-
malfacies. Faciesanalysissuggests thatthe Iberianpyritebeltvolcanism tookplacein a submarine, below-
wave-base, depositionalenvironment andthatwaterdepthincreased to theeastandnorthin the ore-hosting
basin.Fragmentation mechanisms suggest thattheeruptive styleofvolcanism wasmainlynonexplosive, though
explosivevolcanism mayhaveoccurred outside thebasin.Transport anddepositional processes suggest that
mostof thevolcaniclasticrockswereemplaced fromsyneruptive, nonpyroclastic massflows.Contact relation-
shipsofvolcanic andsedimentary faciesrevealthatpepcritic faciesareverywidespread, silicicandmariemag-
masintrudedsimultaneously at shallowlevelsin the volcano-sedimentary pile, and low-temperature hy-
drothermal processesmayhaveoccurred priorto volcanism at manysites.

Introduction The Iberianpyritebeltis locatedin the southwestern part

VOLCANOGENIC massive sulfidedeposits havedrawnthe at- of the Iberian Peninsula, in western Europe (Fig. 1). The
tentionof geologists dueto theirworld-wide distributionand Iberian pyrite belt sulfides are mostly massive volcanogenic
economic importance (Table1). Massivesulfidesassociateddeposits hostedin volcano-sedimentary successionsof Upper
withvolcanic rocksareanimportant sourceof several base Devonian to LowerCarboniferous age.Themainsulfideore-
metals(Cu,Zn, Pb).Significant progress hasbeenmadein bodiesaregiantdeposits withtonnages thatexceed100Mr,
understanding theore-forming processes of massive sulfides and are mostly stratabound lenses hosted by blackshale
andtheirrelationship to volcanism in Australia (Allen,1992; (Table 1). Sulfide ores are mainly pyrite with subordinate Cu,
Cas,1992;Large,1992;McPhieandAllen,1992;Stolzand Zn,andPbsulfides. MinorAgandAuarealsoexploited (Les-
Large,1992),Canada(Kerr and Gibson,1993;Larsonand cuyeret al.,1998;Saezet al.,1996).
Hutchinson, 1993;Pichdet al., 1993),Japan(Ohmoto,1983; Faciesanalysisof volcano-sedimentary successions has
Tanimuraet al., 1983), and Sweden(Allen et al., 1996). How- beenwidelyandsuccessfully appliedto describe faciesarchi-
tecture and to characterize the volcanism in volcano-sedi-
ever,fundamental aspects ofthegeology oftheIberianpyrite
belt,the areaof the Earthwiththegreatest tonnage of vol- mentarybasins(Fiske,1963;Fisher,1966;Cas,1978;Fisher,
canogenic massive sulfides (Table1), stillremainpoorlyun- 1984;Schneider et al.,1992;Mart/,1996).Theapplication of
derstood. Thispoorknowledge canbe attributed to thelow facies analysis to volcano-sedimentary successionshosting
metalgrades thathavedeterred deepexploration; totheease volcanogenie massive sulfides hasprovideda usefulexplo-
withwhichthe sulfideoreshavebeenextracted by opencast ration tool and an important means of understanding the re-
mining;andto thedistinctexpression of near-surface oreson lationship between volcanism and ore-forming processes
gravitysurveys whichhasreduced theneedfor detailedgeo- (Allen, 1992;Cas, 1992; McPhie and Allen, 1992;Allen et al.,
logicalresearch. Opencast mines,however, arebecoming ex- 1996).In the Iberianpyritebelt,however, a systematicfacies
hausted (Table1) andmoreexploration isfocusing onthedis- analysis of the ore-host unit has never been carriedout, al-
coveryof deeperores(MarotoArandaet al., 1993;Doyle, though some stratigraphic logs and some particular
textures
1996;Rodr/guez et al., 1996;Santoset al., 1996),whichre- havebeeninterpretedin termsof their geneticprocesses
quiresmoredetailedgeological studies. (Boulter, 1993).Duetothelackofrigorous faciesanalysis,the
styleof volcanism in the Iberianpyritebeltis poorlyunder-
stood.No specific studies devoted to theeruptivestyleof the
• Corresponding
author:email,csori@geo.ub.es
*Presentaddress:
Instituteof Earth Sciences"JaumeAimera"CSIC, volcanism, the mechanisms of eraplacement of magma,the
C/LluisSoleSabar/s
s/n,Barcelona 08028Spain. chronostratigraphic relationship betweenthe differentrock

0361-0128/99/2089/867-16
$6.00 867
868 SORIANO AND MARTI

F
 VOLCANICFACIES,IBERIANPYRITEBELT 869

I• Post-Variscan
cover 10øW
ß.•
0ø 44øN
-
• Southwest
Portugal
Terrane
(Lower
toUpper
Carboniferous)
z
,..'..'.
.a,xo
^.en,eoerrane
.ower
Oaron,,ero o
o •,: :' ...•.•Q•....j-• / ,,•
• IberianPyriteBeltTerrane(UpperDevonianto _o / {:. ß. :•__•,• / _• 40o_
••ß Lower
Pulo
Carboniferous).
doLobo
Variscan
Accretionary
plutons
Prism
inset
(Middle
toUpper
z• / -•.•::: ,• •,•
;• Devonian).
Ophiolitic
melanges
inset • I' :•PZ /•J•' .200
km
• Beja
Acebuches
Ophiolitic
Complex
(Lower
Devonian) • •-'• ' '36
ø

AJ ß ß
38
z
//'--"-'-¾'J•
•Z.. '•'.'".'."
---•-•------•--.'•:•-•-----•---------•------------{{•{
. ...,.'.'..'.
'..'.'.'.-.'.,.... ' ...............
• .:...:.......:.....:
.a.. ..... -.-.-...

•o ''"'"'""
'' '"'"

ß•..•.' ' HUELVA

37ø o• 301km
9ø 8ø 7ø
A A A

Fzc.1. Tectonostratigraphic
terranemapof thesouthPortuguese zone(modified
fromOliveira,
1990,andQuesada,
1991).Inset:Variscan
geologicaldomains of the Iberianmassif(shaded):
CZ = Cantabrianzone;WALZ = west
Asturian-Leon
zone;CIZ = centralIberiazone;OMZ = OssaMorenazone;SPZ= southPortuguese
zone(afterJulivert
et
al., 1974).

types,andthe depositional environment at the timeof the the Iberianmassifis the southPortuguese zone,whichis
volcanism havepreviously beencarriedout. bounded to thenorthbytheOssaMorenazone.Thebound-
In thispaperwe presenta faciesanalysis of several of the arybetween theOssaMorenazoneandthesouthPortuguese
stratigraphicsuccessions whichhostthemassive orebodies on zoneisinterpreted asa majorsuturein theVariscan orogen
theeastern side(theSpanish sector) oftheIberianpyritebelt corresponding to theformersiteof subduction of thesouth
(Figs.1 and2). Faciestypesandfaciesassociations havebeen Portuguese platebeneath theOssaMorenaplate(Munhaet
definedaccording to theirdescriptive featuresß Interpretation al., 1986;Crespo-Blanc andOrozco,1988;Dallmeyer et al.,
ofthecontacts between faciestypesenabled determination of 1993;Quesada et al., 1994).The southPortuguese zonehas
ehronostratigraphie relationships. The fragmentation, trans- beendividedintofivetectonostratigraphic terranesincluding
port, and depositional mechanisms of volcanicrockshave theIberianpyritebelt(Fig.1).These terranesareinterpreted
beenevaluated independently to assesstheoriginofvoleani- ashaving beenaccreted to theOssaMorenaplate(Oliveira,
elasticdebrisanditsfinalmodeof emplaeement. Thisfacies 1990;Quesada,1991).Boundaries betweenthe terranesof
analysisis usedto assess the eruptivestyleof the Iberian the southPortuguese zoneare northward-dipping thrust
pyritebeltvolcanism anditsrelationto low-temperature hy- faults(Quesada, 1991).The Iberianpyritebeltisbounded to
drothermal processes. Our resultssupport the suggestion by thenorthbythePulodoLoboaccretionary prismandto the
Boulter(1993,1995)thatmanyvolcanic unitsin the Iberian southbytheBaixoAlentejo syn-Variscanfiysch(Figs.i and
pyritebeltaresillsratherthanpyroelastic rocks. Wealsopro- 2).
vide a reconstruction of the volcano-sedimentary basinand Regional metamorphism andthin-skinned thrusttectonics
the volcano-sedimentary environment of sulfidedeposition tookplaceduringthe Variscan orogeny. The intensityof
based on facies associations and facies distribution. Variscancleavage andregional metamorphism increasesfrom
southto norththroughout the terranesof the southPor-
GeologicSetting tuguese zone(Munha,1990;Silvaet al.,1990).In theIberian
pyritebelt,regional
metamorphism islowgrade,fromzeolite
Regionalgeology to greenschistfacies,
whereas theVariscan tectonic
styleis
The portionof the European Variscanorogenexposedin characterizedbypiggy-back foldandthrustsequences prop-
theIberianPeninsula isknownastheIberianmassif (Fig.1). agated to thesouth(Silvaet al.,1990;Soriano,
1996).Synto
The Iberianmassif hasbeendividedintofivegeological do- post-Variscanplutons
arewidelyexposed in thenorthern
part
mains(Fig. 1) basedon lithology,age,and tectonicstyle of the southPortuguese zoneandthe southern partof the
(Lotze,1945;Julivertet al., 1974).The southern
domainof OssaMorenazone(Fig. 1).
870 SORIANOAND MARTI
 VOLCANICFACIES,IBERIANPYRITEBELT 871

Stratigraphy oftheIberianpyritebelt The volcano-sedimentary complex rocksshowa marked

TheIberianpyritebelthasbeendivided intothreelithos- east-west structural trend as well as an important change in
tratigraphicunitsbasedon the occurrence of volcanic and the distribution of rocksfrom northto south (Figs.2 and 3).
volcaniclasticrocktypesand associated hydrothermal de- Volcanicrocksof silicicand maficcompositions are more
posits(Strauss,1970;Schermerhorn, 1971).Fromthebaseto abundant in the northern and eastern partsof thebasin where
the top of the stratigraphicsuccession, they comprise stratigraphicpilesup to 500 m thick
theseunitsarethe and 3). Silicicand maficintrusionsand lavastend to be lo- (Figs.2
phylliteandquartzite unit,thevolcano-sedimentary complex,
andtheCulmGroup(Fig.3). catedinthelowerpartsofstratigraphic successionsofthevol-
Thephylliteandquartzite unit:Thisunitis composed of cano-sedimentary complex in thesouthern and western parts
siliciclastic
prevolcanic rocksdeposited in a subtidalenviron- of the basin, whereas they occupy higher stratigraphic
posi-
mentfromfan-delta andsand-bar systems ona shallow-ma-tionsin thenorthandeast(Figs.2 and3).
rinecontinental platform(MorenoandSaez,1990;Oliveira, TheCulmGroup:Thisis a postvolcanic unitcomposed of
1990; Moreno et al., 1996). The baseof this unit is not ex- epiclastic syn-Variscan fiysch turbiditicdeposits which con-
posed butstratigraphicsectionshaveminimum thicknesses of formably overliethevolcano-sedimentary complex. Thetop
of this unit is eroded but the maximum measured thickness is
300to 400 m. The phylliteandquartziteunitis Frasnian to
upperFamennian in ageaccording toconodont faunalocated 3,000m (Moreno,1993).Thisunitwasdeposited by subma-
in rarelimestonelenses(Boogaard andSchermerhorn, 1975a; rine fans prograding onto a shallow-to deep-water continen-
Fantinctet al., 1976;Boogaard and Schermerhorn, 1980; tal platform (Oliveira,1990; Moreno, 1993). Goniatiteand
Boogaard and Schermerhorn, 1981)andpalynomorphs conodont fauna
in (Oliveira, 1983). yield an upper Visean to Westphalian age
slate(Lake et al., 1988).
Thevolcano-sedimentary complex:Thisis the synvoleanie
unitwhichhoststhe sulfideorebodies of the Iberianpyrite Magmatism oftheIberianpyritebelt
belt.It iscomposedofintrusionsandlavasof marieandsili- The volcanism oftheIberianpyritebeltoccurred withina
eiecompositions,voleanielastie
andsilieielastie
rocks,andhy- maximum timespanof30 m.y.,duringa periodoftransten-
drothermal depositsincludingmassive sulfidesandjaspers. sional tectonics in the continental crust of the south Por-
The volcano-sedimentarycomplex conformably overliesthe tuguese plate(Mitjavila
etal.,1997).Soriano (1997)suggested
phylliteandquartziteunit,anditsthicknessvariesfrom400 thattranstensional tectonics
andvolcanism arepartofa longer,
to 800 m. Rarelimestone lensesbearingeonodont fauna continuous, plateconvergence process between the south
(Boogaard and Sehermerhorn, 1975b;Oliveira,1992)and Portuguese andOssaMorenaplates.First,theoceanic crust
blackshales bearing
palynomorphs (Pereiraet al.,1996)pro- of the southPortuguese platewasconsumed beneaththe
videanupperFamennian to upperViseanage. continental crustof theOssaMorenaplate,thencontinental

WSW ENE

.................. Tharsis ....... Calafias .... Zalamea la Real .............

......... :1.......... ................. ,

--::::•::::
•"•' •/
.....
.•::: ElLagunaz•''"
.... :•.....:::::::: :.:'
;••...::..:....::..
• " • ••••:•'•'•!v•'•:;::•:•':•:;:•:•:•'•:•:v•''::•::•:•:v•:•:•:•:•':;•'•'•
,,_,,., ,• . • • ==============================================================
,.... >,..... ..•s:..-.,,......:,.:._:'...."•. . .'.':"• Tharsis ... LZ

::::::::::::::::::::
I::.'":..'..::':::
:';.:
:,:.'::'.:'..".
:.'::
'..'.'::
'..'-':
:?:
:'.:.'
::,:.:
:'.:.'::
,.'-::
'..'.':.".:.'::
'?'
:'..•-"::.
. :.'
".'::::'
::.::.."i::.:.':::'.
:::.
:::::::::::::::::::::
::.:::.::
':::.:::i:
:'.:
::.::'
.:::
.."::::.::'.•
::'
..'.'-'.::'.:::.
::'.::
:.;:
:::::'..'!::'.::
'....'•.."
'"":' .::?::.'.:..:::
::."'•
""'"'"'"
'"

VOLCANO-SEDIMENTARY
;•--•-'•
Mafic
COMPLEX
intrusions
and
lavas
500
m10km
'"'..".:'•Sili½i½
intrusions
andlavas
• Variscan
plutons
Massive sulfides

'•-• Reworked
volcaniclastic
andsiliciclastic
rocks
-'"'-- Purpleshales
FIG.3. Regional
stratigraphic
framework
fortheeastern
partoftheIberianpyritebeltlooking
north-northwest
(afterSo-
riano, 1997).
872 SORIANO AND MARTI

collision commenced and volcanism and transtensional tec- in whichthe lithostatic pressure andsediment consolidation
tonicsoccurred in the Iberianpyritebelt priorto the main precluded theformation of peperites.
compressional deformation andthrusting events(Silvaet al., Autoclastic silicicfacies:Thisfaciescomprises monomict,
1990;Quesadaet al., 1994). poorlysortedbreccia of silicicvolcanic composition. Thesili-
Volcanic rocksof the Iberianpyritebelt displaycomposi- cic autoclasts exhibita blockyshapewith angularand
tionalbimodality. Tholeiiticbasaltsand rhyolitespredomi- rounded surfaces,are centimeter to meter sized, and are
nate,although minorandesitc anddacitehavealsobeenrec- commonly flattenedparallelto the mainVariscan cleavage.
ognized (Munha,1983;Mitjavilaet al.,1997;Thi•blemont et Autoclastic silicicfaciesdisplayporphyritic to aphanitic tex-
al.,1998).Relative abundances of rocktypes,theirSrandNd tures,flowlayering, andperlitictexture.Thisfaciesgenerally
isotopecompositions, andmajor,trace,andrare earthele- exhibits in situbrecciation textures(jigsawfit of clasts)and
mentgeochemistry suggest thatthesefourrockgroupsare varying degrees ofclastrotation(Fig.4C andD). In situfrag-
notrelatedbyfractional crystallization
processes (Mitjavilaet mentedquartzandfeldspar phenocrysts havealsobeenob-
al., 1997).The basalts are attributedto variabledegrees of servedat a microscopic scale.
partialmeltingof anasthenospheric mantlesource andmay Manyof the autoclastic silicicfaciesof the Iberianpyrite
havebeencontaminated by crustalpartialmelts(Mitjavilaet belt werepreviously interpretedas products of pyroclastic
al., 1997).The moreevolvedrocktypeswereproduced by (explosive) activity(Lecolle,1977;Routhieret al.,1980).The
partialmeltingof differentpartsof thecontinental crustdue autoclastic in situfragmentation textures, however, suggest a
to the accmnulation of these basaltic melts at the base of the nonexplosive mechanism of fragmentation. Theblockyshape
crust(Mitjavilaet al., 1997). of autoclasts, curviplanar clasts margins, andrelictglassy tex-
tures(perlite)arecharacteristic ofhydroclastic fragmentation
FaciesAnalysis of the Volcano-Sedimentary Complex (CasandWright,1987;McPhieet al.,1993),i.e.,wherewater
In thispaper,faciestypesandfaciesassociations oftheore- is involved in theprocess of magmacooling andbrecciation.
bearinglithostratigraphic unit havebeendistinguished ac- Consequently, manyof the autoclastic rockscan alsobe
cordingto their descriptive volcanicand sedimentary fea- termedhyaloclastite breccias. Thereislittleevidence of clast
tures:faciescomposition, faciesgeometry, verticalandlateral transport.Localareasof autoclastic facieswithoutin situ
variations of facies,volcanicand sedimentary texturesand breccia textures areattributed to strong clastrotation anddis-
structural features, andtheirrelationship with surroundingaggregation of in situbrecciadueto continued advance of
facies.Fragmentation, transport,anderaplacement processesmagmaduringfragmentation. Boulders up to several meters
ofthevolcaniclastic rockshavebeenevaluated independentlyin size,completely surrounded by coherent facies,appearin
in orderto assess the originof volcaniclastic debrisandthe the innerpartsof somesilicicvolcanic packages (Fig. 4E).
finalmodeoferaplacement. Theprimary volcanic facieshave Theseboulders areinterpreted aspiecesof the externalso-
been divided into mafic and silicic volcanic facies because lidifiedmagmacarapace that were incorporated into the
theircharacter isstrongly relatedto chemical composition. innerpartof the flow(e.g.,McPhieet al., 1993).
Pepcriticsilicicfacies:Peperitesare rockscomprising a
Silicicvolcanic facies mixtureof magmatic clasts in a sedimentary orvolcaniclastic
In the areacovered by thisstudy,primary(non-reworked)matrix.Pepcritic faciesareusually attributed to theinterac-
silicicvolcanic faciescomprise rocksthatresultfromtheex- tionbetweenshallow intrusions andwet,poorlyconsolidated
trusiveand intrusiveeraplacement of rhyolitic,dacitic,and sediments(Kokelaar, 1982; Hanson and Schweickert,1983;
andesiticmagmas.Silicicvolcanicfacieshavebeen desig- Busby-Spera andWhite,1987;Allen,1992;HansonandWil-
natedas coherent,autoclastic, or pepcriticdependingon son,1993).Formation of mostpeperites involves hydroclastic
their degreeof fragmentation andthe contactrelationshipsfragmentation of themagma,fiuidization of theadjacent sed-
with surrounding rocks.Coherentsilicicfaciesoccurin the iments,andmixingof the hydroclasts andsediment. Boulter
innerpartsofthesilicicstratigraphic packages andgradeinto (1993)providedthe first description and interpretation of
autoclastic andpepcriticfaciestowards thecontacts withthe pepcritic textures in theIberianpyritebelt,atthecontact be-
surrounding sedimentary rocks(Fig.4B,C, D, andE). tweenhigh-level silicicsillsandpurpleshales in theRioTinto
Coherent silicicfacies:Thisfaciescomprises coherent (i.e., area.
nonfragmented), porphyriticto aphanitic,silicicigneous Manyof thepeperites in theIberianpyritebeltconsist of
rocks. Phenocrysts ofembayed quartzandsubequant feldspar in situ,clast-supported, hyaloclastite breccias with a shaly
up to 5 mmin sizeformup to 25 percentof the rock.The sediment matrix,andoccurin themarginal partsofsilicicvol-
phenocrysts occurin a poorlyvesicular, perliticgroundmasscanicpackages (Figs.4B, D, E, and5A).Hyaloclasts aremil-
ofdevitrified glass containing aggregates ofquartzandfeldspar limeterto decimetersized,andthe matrixis commonly al-
microphenocrysts withspherulitic andmicropoikilitic textures. teredto chlorite.In situhyaloclastites with sediment in the
Macroscopic structures includeflow foldsand laminationsmatrixgradeinto coherentsilicicfaciestowardsthe inner
andcolmnnar jointing(Fig.4B,C, D, andE). Mostcoherent partsof silicicvolcanic packages (Fig.4B andE). Theseco-
faciesareenclosed by autoclastic andpepcritic facies.Some herentfaciesusuallyexhibitsedimentary dikesandisolated
intrusive contacts of coherent silicic volcanic rocks with sedi- patches andveinsof sedimentary material(Figs.4B, C, E,
mentaryrocksof the phylliteandquartziteunitandthevol- and 5B). Sedimentary materialcan be locatedalongthe
cano-sedimentary complex donotshowevidence of marginal colmnnar jointplanesof thecoherent facies(Fig.4E). Other
autoclasis andpeperiteformation. Thesecontacts mayreflect peperites includeintimateassociations of sediment particles
theintrusion of magma intorelativelythickstratigraphic piles andsilicicmagmatic materialwithpoorlydefinedboundaries
 VOLCANICFACIES,IBERIANPYRITEBELT 873

A
A Culm Group

"' Culm
Group Crystal-richpolymictsandstones
I ,•, •'s•
I'•rystal-dch
polymict
sandstones Disturbed beds

400-•
300'1•(Purple
t v'f sandstones600
shales •-•" Graded
25

Disturbed beds

200
-•:• !asper 0rn
•
Disturbed beds

-• [ , Ash-rich
sandtones Graded
sandstones Purple shales

•.•_3
{•elagic
mudstones
• 500
I

•oo•:
0 m• ;,
to PhylliteandQuartziteUnit
A ¾ ore- ,
Peperites
.

•- w In situhyaloclastites

Purple shales
0m
i'(•'l•wilh
f
sediment
in
matrix
Sedimentary
veinsin
coherent facies

Massive menomict breccias

Coherent

Purple shale veins in Raggedxenolithsof sediment

coherent facies

Coherent 1O0 Raggedxenolithsof sediment

Clast rotation
Coherent

C Om Phylliteand QuartziteUnit
B

Compositional
patterns
andsymbols Volcanicand sedimentarystructures

Mafic
volcanic
Silicic
rocks
volcanic
rocks
I ]I Columnar
jointing
Quartzite 0• Vesicles
Purple
Shale
Flowlamination
Mudstone
and
siltstone
Sandstone
Convolute lamination
Jasper
Not exposed
Slumps
Dascycladae

• Radiolaria Cross lamination

•-• Echinoderms

O Manganes nodules Parallellamination

FIC.4. Stratigraphic
logsof theIberianpyritebeltsummarizing faciestypes,faciesassociations,
andchronostratigraphic
relations
between faciestypes.SeeFigure2 forlocationof logs.A-C, thispage;D-E, p. 874.
874 SORIANO AND MARTI

A •A
• • •$ CulmGroup Culm Group
I •1111

900
In situ hyaloclastites

Graded sandstones
Clast rotation
800
Massive monomict breccias

700 Massive monomict breccias

Coherent

Coherent
6OO

.S•nked
autodast

500 Clastrotation
Pepe•s
In situhyaloclastites
with
Purpleshalesinmatrix
400 Coherent
Purpleshaleveinsin
c coherent facies

Massivepolymictbreccias
Quartzite Unit
300 •
I
Coherent

200 - 200

100 - 100 Coherent

Om

D
øherr•ent Om
Phyllite
andQuart7Jte
Unit

FIG. 4. (Cont.)

between thetwocomponents, aswellasmixtures of globular 1993).Duringcooling, magma releasesheatthatcauses anin-

to lenticular(nonblocky) portions of magmaandsediment creasein the porefluidpressure of the adjacent wet sedi-
(Fig.5C). Shallow intrusionsalsoencloseragged xenoliths of ments.Openquench fracturesandhydrofractures at thesur-
sedimentand form magmatic lobespartiallyor totallyen- faceof the intrusionarelocallow-pressure zonesintowhich
closedby sediment. Intrusionsenclosing sedimentary xeno- the sediments withhigherporefluidpressure aremobilized.
lithscanexhibitchilledmarginsagainst the sediment. The Theintimatemixtures of sedimentandmagma withpoorly
sedimentary component of peperites normallyincreases to- definedboundaries andglobular, nonblocky magmatic dasts
wardsthe outer contactof a shallowintrusion;however,areas suggest a differenttypeof magma-sediment interaction.Ac-
of disorganized millimeter-to centimeter-sized hyaloclastscordingto Kokelaar(1982) and Busby-Spera and White
withno sediment matrixmayalsooccurat thecontactzone. (1987),thistypeof peperiteformswherethemagmatic and
Thesediment matrixin thepeperites isusually and sedimentary
silicified phases areinsulated fromeachotherdueto the
in thin sections canexhibita slightincrease in grainsizeto- formation of a vaporfilmat the magma-sediment interface.
wardsthe contactwith the intrusion.In situhyaloclastitesTheinsulating vaporfilmprevents quench brecciation ofthe
with sulfidein the matrixandsulfidedikespenetrating into magmaandpromotes fluidalmixingof magmaandfluidized
coherent silicicfacieshavealsobeenobserved in someopen sediment.
pits,for example the Zarzaand Rio Tintomines(Boulter,
1995). Maficvolcanicfacies
Thecharacter of peperiticfaciesdepends onthephysical Primary(non-reworked) maficvolcanic faciesincludethose
properties of the hostsediment andthe intrusive magma rocktypesformedfromtheextrusive andintrusive emplace-
(Busby-Spera andWhite, 1987).In situhyaloclastites with mentofbasaltic magmas. Maficvolcanicfacies havebeendi-
sedimentmatrix;disorganized, œme-grained hyaloclastitesvidedintocoherent, pillow,andpeperitic faciesaccording to
without sediment matrix; and coherent facies with dikes, theirstructural featuresandcontacts withsurrounding rocks.
patches, andveinsofsediment suggest anorigininvolving the Coherentmaficfacies:Mostmaficvolcanicrocksin the
fiuidizationofwetsediment intoa coolingmagma(Kokelaar, Iberianpyritebelt are coherent(nonfragmented) basalts
1982;Busby-Spera and White, 1987;HansonandWilson, withanequigranular textureofintergrown crystals.Theyare
 VOLCANICFACIES,IBERIANPYRITEBELT 875

FIe. 5. Photographs ofthemainfacies typesofthevolcano-sedimentary complex. A, B, andC arepepcriticsfiicic

facies.
A.'In situ,clast-supported, hyaloclastite breccia withshalysediment in matrixflattened parallel
tothemainVariscan cleav-
age;OdielRiverarea(6045 ' W, 37044 ' N). B:sfiiciccoherent facieswithveinsof blackshale(s);Villanueva de LosCastille-
josarea(7ø15' W,37ø30 ' N). C: Mixtureofglobular tolenticularportions ofsilicic
magmatic material
(m)andblackshale(s);
LaAulaga area(6ø15 ' W,37041 ' N). D: Highlyvesicular mariecoherent facies.Whitespots arevesicles
filledwithsecondary
calcite;Cuevadela Moraarea(6046 ' W,37047 ' N). E: Crystal-rich
polymict sandstone withsubrounded fragments ofvesic-
ularmaficvolcanics (v)andglass shards (s);MinaIsabelarea(7025 ' W,37030 ' N). F: Massive polymictbrecciawithreverse
grading of silicicvolcanic clasts (R2)grading upwards intocrystal-richpolymict sandstone (S3);La Aulaga area(607' W,
37035 ' N). G: Ash-rich sandstone withzeolitized, cuspate glassy
shards (s).H: Finingandthinning upwards sequences com-
posed ofcrystal-richpolymict sandstone grading upwards intograded sandstone.Arrowindicates younging direction;
Jarama
River area (6025' W, 37040' N).
876 SORIANO AND MARTI

composed of plagioclase andclinopyroxene crystals. Macro- alteredtozeolite(Fig.5E).Thisfacies hasa siltysiliceous ma-

scopicstructural featuresincludevesicles up to decimeter trixoccasionally withdascycladae andradiolaria.
sizeandwell-developed hexagonal columnar jointing(Fig. Texturalandcompositional heterogeneity is attributed to
4E). In contrast to thecoherent silicicfacies whicharepoorly thereworking andmixing ofclasts fromdifferent sources. The
amygdaloidal, thecoherent maficfaciescancontain upto 40 massive appearance andpaucityof sedimentary structures
percentamygdules (Fig.5D). Amygdules arefilledwithcal- otherthanoccasional normalgrading suggest transport and
cite, chlorite,and quartz.Columnar jointsand amygdulesdeposition fromhigh-density massflows,whilethe tabular
were flattenedduringdevelopment of the mainVariscan geometry suggest nonchannelized flows.Thegrainsizeofthe
cleavage. Coherent maficfacies commonly gradelaterally and components andthematrixalsosuggests thatthesemass flows
vertically intopillowfaciesandintopepcritic maficfaciesto- werenoncohesive. The slightly erosive bases andoccasional
wardsthecontacts withsurrounding rocks. grading suggest aweakly turbulent transport mechanism.
Pillow facies:Twopackages ofmaficvolcanic rocks withpil- Massive polymict breccia facies:Thisfaciescomprises tab-
lowshavebeenrecognized. Oneislocated nearLasHerrerfas ular,poorlystratified bedsupto3 mthickcomposed ofpoorly
sulfidedeposit(Fig.2). The other,whichis tectonically dis- sorted,angular to subrounded clasts of silicicandmaficco-
memberedand repeatedby a major east-west-trending herentvolcanics, siltstone, jasper,andminorweldedpyro-
thrust,is locatednearZalameaLa Real(Fig.2). Thepillows clasticrocksin a matrixof coarsesand(Fig.5F). The pyro-
areupto i m in sizeanddisplay chilledmargins, radialjoints, clastic clasts contain weldedtubularpumices andglass shards
andasymmetric shapes fromwhichtheyounging direction of alteredtophyllosilicates. Somebedsdisplay a reverse-graded,
thepillowpilecanbe determined. gravel-sized bedload,andgradeupwards intopolymict crys-
Peperitic maficfacies:Thisfaciescomprises in situhyalo- tal-richsandstone facies.Intervalsof reverse-graded gravel
clastiteswith sedimentin the matrix,and coherentfacieswith correspond to R2 faciesof Lowe(1982),whereas thecoarse
sediment dikes, patches, andveins.Mostofthemaficvolcanic sandintervals correspond to S3facies(Fig.5F).
rocksexhibitirregularcontacts with the surrounding sedi- Asforthecrystal-rich polymict sandstone facies, thecom-
ment and with some silicic volcanic rocks. Near the contact positional andtexturalheterogeneity of theclastpopulation
zone,raggedxenoliths of sedimentand detachedlobesof suggest reworking andmixing ofclasts fromdifferent sources,
maficrockarecommon (Fig.4B). Sediment is silicified
and andthebedformsandgrainsizesuggest transport anddepo-
recrystallized, andthe maficrockdisplays chilledmargins sitionfrom high-density, poorlychannelized, noncohesive
witha general decrease in crystal sizetowards thecontact. No massflows.Reverse grading of R2 facieshasbeenattributed
peperitehasbeenobserved in thepillowfacies. Stratigraphictopressure dispersion inthelowergravel-stratified partofthe
packages containing pillows, however, alsocontain coherent flow (Lowe, 1982).
maficfacieswith sedimentary patchesandveins,thussug- Massive monomict breccia facies:Thisfaciesformstabular,
gesting anintrusive emplacement. poorlystratified, andmassive bedsupto 9.m thick.Thebeds
Although mostof the maficvolcanic rocksareinterpreted havesharpbasesand are composed of blockyand partly
as shallowintrusions, pepcriticmaficfaciesare muchless rounded coherent silicic volcanic clasts and minor mudstone
common thanpepcritic silicicfacies.Instead ofpeperites, the clasts, supported in a sandycrystal-rich matrix(Fig.4C and
contacts are characterized by lobesandpodsof coherent E). Normalgradingof the gravelpopulation (Fig.4E) and
basaltin contactwith recrystallized sediments. We attribute rareclastsof silicicpeperites havebeenobserved. Mostof
the paucityof quenchbrecciation to the intrusion of mafic thisfaciesis locatedat the topandmarginof the silicicvol-
magmas at slightlydeeperlevelswherethe sediments were canicpackages, thoughno contactwiththesepackages has
partially consolidated andalewatered (Allen,1992). been observed.
Themonomict silicic
volcanic composition ofthemainclast
typeandthe stratigraphic position suggest thatthe shallow
Reworked volcaniclastic facies silicicintrusions canbethemainsource forthisfacies. Partly
Volcaniclastic faciesdistinguished hereare composed of roundedsilicicclastssuggest a certaindegreeof transport
volcanic clastsandexhibitevidence thattheyarereworked from the source, and the massivetabular bed forms and
(nonprimary) deposits. In contrastto the primaryvolcani- coarse grainsizesuggest a finalmodeof emplacement from
clasticfaciesdescribed above(peperites andautoclastic fa- high-density, poorlychannelized, noncohesive massflows.
ciesof intrusionsand lavas),there is an absenceof structures Minor mudstone andrarepepcriticclastssuggest scouring
formedbyhotemplacement suchasflowlayering andin situ andincorporation ofmudfromthesediment substrate during
brecciation. transport. Thelackof glass shards suggests thatthisfaciesis
Cnjstal-rich polymictsandstone facies:This faciescom- not relatedto magmaticor phreatomagmatic pyroclastic
prisestabularmassive beds,up to 3 m thick,whichin some eruptions. Twoscenarios arepossible for the generation of
cases display normalgrading, weakerosive bases,andlagde- thisfacies: gravitational collapse of the external caparace of
posits ofpebble-size fragments. Thebedsarecompositionally shallow silicicintrusions andtheoverlying sediments, orlocal
andtexturally heterogeneous, clast-supported, coarse to very phreaticexplosions in the externalcaparace of the shallow
coarse sandstone. Thefacies ismainlycomposed ofquartz,al- silicicintrusions dueto thesudden vaporization of sediment
kalifeldspar, andplagioclase crystals(upto 60%of therock) pore water.
andfragments of silicicandmaficvolcanic rocks,mudstone, Ash-richsandstone facies:This faciescomprises tabular
siltstone, andechinoderms all of whicharepartlyrounded. bedsupto a fewdecimeters in thickness, composed of upto
Minorglassshards andraretubularpumicefragments are 15 percentof zeolitized glassshards (<500Fin), anda few
 VOLCANICFACIES,IBERIANPYRITEBELT 877

dascycladae andradiolaria in a cryptocrystallinesiliceous ma- outsized clastssuggest deposition from high-density mass
trLx(Fig.5G). flows.Theseflowswerepossibly triggered bythegravitational
Therelativeabundance of glass shards compared to previ- failureof slopesurfaces dueto volcano-seismic events.
ouslydescribed faciessuggests pyroclasticfragmentation.
However, theoccurrence ofbenthonic andplanktonic fossils, Hydrothermal facies
theabsence ofhotemplacement structures, andthefinegrain Hydrothermal faciesincludechemicalprecipitates from
sizesuggest finalemplacement fromdilute,low-density and high-andlow-temperature hydrothermal solutions aswell
ash-rich subaqueous massflows,or frompyroclastic fallout as associated rocksthat exhibitevidenceof hydrothermal
thatsettledthrough thewater.Thelocation andenvironmentalteration.
oftheventsforthesepyroclastic eruptions arenotknown. Massivesulfidefacies:Thisfaciescomprises stratabound
lenses ofpolymetallic sulfidestensofmetersthick.Thefacies
Siliciclastic
facies maybe dividedintoin situ(La Zarza,RioTinto,Sotiel)and
The siliciclasticfaciescomprise rocksthat are composedresedimented (Tharsis,Aznalcollar) sulfidesdepending onin-
mainlyof nonvolcanic particles.Twomainsiliciclastic facies ternalstructure. In situmassive sulfides typicallydisplaya
canbedistinguished. verticalzonationcomprising centraland lowerzonesen-
Mudstone facies:Thisfaciesconsists of packages of poorly richedin Cu, andupperzonesenriched in Pb andZn (Gar-
stratifiedtomassive, black,gray,anddarkgreenshaleupto a cia-Palomero,1990; Saez et al., 1996; Leistel et al., 1998).
fewmetersthick.Themudstone faciesis composed of phyl- Rocksbeneathin situorestypically showsericitic andchlo-
losilicates,quartz,andplagioclase grains,andcontains radio- ritic alteration and a stockworkof feeder veins (Leistel et al.,
laria, dascycladae algae,and manganese nodulesof hy- 1998).Resedimented massive sulfidesare internallypoorly
drothermaland diagenetic origin.Blackshaleis rich in stratifiedandcandisplaynormalgrading,slumpstructures,
organic matterandhostsmostof the sulfidedeposits in the crosslamination,and weak erosivebases(Barriga,1990;
Iberianpyritebelt(Table1). Sierra,1990;Straussand Beck, 1990; Saezet al., 1996).
The finegrainsize,composition, andbedformsof thisfa- In situsulfides arethought to haveprecipitated onthesea
ciessuggest pelagicdeposition andsedimentation fromdi- floorduringthe convective circulation of metal-enriched,
lute,low-density turbiditycurrents. high-temperature hydrothermal solutions(Barriga,1990;
Gradedsandstone facies:This faciescomprises tabular, Saezet al., 1996;Leistelet al., 1998). Resedimentedsulfides
centimeter- to decimeter-thick, veryfineto medium-grainedareinterpreted ashavingbeendeposited fromlocalsubma-
sandstone beds.Thebedshavesharpbases anddisplay nor- rinemassflowssynchronous withthe accmnulation of thein
mal grading, rarereversegrading, planarandtroughcross situsulfides (Barriga, 1990;Sierra,1990;Saezet al.,1996).
lamination, andwavyandparallel lamination (Fig.4A andB). Jasper facies:Thisfaciescomprises massive stratabound
Sandstone is composed of phyllosilicates,quartzandplagio- lenses uptoseveral meters thick,richin Mn andFe oxides, sil-
clasegrains in a siltysiliceousmatrix,andcontains radiolaria ica,andbarite.Somejasperlenses arenowboudins parallel to
anddascycladae algae. themainVariscan cleavage. Jaspers havebeeninterpreted as
Bedgeometry, sedimentary structures, andtheoccurrence chemical precipitates deposited fromlow-temperature, Mn-
of distinctBoumaand Stowsequences suggest depositionrich fluidsduringthe waningstagesof silicicvolcanism
fromlow-density, nonchannelized, andnoncohesive turbidity (Routhier et al., 1980; Larafia, 1983; Schiitzet al., 1988; Bar-
flOWS. riga,1990;Garcia-Palomero, 1990;Saezet al.,1996).
Purplefacies:Thisfaciesincludes minorsiliciclastic sand-
Slopeinstability facies stonerocks,mainlyshales, andraremaficvolcanic rocks,all
Slopeinstability facieshasbeendistinguished in orderto witha distinctive purplecolonThispurplefaciesranges from
highlight the significance of basinpalcotopography. It com- lenses of upto 3 m thickanda fewmetersin length,to pack-
prises rocktypesattributed tothegravitational failureofslope agesseveralkilometers longandup to 10 m thick.Purple
surfaces, andincludesfacieswhichexhibitsynsedimentary shaleandjasperarecommonly located stratigraphically above
disruption of beds. massive sulfides. Purpleshalecangradelaterallyintojasper,
Disturbed bedded facies:Thisfacies includes slumped, con- andintopelagic mudstones andturbiditcsandstones thatare
volutelaminated, andsynsedimentary faultedbedsthatare nothydrothermally altered.Nearjasper, purpleshalegrades
interbedded withundisturbed strata(Fig.4B).The bedsare upwards intoweaklyhydrothermally alteredred,yellow,and
mudstone to finesandstone, upto onedecimeter thick.They greenshales with gradational colorboundaries. Awayfrom
display foldswithsubhorizontal east-west foldaxes, andsteep jasper,purpleshaledisplays sharpcolorboundaries withun-
faultswitha fewcentimeters of displacement. Foldvergence altered rocks.
of slumped bedsindicates south-dipping palcoslopes. On the basisof contactrelationships and geochemical
Intraformation breccia facies:Thisfaciesis composed of affinitiesbetweenjasperandpurplefacies,the distinctive
gravel-to boulder-size clastsof shaleandfinesandstone sup- purplecolorof purplefaciesisattributed to low-temperature
portedin a siltyto sandymatrix.Bedsaretypically massivehydrothermal alterationassociated withthechemical precip-
andup to 3 m thick.Theydisplaysharpandrarelyerosive itationof jasper(Routhieret al., 1980;Larafia,1983;Schiitz
bases,outsized clasts,andgradelaterallyandvertically to et al.,1988;Barriga,1990;Soriano, 1997).Thishydrothermal
gradedsandstone. alteration is interpreted to be strongly beddingcontrolled,
The thicknessof this facies,its massiveinternal structure, andto havespread laterallyfromthejasperhorizons (Soler,
spectrum of clastsizes,andthe occurrence of consolidated,1980; Larafia, 1983; Soriano,1997).
878 SORIANO AND MARTI

Discussion pyroclastic
eruptions buttheyarenotevidence of a hotpyro-
clastic
modeof emplacement (CasandWright,1987).Explo-
Faciesassociations andfinal depositional environment sivevolcanic
activity
in theIberianpyritebeltcouldhaveoc-
Mostof thereworked volcaniclasticfaciesareorganized in curred at subaerial to shallow-water vents some distance from
sequences thateithercoarsen andthickenupwards (Fig.4B) thesiteof finalmass-flow eraplacement.
or becomefineandthin upwards (Figs.4C, E, and5H). In The presenceof primarypyroclastic deposits hasbeen
addition,the massive monomict brecciagrades laterallyinto widelyreportedin the Iberianpyritebelt (Lecolle,1977;
silicicautoclastic
andpepcritic faciesaswellasintofinerdis- Routhieret al., 1980; Soler,1980;Pascualet al., 1994), and
tal volcaniclasticand siliciclasticfacies.Massivepolymict references to pyroclastic rocks,andexplosive volcanism are
brecciagradeslaterallyintocrystal-rich polymictsandstonecommon(Larafia,1983;Sch/itzet al., 1988;Garcia-Palomero,
andintosilicidastic facies.Theyalsoformpackages of amal- 1990;Oliveira,1990;Sawkins,1990;Moreno et al., 1996;Saez
gamated bedswithcrystal-rich polymict sandstone or appear et al., 1996;Leistelet al., 1998;Almod6varet al., 1998).We
asisolatedbedswithinpackages offine-grainedsiliciclastic
fa- argue,however, thatprimarypyroclastic deposits arerarein
cies.The ash-richsandstone gradeslaterallyandvertically theIberianpyritebelt,andthatmostofthevolcanic rocksre-
intofine-grained siliciclastic
facies.Siliciclastic
mudstone ei- suitfromnonexplosive volcanism. Thecombination ofsynde-
thergrades laterallyandvertically intogradedsandstone, or positional alterationofvolcanic rocks, flatteningofstratadur-
formsextensive, poorlystratified,shalepackages. Slopeinsta- ingburial,andlaterbedding-parallel Variscandeformation in
bilityfaciesareinterbedded withcrystal-rich polymict sand- fold limbsmay haveproducedstructures that resemble
stoneandwithsiliciclastic facies(Fig.4B). weldedtextures.Theseprocesses havebeen well docu-
The autoclastic and pillowfacies,the subaqueous mass- mented in other areas and have been shown to cause misin-
flowemplacement of mostof thevolcaniclasticandsiliciclas- terpretations ofvolcanic rocksandoftheeruptive styleofthe
tic rocks,pelagicsedimentation of mudstone, fossilsin the volcanism(Allen, 1988; McPhie et al., 1993).
siliciclastic
rocks,andtheoxygen isotopecomposition of ore- Manyofthesilicicvolcanic rocks werepreviously reported
formingfluids(Munhaet al., 1986)strongly suggest thatthe as lavas (Lecolle, 1977; Routhier et al., 1980; Soler, 1980;
ore-bearing basinwasmarine.The absence of sedimentaryLarafia, 1983; Sch/itz et al., 1988; Garcia-Palomero,1990;
structuresindicative of shallow-marineconditions,such as Saezet al., 1996;Leistelet al., 1998).Pepcritic faciesat the
hummocky crossbedding or waveripples,andthe turbidity contacts between silicic volcanic rocks and ambient sedi-
currentbed formsof somefacies,suggest deposition below ments were first describedin the Rio Tinto area (Boulter,
wave base. 1993),butthisstudyshows thatpepcriticfaciesareverywide-
The verticalsequences of manyof the volcaniclastic and spread throughout theIberianpyritebelt.Theabundance of
siliciclasticfaciesare consistent with the progradation-ret-pepcritic faciessuggests thatmostof thesilicicvolcanic rocks
rogradation dynamics offansystem lobesinterfingering later- areshallow intrusions, butminorlavasmayalsooccur.If the
ally with pelagicbasinplain sedimentation (Walkerand CulmGroupisa postvolcanic unit,themaximum depthofin-
Mufti, 1973). In this scenario,submarinemassflowsof low to trusion canbe estimated bythethickness of thevolcano-sed-
highdensitycanbe interpreted as feedingfan lobes.The imentary complex abovepepcritic contacts.Maximum depth
massflowsmayhavebeengenerated byfaultingandbythe of silicicintrusion in logB (Fig.4) is400m,whileit is 100m
growthof intrusions andminorlavas. in logE. Although somehighlyvesiculated silicicpeperites
haverecently beendescribed (Donareet al.,1998),mostof
Eruptivestyleof thevolcanism the silicicvolcanics and peperites are poorlyvesiculated.
The silicicautoclastic andpepcriticfaciesare composedPaucity ofvesiculation,in additiontothenonexplosive styleof
principally of hydroclasticallyfragmented volcanic particles.the silicicvolcanism, suggests thatsilicicmagmas wereem-
Thesefaciesgradeintocoherent facies towards theinnerpart placedasdegassed magmas at shallow levelsin the volcano-
of silicicvolcanic packages. Thisfaciesassociation suggestssedimentary pile,or thattherewassufficient waterdepthin
thatsilicicmagmas weremainlyemplaced nonexplosively as theore-bearing basinto retardvesiculation of magmas.
domes,cryptodomes, andothertypesof shallow intrusions.
Synchronous resedimentation at the margins of thesesilicic Chronostratigraphic relations
ofrocktypes
volcanic bodies could have been the source of the volcanic Contacts betweendifferentrocktypescanbe usedto de-
debris of the massive monomict breccia facies. terminetherelativeagesbetween theemplacement of silicic
Someof the crystal-rich polymictsandstone andthe mas- andmaficmagmas, the mass-flow emplacement of volcani-
sive polymictbrecciacontainminor pyroclastically frag- clastic
rocks,andthelow-temperature hydrothermal activity.
mentedparticles(glassshardsand tubularpumices)and Contacts between silicic and mafic volcanic facies are
minorpyroclastic rockclasts.
Ash-rich sandstones alsocontain poorlyexposed andtheradiometric ageoftheserockshasnot
glassshards. All thesefacieshavebeentransported by and beendetermined. Therefore, the relativeageof eraplace-
depositedfrom submarine, high-density massflows.Evi- mentof silicicandmaficmagmas hasbeendetermined indi-
denceof hoteraplacement, suchasweldingof glassshards, rectly.Pepcriticfaciesandfiuidization of sediments associ-
degassing pipes,columnar jointing,and devitrification tex- atedwithbothsilicicandmaficrockssuggest thatbothsilicic
tures,havenotbeenobserved in anyof thesefacies.Conse- andmaficmagmas intrudedwhenthe sedimentary pilewas
quently, mostof thesefaciesareattributed to transport and poorlyconsolidated. Pepcritic
maficfaciesarenotascommon
deposition fromcold,nonpyroclastic, gravityflows.In gen- aspepcritic silicicfaciespossiblybecause manyof the mafic
eral,juvenileshards andpumices arecommonly derived from magmasintrudedinto more consolidated sediments at a
 VOLCANIC
FACIES,
IBERIANPYRITEBELT 879

lowerstratigraphic level(Fig. 4B, D, and E). Moreover, Silicicandmarievolcanic rocks predominate

totheeastand
polymict crystal-rich sandstones andmassive polymict brec- northof the studiedarea(Figs.2 and3). Silicicintrusionsin
eias contain clasts of both silicie and mafie volcanic rocks. thispartofthebasin intruded at shallower
levels in thecrust
Thisalsosuggests thattheintrusions andmafiemag- than silicicintrusionsto the west and south,where some of
ofsilicic
masaresimilarin age. them intrudedat the contactbetweenthe phylliteand
Reworkedvolcaniclastic faciesdisplaypoor sorting,pri- quartzite unitandthevolcano-sedimentary complex (Fig.3).
mary(volcanic) morphologies ofcrystals,andsilicicandmafic Asa consequence, themassive monomict breccias thatareat-
volcanic clasts.Theydisplay a narrowrangeofvolcanic clast tributedto resedimentation
attheupperpartsof silicicintru-
compositions anddonotcontain nonvolcanic clastsotherthan sions alsopredominate totheeastandnorthofthebasin.
intrabasin mudstones. In addition, somepeperites havebeen Juvenile volcanicparticles
(shardsandpumices) anddascy-
observed at the contacts between silicic volcanic rocks and cladaeincreasein abundanceto the west and south;echino-
adjacent
volcaniclastic
rocks.Thesefeatures thatthe dermfragments
suggest arerestricted
tothevolcaniclastic
deposits
of
volcaniclastic
rocksresulted reworking thewestandsouth.
fromthe syneruptive Radiolaria
areubiquitous
throughout
the
of the shallow intrusions and minor lavas. basin.
Manyofthesilicic andmariepeperites involve thefiuidiza- Thisfaciesdistribution suggests thatthe eastandnorth
tionofpurpleshales (Figs.4C,E, and5A)whichsuggests that partofthebasin wascharacterized bytheintrusion ofsilicic
volcanismpostdated low-temperature hydrothermal activity magmas at shallow levelsin the volcano-sedimentary se-
at manysites.Thecommon occurrence ofpurpleshales and quence(<100m), thoughsomeminorlavasmayhaveex-
jaspersabovepackages ofsilicicandmarie volcanic rocks(Fig. truded(Fig.6). Shallow silicicintrusions
andminorlavas
4B,C, andE), andtheprevious misinterpretation oftheshal- supplied volcanicmaterial to submarine mass flowsdueto
lowintrusions aspyroelastic rocksandlavasmayhaveledto theslope failureofthesevolcanic bodies.Anirregularbasin-
themisinterpretation thatthelow-temperature hydrothermalfloortopography characterized by horstandgrabenfault
activity
wasrelatedto thewaningstages of silicicvolcanism. blocks(Morenoet al., 1996)alsofavoredtheprogradation of
submarine massflowstriggeredby the collapse of fault
Reconstruction ofthevolcano-sedimentary basin slopes(Fig.6). Silicicvolcanism waslessimportant in the
A reconstruction of the volcano-sedimentary basinof the westandsouthofthebasinandsilicicmagmas hereprobably
Iberianpyritebeltatthetimeofthevolcanism hasbeenmade intruded at deeperlevelsin thecrust(>400m).Coeval with
basedonfaciesdistribution (Fig.6).Thereconstruction isnot silicic
volcanism, mariemagmas intrudedmainlyto theeast
palinspastic
sincethedisplacement oftheVariscan thrusts and andnorthofthebasin(Fig.6). Shallow marieintrusionsand
the amount of Variscan finite strain have not been evaluated. probablyminorextrusions mayalsohavesupplied volcanic

sea level

PHYLLITE AND QUARTZITE UNIT

1
o km

•- • • NNE 0km10
'"'"""'"'":•
silicic
volcanics ,.'['-'•mafic
volcanics• volcaniclastic
andsiliciclastic
deposits•,:,r• massive
sulfides
F•½.6. Reconstruction
ofthevolcano-sedimentary
basinoftheIberianpyritebeltatthetimeofthevolcanism
ofthevol-
cano-sedimentary
complex
880 SORIANO AND MARTI

materialto gravity-driven of Mien,R.L.,1992,Reconstruction

massflows.The distribution of thetectonic, volcanic,
andsedimentary
echinoderms anddaseyeladaesuggests
shallower settingof strongly
marinecon- Victoria: deformed
Zn-Cumassive sulfidedeposits
at Benambra,
ECONOMIC
ditions to the west and south of the basin than to the east and GEOLOGY,
v. 87, p. 825-854.
Allen,R.L., Weihed,P.,andSvenson,
S.A.,1996,Settingof Zn-Cu-Au-Ag
north.Juvenile
particles
of pyroelastic
originmostlyoccurin massive sulfidedeposits
in theevolutionandfaciesarchitecture
of a 1.9Ga
the voleanielastie
deposits
of the westandsouth.Thissug- marinevolcanicarc, Skelleftedistrict,Sweden:ECONOMICGEOLOGY, v. 91,
gestsa provenaneefartherwestandsouthfromwherethe p. 1022-1053.
massivesulfides
weredeposited,andprobably fromsubaerial Barriga,F.J.A.S.,1990, Metallogenesis
Dallmeyer,
in the Iberian Pyrite Bek, in
R.D., andMartinezGarcia,E., eds.,Pre-Mesozoic geology of
andshallow-waterexplosiveeruptions
(Fig.6). Iberia:Berlin,Springer-Verlag,
p. 369-379.
Conclusions Berry,M.V.,Edwards, P.W.,Georgi,H.T.,Graves, C.C.,Carie,C.W.A.,Fare,
R.J.,Hale, C.T., Helm, S.W.,Hobby,D.J., and¾Villis, R.D., 1998,The
Fadesanalysis of somevolcano-sedimentary successions
of Roseberylead-zinc-gold-silver-copper deposit,in BerkmanD.A., and
theore-host unitin theeastern partof theIberianpyritebelt Mackenzie D.H., eds.,Geology of AustraliaandPapuaNewGuineamin-
eraldeposits:
Melbourne, TheAustralasian Institution
of MiningandMet-
suggests thatvolcanism in the ore-bearing basinwasmainly allurgy,p. 481-486.
submarine andnonexplosive. Pyroelasticallyfragmented par- Boogaard,M.V.D.,andSchermerhorn, L.J.G.,1975a,Conodont faunas from
tielescontainedin voleanielastie rocksmayhavebeenformed Portugal andsouthwestern Spain.Part2: A Famennian conodont faunaat
in shallow water and subaerial environments distal to the Cabezas de Pasto:ScriptaGeologica,v.28,p. 1-18.
areasof massive sulfidedeposition. The widespread Boogaard,
occur- Portugal M.V.D., and Schermerhorn, L.J.G.,1975b,Conodont faunas from
andsouthwestern Spain.
Part3:Carboniferous conodonts atSotiel
reneeof pepcriticfaciessuggests thatmostsilieieandmarie Coronada: ScriptaGeologica,v.28,p. 37-43.
magmas wereemplaeed asshallow intrusions (100-to 500-m Boogaard, M.V.D.,andSchermerhorn, L.J.G.,1980,Conodont faunasfrom
depth),although someminorextrusions mayhaveoccurred. Portugalandsouthwestern Spain.Part4: A Famennian conodont fauna
Thisinterpretation is in agreement with Boulter's(1993)in- nearNerva(RioTinto):ScriptaGeologica, v.56,p. 1-14.
terpretationof high-level sillsin the RioTintoarea.The de- Boogaard, M.V.D.,andSchermerhorn,
tuga]andsouthwestern Spain.
L.J.G.,1981,Conodont
Part6:A LowerFamennian
t•aunas
conodont
fromPor-
faunaat
positionalenvironment in the ore-bearing basinwascharac- MontedoFortoodaCa](SouthPortugal): ScriptaGeologica, v.63,p. 1-16.
terized by below-wave-base marine conditions.Many Boulter,C.A.,1993,Highlevelpepcriticsillsat RioTinto,Spain:Implica-
submarine massflowswerepropagated dueto the failureof tionsforstratigraphy andmineralization:
Transactions oftheInstitution of
theearapace andmargins oftheshallow intrusions Mining Metallurgy (SectionB:Applied earth
andminor Boulter,C.A.,1995,Giantpyriticbase-metal science),
v. 102, p. B30-B38.
deposits:theexample ofFeitais
lavas,aswell asto the collapse of faultscarps.Theseflows (Mjustrel,Portugal)--Comments onComments: Chemical Geology, v.123,
weremainlysyneruptive to thevolcanism andtheyfed sub- p. 193-194.
marinefans.Silieieandmariemagmas areinterpreted ascon- Busby-Spera, C.J.,andWhite,J.D.L.,1987,Variation in peperite
texturesas-
temporaneous, althoughmariemagmas intrudedat deeper sociated withdifferinghost-sediment properties:
BulletinofVolcanology,v.
49, p. 765-775.
levelsof the stratigraphic
pile.In contrast to the general in- Cas,R.A.F.,1978,Siliciclavasin Paleozoicflysch-like
depositsin NewSouth
terpretationthat low-temperature hydrothermalaetMty Wales,Australia: behaviorof deepsubaqueous silicicfio•vs:
Geological
So-
corresponds tothewaningstages ofsilieievolcanism,it issug- cietyofAmericaBulletin,v.89,p. 1708-1714.
gested thatvolcanism postdates low-temperature hydrother- Cas,R.A.F.,1992,Submarine volcanism: Eruptionstyles, products,
andrel-
malactivityat manysites.Silieiemagmas mayhavebeenem- evance to understanding
sivesulfidedeposits:
thehost-rock
ECONOMIC
successions
GEOLOGY,
to volcanic-hosted
v.87,p. 511-541.
mas-
placedasdegassed shallowintrusions, or waterdepthsmay Cas,R.A.E,andWright,J.V.,1987,VolcanicSuccessions: London,Allen&
havebeendeepenoughto preventvesieulation. Faciesdistri- Unwin,528p.
butionsuggests shallowerwaterconditions to the westand Crespo-Blanc, A.,andOrozco, M., 1988,Thesouthern Iberianshearzone:A
southof the basinand deeperconditions majorboundary
to the eastand 221-227. in the Hercynian foldedbelt:Tectonophysics, v. 148,p.
north.
Dallmeyer,
R.D.,Fortseca,
P.E.,Quesada,
C.,andRibeiro,
A.,1993,4øAr/39Ar
Acknowledgments mineralageconstraints for thetectonothermal evolution of a Variscan
su-
turein SWIberia:Tectonophysics, v.222,p. 177-194.
GirayAblaycarefully revieweda firstversionofthemanu- Donaire,T., Saez,R., andPascual,E., 1998,Originof globularpeperites
script.Insightfulsuggestions by RodneyMien, MarcoEin- froma rhyoliticsillbybuoyant rising(IberianPyriteBelt,Spain): Abstracts
audi,andCathyBusbygreatly improved thiscontribution.C. of the International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the
Soriano is gratefulfor a MEC postdoctoral research fellow- Doyle,M., 1996,LasCrucescopperproject,PyriteBelt,Spain:Boletin17.
Earth'sInterior(IAVCEI) Congress, Cape Town,July 11-16, 1998,p.
Ge-
ship.Thisresearch was(in part)supported by the research olfgicoy Minero,v. 108,p. 201-204.
projectentitled"Proyecto de investigacifnpaleogeogr•fica y Fantinct, D., Dveesen, R., Dusar, M., and Termier, G., 1976, Faunes Fa-
volcano16gicaen la FajaPiriticadel SW de Espafia" (ITGE- menniennesde certainshorizonscalcairesdansla FormationQuartzito-
Fundaci6Boschi Gimpera).We thankthe InstitutoTec- phylladique auxenvirons deM•rtola(Portugal m•ridional): Comunicagfes
dosServigos Geo16gicos
de Portugal,v. LX, p. 121-137.
no16gicoy Geominero forgiving
uspermission
topublish
part Fisher,R.V.,1966,Mechanism of depositionfrompyroclastic fioxvs:
Ameri-
of theresultsfromthatproject. canJournal of Science,
v.264,p. 350-363.
Fisher,R.V., 1984, Submarinevolcanicrocks,in Kokelaar,B.P.,and Howells,
May27, 1998;April16, 1999 M.E, eds.,Marginalbasingeology--volcanic andassociated sedimentary
REFERENCES andtectonicprocesses in modernandancientmarginal basins:Oxford,
Blackwell Scientific
Publication,
p. 5-27.
Ahnod6var, G.R., Saez,R., Ports,J.M., Maestre,A., Toscano, M., andPas- Fiske,R.S.,1963,Subaqueous pyroclastic
flowsin theOhanapecosh Forma-
cual,E., 1998,Geology andgenesis oftheAznalc611ar massive sulphidede- tion,Washington: GeologicalSocietyofAmerica Bulletin,v.80,p. 1-8.
posits of theIberianpyritebelt:Mineralium Deposita,v.33,p. 111-136. Garcia-Palomero, E, 1990,RioTintodeposits--geology andgeologicalmod-
Mien,R.L., 1988,Falsepyroclastic texturesin alteredsiliciclavas,withim- elsfortheirexploration
andorereserve evaluation,in Gray,P.M.J.,
ed.,Sub
plications for volcanic
associated mineralization:ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. phidedeposits--theiroriginandprocessing:
TheInstitution of Miningand
83, p. 1424--1446. Metallurgy,p. 17-35.
 VOLCANIC FACIES, IBERIAN PYRITE BELT 881

Hanson, R.E.,andSchweickert, R.A.,1983,Chillingandbrecciationof a De- Munha,J., 1983,Hercynian magmatism in theIberianPyriteBelt,in Sousa,

vonianrhyolitesillintrudedintowet sediments, northernSierraNevada, M.J.L.andOliveira,J.T.,eds.,The Carboniferous of Portugal:
Memorias
California:Journal Geology, v. 90,p. 717-724. ServiciosGeologicos Portugal,
29,p. 39-81.
Hanson, R.E.,andWilson,T.E., 1993,Large-scale rhyolitepeperites
(Juras- 1990,Metamorphic evolutionof the SouthPortuguese/Pulo do Lobo
sic,southern Chile):Journal of VolcanologyandGeothermal Research, v. zone,in Dallmeyer, R.D., andMartinezGarcia,E., eds.,Pre-Mesozoic ge-
54, p. 247-264. ologyof Iberia:Berlin,Springer-Verlag, p. 363-369.
InstitutoGeo16gico y Minerode Espafia, 1982,Sintesis geo16gica
dela Faja Munha,J.,Oliveira,J.T.,Ribeiro,A., Oliveira,V.,Quesada, C., andKerrich,
PirfticadelSOdeEspafia: Colecci6n Memorias delInstituto
Geo]6gico y R., 1986,Beja-Acebuches Ofiolite,characterization
andgeodynamic signif-
Minerode Espafia, v. 98,p. 1-106. icance:Malco,BoletinInformativoSociedad Geo16gica Portugal,Ab-
Julivert,M., Fontbot& J.M.,Ribeiro, A.,Conde,L., 1974,Mapatectonico de stracts,
v. 2 (13),p. 31.
la Peninsula Ib•ricay Baleares. InstitutoGeo16gicoy Minerode Espafia, Ohmoto,H., 1983,Geologichistoryof the GreenTuff region:ECONOMIC
101p., scale,1:1,000,000. GEOLOGY MONOC•PH5, p. 9--24.
Kerr,D.J.,andGibson, H.A.,1993,Comparison of theHornevolcanogenicOliveira,J.T.,1983,The marineCarboniferous of Portugal:A stratigraphic
massive sulfide
deposit andintracauldron depositsof theMineSequence, andsedimentological approach,in Sousa, M.J.L.,andOliveira,J.T.,eds.,
Noranda, Quebec: ECONOMIC GEOLOCY, v.88,p. 1419--1442. TheCarboniferous ofPortugal:
Memorias Servicios
GeologicosPortugal,v.
Kokelaar,B.P.,1982,Fluidization ofwetsediments duringtheemplacement 29, p. 3-37.
andcooling ofvariousigneous bodies:JournaloftheGeological Societyof 1990,Stratigraphy andsyn-sedimentary tectonism in the SouthPor-
London, v. 139,p. 21-33. tugueseZone,in Dallmeyer,R.D., and MartinezGarcia,E., eds.,Pre-
Lake,P.A.,Osxvin, W.M.,andMarshall, J.E.A.,1988,A palynologicalap- Mesozoic geology
of Iberia:Berlin,Springer-Verlag,p. 334-347.
proach to terraneanalysisin theSouthPortuguese Zone:Trabajos deGe- --, Coordinator, 1992,Cartageo16gica de Portugal1:200000Folha8:
ologia,Universidad deOviedo, v. 17,p. 125-131. Seraglios Geo16gicosdePortugal, scale,1:200,000.
Larafia,
P.E,1983,E1Carbonifero marino delaZonaSudportuguesa: X Con- Pascual,E., Almodovar,G.R., Saez,R., Toscano,M., and Donaire, T., 1994,
gresoInternacional de Estratigrafiay Geologia delCarbonifero,Instituto Petrologla y geoqulmica de tobasvitreasdel areade Aznalc611ar (Faja
Geo16gico y MinerodeEspafia, Madrid,1983,p. 223-242. PirfticaIbmfica):
Boletindela Sociedad Espafiolade Mineralog/a,v. 17,p.
Large,R.R.,1992,Australian volcanic-hosted massivesulfidedeposits:
Fea- 155-156.
tures,styles,
andgenetic models: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v.87,p. 471-510. Pereira,Z., Saez,R., Ports,J.M.,Oliveira,J.T.,andMoreno,C., 1996,Edad
Larson,J.E.,andHutchinson, R.W.,1993,TheSelbaie Zn-Cu-Ag deposits, dev6nica (Struniense)
de lasmineralizaciones deAznalc611ar(FajaPirftica
Quebec,Canada: An example of evolutionfromsubaqueous to subaerial Ib•rica)enbasea palinolog/a: Geogaceta, v.20 (7),p. 1609-1612.
volcanism and mineralization in a caldera environment: ECONOMICGEOL- Pich•,M., Guha,J., andDaigneault, R., 1993,Stratigraphic andstructural
oc¾,v. 88, p. 1460-1482. aspects ofthevolcanicrocksoftheMatagami miningcamp,Quebec: Impli-
Leeolle,M., 1977,Laeeinture sud-ib•rique: unexample deprovince• amas cations fortheNoritaoredeposit: ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v.88,p.1542--1558.
sulfur•s voleanos•dimentaries
(teetonique, m•tamorphisme, stratigraphic,Quesada, C., 1991,Geologicalconstraints
onthePaleozoic tectonic evolution
volcanism, palCogeographic et metallogenie):Unpublished Ph.D.thesis, of tectonostratigraphic terranesin the Iberianmassif: Tectonophysics, v.
Paris,UniversitcPierreet MarieCurie,609p. 185,p. 225-241.
Leseuyer,J.L.,Leistel,
J.M.,Mareoryx,E., Milesi,J.P.,andThi•blemont,D., Quesada, C., Fortseca,
P.E.,Munha,J.,Oliveira,J.T.,andRibeiro,A., 1994,
1998,LateDevonian-Early Carboniferous peaksulphide mineralization
in The Beja-Acebuches ophiolite(southern IberiaVariscan foldbelt):Geo-
theWestern Hereynides:
Mineralium Deposita, v.33,p. 208-220. logicalcharacterization andgeodynamic significance:
BoletinGeo16gico y
Leistel,J.M., Mareoux,E., Thi•blemont,D., Quesada,C., Sanchez, A., Minero,v. 105-1,p. 3-49.
Almod6var,G. R., Pascual,E., and Saez, R., 1998, The volcanic-hosted Rodr/guez, P.,Anderson, K., andHidalgo,R., 1996,Yacilnientos desulfuros
massive sulphidedepositsoftheIberianPyriteBelt.Review andpreface to polimet•licos AguasTefiidas: BoletlnGeo16gico y Minero,v. 107-5,p.
thethematic issue:
Mineralium Deposita,v.33,p. 2-30. 193-200.
Lotze,F., 1945,Zur Gliedernng derVariseiden derIberisehen Meseta:Ge- Routhier, P.,Aye,F.,Boyer,C., Lecolle,M., Moli•re,P.,Roger,G., andPicot,
oteektouisehe Forsehungen,v.6,p. 78-92. P.,1980,La ceinturesud-ib•rique • amassulfur•sdanssapartieespagnole
Lowe,D.R.,1982,Sediment gravity
flows: II. Depositional
modelswithspe- mediane: BureauRecherches Geologiques MiniSres Memoires, v. 94,p.
cialreferencetothedeposits ofhigh-density
turbiditycurrents:Journal of 1-265.
Sedimentary Petrology,v.52,p. 279-297. SSez,R., Almod6var,G.R.,andPascual, E., 1996,Geological constraints
on
MarotoAranda,S., RamirezCopeirodel Villar,J., andRosales Calvo,F., massive sulphide
genesisin theIberianPyriteBelt:OreGeology Reviews,
1993,Lossondeos mee•nieos enlainvestigaei6n
delamassa Valverde.Tes- v. 11,p. 429-451.
tifieaei6ngeofisiea
de losmismos. FajaPiritieade Huelva:BoletlnGe- Santos, A.,Caballero,
B.,andPrada,J.M.,1996,Descripci6n geo16gicade]os
ol6gieo y Minero,v. 104-3,p. 259-279. yacimientos de SotielCoronada:BoletlnGeo16gico y Minero,v. 107-5,p.
Martf,J.,1996,Genesis ofcrystal-rich
voleanielastie
facies
in thePermian red 31-38.
bedsoftheCentral Pyrenees (NE Spain):
Sedimentary Geology, v. 106,p. Sawkins,F.J., 1990,Metal depositsin relationto plate tectonics:Berlin,
1-19.
Springer-Verlag, 461p.
MePhie,J.,andAllen,R.L., 1992,Faciesarchitecture of mineralized subma- Schandl,E.S.,andWicks,F.J.,1993,Carbonate andassociated alterationof
rinevolcanicsequences: CambrianMountReadvoleanies, westernTasma- ultramaficandrhyolitic rocksattheHemingway property, KiddCreekvol-
nia:ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v. 87, p. 587-597. caniccomplex, Timmins, Ontario:ECONOMIC GEOLOGY, v.88,p. 1615-1635.
McPhie, J.,Doyle,M., andAllen,R., 1993,Volcanic textures:A guidetothe Schermerhorn, J.L.G.,1971,An outlinestratigraphy of the PyriteBelt:Bo-
interpretation oftexturesinvolcanic rocks:Hobart, UniversityofTasmania, letlnGeo16gico y Minero,v.82,p. 239-268.
198p. Schneider,J.L., Fourquirt,C., andPaicheler, J.C., 1992,Twoexamples of
Mitjavila,J.,Mart/,J.,andSoriano, C., 1997,Magmatic evolution andtec- subaqueous weldedash-flow tuffs:TheViseanof southern Vosges (France)
tonicsettingof the PyriteBeltvolcanism: Journalof Petrology, v. 38,p. andthe UpperCretaceous of northernAnatolia(Turkey): Journalof Vol-
727-755. canology andGeothermal Research, v.49,p. 365-383.
Moreno,C., 1993,Postvolcanic Paleozoic of the IberianPyriteBelt:An ex- Sch/itz, W.,Dulski,P.,andGermann, K., 1988,Geochemical featuresof mag-
ampleofbasinmorphologic control onsediment distribution
in a turbiditc maticevolution andoredeposition in thePyriteBeltof southern Spain,in
basin:Journal ofSedimentary Petrology, v.63,p. 1118-1128. Friedrich,G.H.,andHerzig,P.M.,eds.,Basemetalsulfide deposits:Berlin,
Moreno, C., and Saez,R., 1990, Sedimentacion marinasomeraen el De- Springer-Verlag, p. 240-254.
v6nicodel anticlinorio de Pueblade GuzmSn, FajaPir/ticaIbmfica: Ge- Sierra,J., 1990,The massive sulphide depositof Aznalc611ar, Spain,Iberian
ogaceta, v. 8, p. 62-64. PyriteBelt:Reviewof geology andmineralogy, in Gray,P.M.J.,ed.,Sul-
Moreno, C., Sierra,S.,andSaez,R.,1996,Evidence forcatastrophism atthe phidedeposits--Their originandprocessing: TheInstitution ofMiningand
Famennian-Dinantian boundary intheIberianPyriteBelt,in Strogen, P.S., Metallurgy (London), p. 37-47.
Somerville, I.D., andJones,G.L1.,eds.,Recentadvances in LowerCar- Silva,J.B.,Oliveira, J.T.,andRibeiro,A., 1990,Structural outline,southPor-
boniferous geology: Geological SocietySpecialPublication 107, p. tuguesezone,in Dallmeyer,R.D., and MartinezGarcia,E., eds.,Pre-
153-162. Mesozoic geology of Iberia:Berlin,Springer-Verlag, p. 348-363.
882 SORIANO AND MART1

Soler,E., 1980,Spillites
et Inetallogenie.
La province pyrito-cuprif•rcede Strauss,
G.K., andBeck,J.S.,1990,Goldmineralisation in the SW Iberian
Huelva(SWEspagne): Sciences dela Terre,M•moir,v. 39,961p. PyriteBelt:MineraliumDeposita,v. 25, p. 237-245.
Sofiano,C., 1996,Tect6nica de cabalgamientos en la Faja Pir/ticaIb•rica Tanimura,S.,Date,J.,Takahashi,
T., andOhmoto,H., 1983Stratigraphy and
(ZonaSurPortuguesa): La 15Inina de cabalgamiento de Sanlficar de Gua- structure
ofthe Hokuroku district:
ECONOMIC GEOLOGY MONOGRAPH 5, p.
dianay el antiformedelaPuebladeGuzInan: Geogaceta,v.20,p. 786-788. 24-38.
Sofiano, C., 1997,Vulcanisme i estmcturade la FajaPirfticaIb•rica.Zona Thi•blemont,D., Pascual,
E., andStein,G., 1998,Magmatism
in theIberian
Sud-Portuguesa: Unpublished Ph.D. thesis,Barcelona, Universitat de PyriteBelt:petrological
constraints
ona metallogenetic
model:Minerahum
Barcelona, 265p. Deposita,v. 33, p. 98-110.
Stolz,J.,andLarge,R.R.,1992,Evaluation ofthesource-rock control onpre- Walker, R G., and Mutti, E., 1973, Turbidite faciesand faciesassociations,
in
ciousmetalgrades in volcanic-hostedmassive sulfidedeposits froInwest- TurbiditesandDeepWaterSedimentation:Societyof Economic
Paleon-
em Tasmania:
ECONOMIC
GEOLOGY,
v. 87, p. 720-738. tologists
and Mineralogists,
PacificSection,ShortCourse,Anaheim,p.
Strauss,
G.K.,1970,Sobrela geolog/a
dela provincia
piritiferadelSuroeste 119-157.
de la Peninsula
Ib•ricay susyadmientos,en especial
sobrela minade
piritaLousal(Portugal):
MemoriasInstitutoGeo16gica
MineroEspafia, v.
77, p. 1-266.