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Learning Objectives
• To develop the linear-strain triangular (LST)
element stiffness matrix.
1
x
To obtain the values for the a’s substitute the coordinates of the
nodal points into the above equations:
Solving for the a’s and writing the results in matrix form gives
1
a1 1 x1 y1 x12 x1y 1 y12 0 0 0 0 0 0 u1
a
2 1 x2 y2 x22 x2 y 2 y 22 0 0 0 0 0 0 u2
a6 1 x6 y6 x62 x6 y 6 y 62 0 0 0 0 0 0 u6
2
a7 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x1 y1 x12 x1y 1 y1 v1
a11 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x5 y5 x52 x5 y 5 y 52 v 5
a12
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 x6 y6 x62 x6 y 6 y 6 v 6
2
a x u
1
u v a1
a
0 1 0 2x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2
·
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 x 2y
·
0 0 1 0 x 2y 0 1 0 2x y 0
a11
a12
Observe that the strains are linear over the triangular element;
therefore, the element is called a linear-strain triangle (LST).
M 'a
where [M ’] is based on derivatives of [M*].
0 1 0 2x y 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
M ' 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 x 2y
0 0 1 0 x 2y 0 1 0 2x y 0
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 8/27
B M ' x
1
[k ] [B ]T [D][B ]dV
V
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
1
B 2 A 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
The β’s and the γ’s are functions of x and y as well as the nodal
coordinates.
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 10/27
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
1
B 2 A 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
fb [N ]T { X }dV
V
fs [N ]T {T }dS
S
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 11/27
Steps 5, 6, and 7
u1 u (0,0) a1
u2 u(b,0) a1 a2b a4 b 2
u3 u(0, h ) a1 a3 h a6 h 2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 13/27
4 u1 u 4 u5 u6 2 u3 2u5 u1
a5 a6
bh h2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 14/27
4u 3u1 u2 4u 3u1 u3
u( x, y ) u1 6 x 5 y
b h
2 u2 2u6 u1 2 4 u1 u4 u5 u6
x xy
b2 bh
2 u3 2u5 u1 2
y
h2
2 v 2 2v 6 v1 2 4 v1 v 4 v 5 v 6
x xy
b2 bh
2 v 3 2v 5 v1 2
y
h2
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 15/27
v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6
u
6
v 6
where the interpolation functions are:
y 2y 2
N3 2
h h
v 0 N1 0 N2 0 N3 0 N4 0 N5 0 N6
u
6
u6
where the interpolation functions are:
4xy 4y 4 xy 4y 2
N4 N5 2
bh h bh h
4 x 4 xy 4 x 2
N6 2
b bh b
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 16/27
N1
1
4
6
y
2
x
5
N5
1
4
6
y
x
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 17/27
B d
where the [B] matrix is:
1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 0
1
B 2 A 0 1 0 2 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6
1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6
N i Ni
i 2A i 2A
x y
x 2x2 4hx
N2 2 2 h
b b b
y 2y 2
N3 2 3 0
h h
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 18/27
4xy
N4 4 4y
bh
4y 4 xy 4y 2
N5 2 5 4y
h bh h
4 x 4 xy 4 x 2 8hx
N6 2 6 4h 4y
b bh b b
x 2x2
N2 2 2 0
b b
y 2y 2 4by
N3 2 3 b
h h h
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 19/27
4xy
N4 4 4x
bh
4y 4 xy 4y 2 5 4b 4 x
8by
N5 2
h bh h h
4 x 4 xy 4 x 2
N6 2 6 4x
b bh b
[k ] [B ]T [D][B ]dV
V
CIVL 7/8117 Chapter 8 - Linear-Strain Triangle Equations 20/27
For example, a single LST element gives better results than four
CST elements.
That the LST model might be preferred over the CST model
for plane stress applications when a relatively small number
of nodes is used.
16. Do problems 8.3, 8.6, and 8.7 on pages 448 - 450 in your
textbook “A First Course in the Finite Element Method” by
D. Logan.
End of Chapter 8